Shekara Sha-Biyar a Dausayin Ilmin Kirar Kalmar Hausa: Me Aka Koya, Ake Koyar Da Shi?

Maƙalar da aka Gabatar a Taron Ƙara wa Juna Sani na Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya, Tsangayar Fasaha, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato. (Alhamis, 28-8-2025)

SHEKARA SHA-BIYAR (2010-2015) A DAUSAYIN[1] ILMIN ƘIRAR KALMAR HAUSA: ME AKA KOYA[2], AKE KOYAR DA SHI?[3]

Daga

Isah Abdullahi Muhammad
Na Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato
amisah2007@yahoo.com
+2347037484144

Tsakure:

Masu hikima suna cewa ‘Waiwaye adon tafiya’. A yau a ƙalla, na shekara sha-biyar a fagen ilimin ƙirar kalma. Abin tambaya a nan, shi ne, cikin waɗannan shekaru me aka koya? Sannan ake koyar da shi, har ake ci gaba da yaɗa iliminsa a duniyar nazarin Hausa. Haƙiƙa a shekarun da aka ɗauka ana almajirci a wannan fage, mai matuƙar ban sha’awa, an ƙaru da sirruka na ilimi daban-daban. Abin da aka gano ana iya taƙaita su cikin wasu ginshiƙai guda biyar, waɗanda ake ganin duk wani bayani da aka yi wa fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma yana ɗaya daga cikinsu. Su ne: Tubalai da rassa da hanyoyi da dubaru da batutuwa (Tsarin Turahanduba). Tubalai da rassa da hanyoyi wajibai ne, su ko dubaru da batutuwa a matsayin mustahabbai. A nan, za a yi gamsasshen bayani a kan su. Baya ga haka, wannan nazari yana ganin fahintar waɗannan ginshiƙai, zai sauƙaƙa ƙwarai wajen fahintar wannan fanni da kuma gina sharhi ingantacce, a kan wani aiki na ilimin ƙirar kalma. Bayanan da aka sarrafa wajen yin wannan nazari, an samo su ne daga abin da yake fitowa daga bakin masu magana da harshen da bayanan da aka taskace a rubuce. Wannan nazari ya ƙunshi gabatarwa da bayanin a kan fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma da muhimmancinsa. Zuciyar nazari shi ne ginshikan nazarin ilimin ƙirar kalma. Sannan akwai sakamakon nazari da kammalawa.

Muhimman kalmomi: Ilimin ƙirar kalma, Ginshiƙan ilimin ƙirar kalma, Nazarin Hausa.

1.0 Gabatarwa

Harshe wata kafa ce mai samar wa al’umma alheri da cigaba. Duk al’ummar da ta rungumi harshenta ta mutunta shi da kulawa da shi, to lalle shi ko harshen zai zama sila na cigaba da ɗaukaka a gare ta. Turawa da Sinawa manyan misalai ne ga sauran al’umomi na duniya. Amma duk al’ummar da ta yi fatali da harshenta ta yi masa riƙon sakainiyar kashi, ta tozarta harshenta, za ta koma baya a kowane fanni na rayuwa, kuma zai tabbatar da ita cikin bauta[4].

Nazarin Hausa, an shimfiɗa shi bisa ginshiƙai uku (ko huɗu). Wato Harshe da Adabi da Al’ada da Gamayya.[5] Fitattun hanyoyin nazarin Hausa akwai ‘haɓakawa’ da ‘yayatawa’[6]. Harshe yana da fitattun hanyoyin nazari guda biyar: Ilimin furuci (Phonetics) da Tsarin sauti (Phonology) da ƙirar kalma (Morphology) da ginin jumla (Syntax) da Ma’ana (Semantics). Wannan nazari yana a ƙarƙashin inuwar harshe, fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma a Hausa.

Wannan Nazari, zai mayar da hankali a kan wasu ginshiƙai biyar da aka gano bayan shekara goma sha-biyar ana nazartar ayyukan masana na wannan fanni. Ginshiƙan su ne: Tubalai da rassa da hanyoyi da dabaru da batutuwa (Tsarin Turahanduba a taƙaice.). Za a bi su daki-daki don yin bayaninsu da kuma bayyana muhimmancinsu.

Domin sauƙaƙa nazarin an kasa maƙalar zuwa waɗannan sassa: Gabatarwa da bayani a kan fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma da muhimmancinsa da kuma zuciyar nazarin wato ginshiƙan nazarin ƙirar kalma. Akwai sakamakon nazari da kammalawa.

2.1 Ilimin Ƙirar Kalma da Muhimmancinsa

Idan aka bi salsala, ’Ilimin ƙirar kalma’ fassara ce da aka yi wa kalmar Ingilishi ‘Morphology’. Da yake kalmar ‘Morphology’ a Hausa an yi mata fassara guda huɗu, kamar haka:

a. Ƙirar kalma

b. Tasarifi

c. Ginin kalma

d. Ilimin ƙwayoyin ma’ana.

To amma, a nan saboda wasu dalilai an zaɓi ‘ƙirar kalma’a matsayin fassarar ‘Morphology’[7]. Sannan kalmar ‘Morphology’ an fara tsintar ta ne a cikin rubuce-rubucen wani Bajamushe masanin kimiyar halittu kuma adibi, mai suna ‘Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe’ (1749-1832). Shi ko, August Schleicher (1821-1868), shi ya kawo ta a farfajiyar nazarin harshe musamman kalmomi. ‘Morphology’ daga Girkanci aka samo ta. A ma’anar kalma-da-kalma da Ingilishi, tana nufin ‘Shape,form, structure’ a fassarar wucin-gadi, tana iya kasancewa ‘fasali ko siga^[8] ko ƙira’ ta wani abu. To wai mene ne ilimin ƙirar kalma?

a. Ilimin ƙirar kalma fage ne da ake nazarin ƙwayoyin ma’ana da yadda ake jeranta a tayar da ginin kalma[9].

b. Ilimin ƙirar kalma fanni ne nazarin harshe da ake nazarin dokokin tsirar kalma do kumburar kalma[10].

c. Ilimin ƙirar kalma ya ƙunshi yin bayani daki-daki a kan hanyoyin ginin kalma a harshe[11].

d. Ilimin ƙirar kalma ilimi ne mai koyar da yadda ake fayyace kalma da li’irabinta da yin bayanin fa’idojin da ta ƙunsa[12].

e. Fanni ne na nazarin harshe mai ƙunshe da wasu tubalai da rassa da hanyoyi da dabaru da kuma batutuwa na abin da ya shafi kalma[13].

Haƙiƙa fannin ilimin ƙirar yana da rawar da yake takawa a fannin nazarin harshe, wanda a dunƙule shi ne muhimmancinsa. Ga su kamar haka:

• Fassara: Fannin ilimin ilimin ƙirar kalma yana taimakawa matuƙa wajen yin fassara daidai.

• Mallakar kalmomi: Haka ma, yana taimawa mai harshe wajen yalwata kalmominsa cikin sauƙi ba tare da wahala ba.

• Rubuta ƙamus: Rubuta ƙamus ba zai yiwu ba, sai da gudunmuwar fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma.

• Gudanar da bincike: Duniyar nazarin harshe ta sallama a kan cewa fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma fage ne mai cin gashin kansa idan aka zo gudanar da bincike a kan harshe.

• Samar da aikin yi: Bincike a kan fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma aikin yi ga manazartansa.

• Daidaita ƙa’aidojin rubutu: Ko shakka babu, fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma yana da tasa ranar idan aka zo zancen daidaita ƙa’idojin rubutu.

• Koyo da koyarwa: Fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma yana taka muhimmiyar wajen harakar koyo da koyarwa.

• Gogewa da laƙantar harshe: Musamman abin da ya shafi karatu da magana da kuma rubutu.

• Sarrafa kalmomi: Yana taimakawa waje samun gogewa wajen sarrafa kalmomi.

• Fahintar magana: Yana taimakawa wajen fahintar magana. (Othman & Salih 2023).

 3.1 Ginshiƙan Ilimin Ƙirar Kalma a Hausa

Kalmar ‘gìnshíƙì’ suna ne tilo mai jinsin namiji. Sai kuma ‘gìnshìƙáì’ wanda yake jam’i ne. A Ƙamusun Bayero (2006:166) an bayyana ma’anar kalmar ‘ginshiƙi’, cewa: ‘Wani abu da ake ginawa don ɗaukar nauyin ɗaki ko soro ko rumfa’. Shi ko Ƙamusun Hausa na yau da kullum na Newman (2020:88), cewa:

‘ginshiƙi: m <ginshiƙai> a. Pillar b. Support or backbone (for theory or ideas)’

Ma’anar wannan bayani shi ne:

 ‘ginshiƙi dai namiji ne, jam’insa ‘ginshiƙai’. Ma’anarsa ta farko ‘abin da aka gina don ɗaukar nauyi kada ya rushe ko kuma ko wata majingina ko a matsayin ƙashin baya (daidai da ra’i ko wata masaniya da aka gina wani bincike a kai)’

Waɗannan bayanai sun nuna ‘ginshiƙi’ a matsayin wani abu muhimmi mai ɗauke da nauyin wasu abubuwa. Sannan gane shi, yana sa cikin sauƙi gane sauran abubuwa.

A iya waɗannan shekaru da aka ɗauka ana nazari a fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma, an gano wasu ginshiƙai guda biyar, waɗanda ake ganin duk bayanin da za a yi wa fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma a harshe, yana iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ginshiƙai. Nazari zai iya ƙunsar ginshiƙi ɗaya ko gwama su fiye da ɗaya, gwargwadon buƙatar nazari. Waɗannan ginshiƙai, sun ƙunshi:

a. Tubalai (terms)

b. Rassa (Branches/division)

c. Hanyoyi (Processes)

d. Dubaru (Techniques)

e. Batutuwa (Issues). (Ko Turahanduba a taƙaice).

A shekarun (sha-biyar) da aka ɗauka ana bincike a wannan muhimmin fanni na nazarin harshe. Ga bayaninsu ɗaya bayan ɗaya, kamar haka:

3.1.1. Tubalai

Tubali suna ne tilo kuma namiji a nahawun Hausa. Jam’in shi ne tubalai ko tubala. A Ƙamusun Hausa (2006:440) yana iya ɗaukar curin ƙasa da ake yi ya bushe, sai a yi gini. A nan, yana nufin keɓaɓɓun kalmomi da ake amfani da su wajen bayanin madarar ilimin ƙirar kalma a harshe. Wannan yana nuna tubalai a nan, yana nuni ne ga harshen da ake amfani da su, a wajen nazarin ilimin ƙirar kalma. Sanin waɗannan keɓaɓɓun kalmomi zai taimaka ainun wajen fahintar darasin da ake koyar da shi. Mafi yawan mawallafa na fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma, suna farawa da bayanin keɓaɓɓun kalmomi a babi na farko, kamin tsunduma cikin nazari. Misali waɗannan keɓaɓɓun kalmomi, su ne:

a. Ƙirar kalma (Morphology)

b. Kalma (word)

c. Ƙwayar kalma (morph)

d. Ƙwayar ma’ana (morpheme)

e. Turken kalma (Base)

f. Saiwar kalma (root)

g. Sigar kalma (word form)

h. Uwar kalma (lexeme)

i. Ɗafi (affixation)

j. Ɗofane (affix)

k. Kama-ɗofanai (clitics)

3.1.2 Rassa (Branches)

‘Rassa’ suna ne kuma jam’i, tilonsa ‘reshe’. Asali ‘Reshe: ‘Sashe mai fita daga gangar jikin inda ganye yake tofo’ (Sa’id, 2006:370). Jam’insa Rassa. A nan, ana nufin rassa ko ɓangarori na fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma. Rassan su ne ‘tsira (ginin kalma) da ‘kumbura’. Tsira tana samar da sababbin uwayen kalmomi (lexemes). Tsira tana iya sauya ajin kalma ko ma’anar kalma. Ita ko kumbura tana samar da sigogin kalmomi (word forms). Wato dai, kalmomi ne waɗanda ba sababbi ba. Ta dalilin ‘jinsi’ ko ‘adadi’. Kumbura tana iya kasancewa babba (contextual) ko ƙarama (inherent) (Booij 2009, Lieber & Stakeuer 2009, 2014. Bearman 2015, Fabregas & Scalise 2025).

3.1.3 Hanyoyi (Processes)

‘Hanya’ suna ne tilo,jam’insa ‘hanyoyi’, ma’anarsa ‘wurin da ake bi da ƙafa ko da abin hawa’ (Sa’id 2006: 195). A fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma al’amari ne sananne, harshe yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban domin samar wa kansa isassun kalmomi, musamman ta amfani da kalmominsa da suke taskace cikin rumbunsa. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban, na ƙirar kalma a harshe. Ga su kamar haka:

a. Harɗantawa (Compounding)

suna da suna:

• karen-mota

• baturen-shanu

  aikatau da suna

• kisan-kai

• jin-kai

• son-kai

b. Ɗafi (Affixation)

• bahago

• bature

• maharbi

• makaɗi

c. Ninki (Reduplication)

• bubbuga

• buguzum-buguzum

d. Sauya tsarin karin sauti (Tone shift)

• góórà da gòòrá

• ƙásà da ƙàsà

e. tsawon wasali (Vowel length)

• farii da faari

f. faɗaɗa ma’ana: jirgi, tuuƙa, yaajii

g. ƙirƙira: abokan-hamayya, zaɓen-cika-gurbi, zanzaro, doki-da-kyanwa, gashin baki

h. aro: ƙuri’a, siyasa, majalisa

i. baddalawa: bokiti, mota, likita, canji, kafinta

j. sauyi marar ɗafi. Misali: shàà da ya sháá ( conversion)

k. ƙulli ( blending): Misali, dubara da shiri, sai a ce duba-shiri. Wato ƙulli ( blending).

l. ginin baya (backformation): farantawa da faranta

m. amsa-kama (ideophone) wato kamar ‘ɗim! Silili! da sauraunsu

n. taƙaitawa (clipping): Misali. APA ko GG da sauransu d.s

p. ɗafa-ciki (infixation): tafasa da tafarfasa

 q. tagwan ɗafi (circumfixation): misali bahaushe

 r. sauyin cikin kalma (internal change): soya da suya ko koka da kuka

 s. sauyin baƙin farko (consonant mutation) : Misali kamar a Fulfulde: wuroo (gida) da guree (gidaje).

t. tsarin ginin kalmomin larabci (templetic morphology). Wato wasulla a sama, baƙaƙe a ƙasa.

u. sauyin makusantan wasulla da sauyi na manisantan wasulla ( umlaut &ablaut).

v. taƙaita farkon kalma (hypocoristicism). Misali, kamar ‘Abu da Abubakar. Idi da Idiris. Ma da mama ko ba da baba.

Waɗannan ginshiƙai uku, su ne wajibai. Domin su ne a matakan farko na koyon wannan fanni na ƙirar kalma a harshe.

3.1.4. Dubaru (Morphological Techniques)

Dubara (ko dabara) shi ma suna ne amma mai jinsin mace, jam’insa dubaru. Ma’anarsa ‘kyakkyawan shiri ko ko wayo ko hikima ko tsari’ (Sa’id 2006:82). Idan aka koma fannin ilimin furuci, ana nazarin furucin da sautukan da suka gina harsuna. Shi ko tsarin sauti yana nazari ne a kan zamantakewar sautuka cikin kalmomi. Daga nan, sai ƙirar kalma inda ake nazarin kalmomin harshe. Kowace kalma da dubarar da ake amfani da ita wajen nazarinta. A ilimin ƙirar kalma, akwai dubaru har guda biyar da ake amfani da su a wajen nazarin kalma. Ga su kamar haka:

a. ƙari (addition): Akwai jinsin kalmomi waɗanda a wajen nazarinsu ƙari aka yi musu. Misali:

• kaamaawaa = kaam-]-aa]-waa]

b. ragi (substraction): Misali sayyun kalmomin waɗannan kalmomi idan aka zo li’irabinsu, sai an cire ɗofanan da suke jikinsu.Misali:

• gidaa = gid-]-aa].

c. Musanyawa (substitution): Akwai kalmomin da a wajen nazarinsu, sayyun kalmomin suna iya ɗaukar ɗofane fiye da ɗaya. Misali:

• haskaa = hask-]-aa]

• haskakaa = hask-]-akaa]

Waɗannan misalai, idan aka duba da kyau saiwar ɗaya ce [hask-], amma wajen samar da aikatau an yi amfani da ɗofanai biyu [-aa/akaa].

d. Sauyi marar ɗofane (conversion): Wannan yana nuni ne ga jinsin kalmomi waɗanda ake iya amfani da su wajen samar da wasu kalmomi ba tare da amfani da ɗofanai na zahiri ba. Misali:

• Sháá (aikatau) da shàà (suna).

• Zààɓéé (aikatau) da Zààɓéé (suna)

e. Kwaskwarima (modification): Akwai kuma wasu nau’in kalmomi da ta hanyar kwaskwarima ce ake samar da su. Misali:

• Kookaa da kuukaa

• Soosaa da suusaa[14]

3.1.5 Batutuwa (Issues)

Wannan ginshiƙi ne inda ake magana, a kan wasu darussa da ake muhawara a kan su. Mafi yawa malaman wannan fanni ne suke tafka muhawararsu a kan wani darasi. A ciki kowa, yana bayyana matsayarsa a ƙarshe. Misali waɗannan batutuwa:

a. Ƙwayar kalma/ƙwayar ma’ana

b. Tsira da kumbura: Alaƙa da bambanci

c. Sajewa ( Syncretism)

d. Gamayya (Interface)

e. Yalwa (Productivity)

f. Rikiɗa (Suppletion)

g. Shinge ( Blocking)

h. Gasa (Competition)

i. Ra’in ilimin Kirar kalma (Morphological theory): Wannan ya ƙunshi ra’o’in da hanyoyin nazari da fasahohin nazari.

Idan aka duba waɗannan ginshiƙai da kyau, za a lura daga ginshiƙi na ɗaya har zuwa na uku kusan wajibi ne a koyar da su tun a matakin farko na nazarin ƙirar kalma a harshe. Saɓanin ginshiƙi na hudu da na biyar na waɗanda suke da masaniya ne a kan wannan fanni. Saboda haka, jadawalin ginshiƙan ilimin ƙirar kalma yana iya kasancewa kamar haka:

4.1 Sakamakon Nazari

Daga cikin abubuwan da wannan nazari ya gano, tabbatar da samuwar ginshiƙan bayanin ƙirar kalma biyar a Hausa. Sun ƙunshi: Tubalai da rassa da hanyoyi da dabaru da batutuwa (Turahanduba). An yi bayanin kowane daki-daki gwargwadon hali. Cikin ginshiƙan nan, an gano akwai wajibai da kuma mustabbai. Zai fi kyau, wajen koyarwa a fara da wajibai sannan mustahabbai. Ko shakka babu, ana iya amfani da tsarin Turahanduba a matsayin wani gado na fiɗar kalma, sannan babban muhimmancinsa, shi ne za su taimaka wajen gina ingantaccen sharhi a kan ayyukan nazarin ƙirar kalma.

5.1 Kammalawa

Wannan maƙala ta tattauna ne a kan wasu ginshiƙai biyar (Turahanduba) da aka gano a sanadiyyar shekara goma sha-biyar da aka yi ana nazari a fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma a Hausa. Domin sauƙaƙa wannan nazari, an fara da gabatarwa sai bayani a kan ilimin ƙirar kalma da muhimmancinsa a nazarin harshe. Akwai bayani a kan ginshiƙan ilimin ƙirar kalma. Karshe akwai sakamakon nazari da kammalawa.

Manazarta

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[1] Na kira shi  da ‘Dausayi’saɓanin ‘fage’ ko ‘fanni’, da manufar a kalle shi a matsayin wata ‘gona’ mai dausayi da ni’ima ga daɗin hutawa. Nuni ne, a kan cewa fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma, fanni ne da ake da dama ta yin muhawara a kan kowane irin darasi na cikinsa. Babu wata matsaya guda wadda za a ce ba muhawara a kan ta. Wannan ya sa ya zama tamkar ‘Dausayi’ muhalli mai daɗin zama da walawa babu wata takura.   

[2] A wannan bincike kalmar ‘kὸὸyàà’ ma’anarta neman sanin wani abu. Shi ko ‘kóóyár’, ita ko ma’anarta koya darasi ga wani (Sa’id 2006: 250).

[3] Ina godiya ƙwarai ga Malaman da suka sami damar halartar wannan taro bisa shawarwarin suka bayar domin  ƙara inganta wannan maƙala. Duk shawarwarin da aka bayar da suke kan hanya an yi ɗauke su, kuma  an gyaran.

[4] Karanta littafin Phillipson (1992). ‘Linguistic Imperialism’ da Crystal (2003). ‘English as Global Language’ Ka ga yadda harshen Ingilishi ya bautar da al’ummar Afirika cikin hikima da wayo ta amfani da cusa musu rashin kishin harshensu.

[5]  Wato inda ake samun haɗaka ko zumunta a tsakanin fannonin nazarin Hausa ko da wasu fannoni  na ilimi (kamar na kimiyya da fasahar zamani) da fannonin nazarin Hausa. Wannan ya nuna ‘gamayyar’ biyu akwai ta ciki da ta waje. 

[6] Amfani (2014) ya yi bayani daki-daki a kan wannan batutuwa.

[7]  Muhammad (2017) domin ƙarin bayani a kan wannan muhawarar.

[8] An fassara ‘form’ a matsayin siga,kamar yadda ya zo Hausa Metalanguage, shafi na 20.

[9]  Nida (1949) da Bagari (1986), da Amfani (2007).

[10]  Abubakar 2001.

[11]  Aronoff & Fudeman (2023).

[12]  Kari (2015) ya yi bayanin fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma da nufin fayyacewa (identification) da li’irabi (analysis) da bayani daki-daki (description)na kalmomin harshe. 

[13]Muhammad (2019) a kan Ginshiƙan Ilimin Ƙirar Kalma a Hausa. Sai dai, a ciki ya kawo ginshiƙai huɗu, amma a nan, biyar aka kawo maimakon huɗu. Uku wajibai, biyu mustahabbai.

[14]  Manova & Aronoff (2010) da Manova (2011) sun yi bayani a kan waɗannan dubaru biyar a harsuna daban-daban na duniya.