Hausar Rukuni Ta ‘Yan Ta’adda a Zamfara: Nazarin Kirkirar Suna Na Gamin-Gambiza

Cite this article as: Fada I. S. & Bashir A. (2024). Hausar Rukuni ta ‘Yan Ta’adda a Zamfara: Nazarin Ƙirƙirar Suna na Gamin-Gambiza. Proceedings of International Conference on Rethinking Security through the lens of Humanities for Sustainable National Development Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Pp. 372-378.

HAUSAR RUKUNI TA ‘YAN TA’ADDA A ZAMFARA: NAZARIN ƘIRƘIRAR SUNA NA GAMIN-GAMBIZA

Na

Isah Sarkin Fada
Sashen Harsuna da Al’adu
Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau

Da

Abdullahi Bashir
Sashen Harsuna da Al’adu
Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau

Tsakure: Wannnan muƙala ta yi bayanin sunayen ‘yan ta’adda da aka samar ta hanyar gamin-gambiza. Manufar maƙalar ita ce, fito da sunayen ‘yan ta’adda da suka samu a cikin harshen Hausa ta hanyar gamin-gambiza a sanadiyar ayyukan ta’addanci a jihar Zamfara. Kasancewar ana kiran ‘yan ta’adda da sunaye daban-daban, kama daga sunayen yanka da harɗaɗɗun sunaye da sunayen ƙirƙira da kuma sunayen aro daga wasu harsuna domin su dace da muradinsu. Wannan maƙala ta yi ƙoƙarin nazarin sunayen ‘yan ta’adda ta hanyar gamin-gambiza. Ma’ana ita ce, kalma ɗaya daga harshen Hausa, ɗaya kuwa daga wani harshe na aro. Dabarun da aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da wannan bincike sun haɗa da; ziyartar ɗakunan karatu domin duba littafai da duba kundaye domin samun bayanai. Haka kuma, bincike ya duba muƙalu don samun ƙarin haske dangane da sunayen ‘yan ta’adda da suka samu ta gamin-gambiza. An yi amfani da ra’in ‘Harshe da Ta’addanci’ (Terrorism and Language) na Edward (1839), wajen gudanar da wannan bincike. Ra’in yana magana ne a kan sadarwa tsakanin ‘yan ta’adda da yadda suke sarrafa kalmomi. Haka kuma, ra’in yana da dangantaka da wannan nazari domin ya yi magana a kan sadarwa, musamman tsakanin ‘yan ta’adda da yadda suke mu’amala tsakaninsu. Sakamakon da muƙala ta fito da su sun haɗa da; tabbatar da samuwar sunayen ‘yan ta’adda da suka samu ta hanyar gamin-gambiza daga harshen Hausa da kuma harsunan aro, kama daga harshen Ingilishi da harshen Larabci da kuma harshen Fulatanci. Bayan haka, an fito da ma’ana ta asali da kuma sabuwar ma’ana.

Fitulun Kalmomi: Hausar Rukuni, Aro da Ƙirƙira, Ta’addanci, Gamin-gambiza, Suna.

1.0 Shimfiɗa

Harshe ya kasance hanya ta ƙulla dangantaka tsakanin mutane musamman wajen mu’amala da zamantakewa. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da harshe wajen isar da saƙo da ayyukan ibada da yaɗa al’ada. Hakazalika, harshe ya kasance wata makaranta ce wajen hani da horo ga al’umma a kan wasu al’amurra na rayuwa. Nazaarin karin harshen wanda ya samu dalilin ayyukan ta’addanci wani fage ne da ke ƙarƙashin ilmin walwalar harshe, wanda masana suka yi rubuce-rubuce da dama a kansa. Harshen ta’addanci wani ɓangare ne da ya samar da kalmomi da sassan jumloli da jumloli da suka samu a dalilin ayyukan ta’addanci a jihar Zamfara.

‘Yan ta’adda fanɗararrun mutane ne da suka killace kansu wuri ɗaya, kuma ba su son mu’amala a cikin mutane, saboda haka, tun da sun yi gungu wuri ɗaya da manufa guda kuma suna gudanar da rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, to a mahangar masana ilmin walwalar harshe akwai yiwuwar su samar da wani karin harshen rukuni na daban da ya sha bamban da Husar rukunin jama’a. Saboda haka, a wannan muƙala an yi ƙoƙarin zagayawa faɗin jihar Zamfara, domin nazarin yadda ake samar da sunayen ‘yan ta’adda da aka samar ta hanyar gamin-gambiza a sanadiyar ayyukan masu ta’addanci a jihar Zamfara, ta la’akari da yadda suke kallon kansu da yadda al’umma suke kallon su.

1.1    Dalilin Bincike

Yankin jihar Zamfara wuri ne da ‘yan-ta’adda suka yi kaka-gida. Haka ma, ayyukan masu ta’addanci sun yi yawa matuƙa. Faɗaɗar harshe da sauye-sauyen da yake samu su ne suke haifar da samuwar ƙarin ma’ana da samar da sabuwar ma’ana da ƙirƙira da yalwa da daidaito da koyo da ƙwarewa.

An yi nazarce-nazarce da dama a kan abin da ya shafi Hausar rukunin jama’a a wurare daban-daban. Yakasai (1999) da Ɗantumbishi (2003) da Asara (2013) da Garba (2018) da Umar (2019) da sauransu sun yi tsokaci a kai. Dukkansu sun yi nazarin Hausar rukuni daban-daban tare da da fitowa da kalmomi da sassan jumloli da kuma jumloli da ma’anarsu.

A ɓangaren ta’addanci da harshe kuwa, masana sun yi rubuce –rubuce da dama, a kan abin da ya shafi harshe da ta’addanci; irin su Phares (2005) Hazen da Horner (2007 da Jibril (2017) da Onime (2018) sun yi bayani a kan ƙaruwar ta’addanci a Arewa maso Yammacin Nijeriya da ma faɗin Nijeriya. Ayyukan sun fito da saɓanin fahimta da ake samu musamman wajen abubuwan da suke haifar da rashin tsaro a Arewa maso Yammacin Nijeriya. Sai dai masana sun fi mayar da hankali a kan faɗin Arewacin Nijeriya. Saboda haka, a fahimtar wannan muƙala an samu giɓi domin ya kamata a nazarci harshen ta’addanci a jihar Zamfara don a fito da nau’in da Hausar da ta samu a dalilin ayyukan ta’addanci.

A bisa wannan dalili ne wannan muƙala ta yi ƙoƙarin nazarin Hausar ta’addanci a jihar Zamfara domin fitowa da kalmomin gamin-gambiza da suka samu a dalilin ayyukan ta’addanci a jihar Zamfara.

1.2 Hanyoyin Gudanar da Bincike

 An yi amfani da dabaru wajen tattara bayanan wannan maƙala da suka haɗa da:

 a. Hira da ‘yan ta’adda da suka tuba daga ayyukan ta’addanci domin samun bayanai.

b.      Tattaunawa da wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su, suka samu ‘yanci daga baya a faɗain jihar Zamfara..

c.       Tattaunawa da wasu mutanen da ayyukan ta’addanci suke gudana a yankunansu a wasu yankunan da lamarin ya shafa a jihar Zamfara.

d.      Tattaro bayanai daga kafar talabijin da rediyo da jaridu da kuma kafar sadarwa ta intanet.

e.       Samun bayanai daga ‘yan gudun hijira a jihar Zamfara.

1.3 Ra’in Bincike:

Ra’in da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wannan muƙala shi ne ra’in: Harshe da Ta’addanci’ (Terrorism and Language) na Edward (1839), wanda Wilter (1987) ya faɗaɗa. Wannan ra’i ya yi magana a kan sadarwa tsakanin ‘yan ta’adda da yadda suke sarrafa kalmomi. Ra’in ya bayyana cewa harshe shi ne jigo ga dukkan al’amurra. Ra’in ya tabbatar da babu wani abu da za a aiwatar ba tare da an yi amfani da harshe ba. Hakazalika, da harshe ne ake iya gane mutum ko waye da halinsa da aikinsa. Ra’in ya nuna cewa, da harshe ake amfani wajen dabarun yaƙi domin isar da saƙo da tunkarar abokan gaba. Daga cikin waɗanda suka yi aiki wajen ɗabbaƙa wannan ra’in akwai: Antonio da wasu (2013) da Shannon (2013) da Lucian Gideon (2017) da Richard (2021). Waɗannan masana a ayyukansu daban-daban sun yi amfani da wannan ra’in. Harley (2022) ya yi wa wannan ra’in kwaskwarima ta ɓangaren ta’addanci da ramuwar gayya inda ya dubi ayyukan ta’addancin da ke faruwa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, musamman yaƙe-yaƙen ƙasashen Larabawa.

Haka ma, ra’in ya yi bayanin cewa, ana nazarin sadarwar da ‘yan-ta’adda suke yi ta hanyoyi daban-daban domin cimma buƙatunsu na yau-da-kullum. Ana nazarin ne ta hanyar la’akari da halayensu da ɗabi’unsu da lura da yadda suke gudanar da al’amurransu a yanayin zamantakewarsu da nazarin yadda suke sarrafa harshe. Ra’in ya bayyana cewa, masana ba su mayar da hankali a kan abin da ya shafi harshen ta’addanci ba, shi ne dalilin da ya sa aka samar da wannan ra’i. sannan ra’in ya fito da gudurra guda uku da mai nazarin harshen ta’addanci ya kamata ya kula da su kamar haka:

a.       Lura da yanayi da halayyar ‘yan ta’adda a lokacin da suke sadarwa, wannan dabara tana taimakawa ƙwarai wajen gano ma’anar abubuwan da suke furtawa.

b.      Nazarin kalmomi da jumlolin da ake samu daga ‘yan ta’adda, domin fito da ma’anarsu ta asali da kuma sabuwar ma’ana.

c.       Kalmomin da ‘yan ta’adda suke furtawa, su dace da nazarin da ake a kai, domin shi zai ba mai nazari damar bin diddigin kowace kalma ta fuskar ma’ana.

An ɗauki wannan ra’in ne domin ganin ya dace da wannan maƙala.

2.0 Ta’addanci

Ta’addanci kalma ce da ta bazu ta yi fice a jihar Zamfara, kalma ce mai illa da ke iya haifar da sanadiyar rasa rayuwar mutane da dukiyoyinsu. Duk da yake ta’addanci ba sabon abu ne ba a Arewa maso Yammacin Nijeriya da ma ƙasar Nijeriya baki ɗaya. A wannan lokacin da muke cikin kalmar ta’addancin ta shahara kuma ayyukan ta’addancin sun yi matuƙar muni sun kuma zama ruwan-dare gama-gari a wannan yanki na jihar Zamfara. Masana sun ba da ma’anarta kamar haka:

Atuwo (2009, shf. 9) ya kawo ma’anar ta’addanci da yadda yake yaɗuwa. Binciken ya dubi ta’addanci a mahangar adabi, aikin ya yi ƙoƙarin lalubo hanyoyin magance ta’addanci cikin hikima da tunani a tsarin zamantakewar Hausawa.

Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayaro, CNHN (2006, shf. 416) ya bayyana cewa:

‘Ta’addanci shi ne mugun aiki, musamman na haddasa ɓarna kamar lalata abubuwa ko kisa da sauransu, don bambancin siyasa ko addini’.

2.1 Hausar Rukuni

Harshen Hausa yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan Afrika da suka yi zarra wajen faɗi da yalwa da kuma yawan masu magana, wannan ya samar da kare-karensa masu yawa a sassa daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, yawansa da faɗinsa sun samar da nau’o’in Hausa da dama.

Yakasai (2020, shf. 17) yana cewa, ‘abin da ake nufi da Hausar rukuni shi ne, yadda ake samun rukunin jama’a, a harshen Hausa, amma kuma sai a iske kowane rukuni yana da nasa nau’in kalmomin da yake amfani da su wajen tasa Hausa. Wannan ya sa ake jin irin kalmomin da ake furtawa a Hausar rukunin ‘yan tasha sun bambanta ainun da kalmomin da ake amfani da su a Hausar rukunin malaman zaure.’

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ake iya fahimtar rukunin da mutum yake magana a kai ta lura da irin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, a wajen magana ko kuma wajen rubutu.

2.2 Aro da Ƙirƙira

Ilmin ƙirar kalma ya taka rawa matuƙa wajen samar da kalmomi a cikin harshen Hausa. Daga cikin kalmomin da aka samu akwai sunaye da ke da sigogi daban-daban da kuma ma’anoni mabambanta.

Aro kuwa, wata hanya ce mai sauƙi da harshe yake amfani da ita domin samar da sababbin kalmomi. Babu wani harshe da ya tsaya ko ya dogara ga kansa kawai. Harsuna sukan yi aron kalmomi a tsakaninsu. Saboda haka kafin mu shiga cikin aron da harshen Hausa ya yi daga wasu harsuna an kawo ma’anar aro daga masana.

Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero, CNHN (2006, shf. 19) an bayyana cewa, ‘aro shi ne bayar da abu na ɗan wani lokaci don a yi amfani da shi a mayar wa mai shi’.

Yakasai (2023, shf. 291) yana cewa, ‘aro a kimiyance yana nufin ɗauko kalmomi daga wani harshe zuwa wani. Wannan halayyace ta gama-gari a tsakanin dukkan harsunan duniya, kuma wani lamari ne da ya shafi hulɗa a tsakanin harsunan duniya’.

A fahimtar bincike, aro shi ne a ɗauko kalma ko kalmomi daga wani harshe zuwa wani da niyyar mayar da su a cikin harshen.

Harshen Hausa ya samu amfana da kalmomi da dama, musamman wajen sadarwa ta yau da kullum. A ɓangaren kalmomin da suka samu a dalilin ayyukan akwai kalmomin da suka danganci ƙirƙira, a dalilin haka masana sun tofa albarkacin bakunansu. Ga kaɗan daga cikinsu:

Bature (1995, shf. 135) ya ce, ‘ƙirƙira tana nufin idan Bahaushe ya samu baƙon abu da yake son ya ba shi sabon suna, idan ya duba cikin kalmomin Hausa na asali babu wani abu da ya dace ya faɗaɗa ma’anarsa sai ya duba cikin kalmomin Hausa ya ƙirƙira wata sabuwar ma’ana ya ba wannan abun.’ Bature (2002, shf. 135) ya ƙara da cewa, ‘ƙirƙira wata kafa ce ta bai wa baƙon abu suna ko dai ta hanyar cakuɗa kalmomin asali, ko kuma a samar da kalmar idan babu ita a Hausa, ko kuma ta gamin-gambiza’

Yakasai (2005 shf. 3) ya bayyana cewa, ‘ƙirƙira wata hanya ce da harshe yake bi wajen samar da kalmomi a cikinsa.’

CNHN, Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero (2006, shf. 282) cewa ya yi, ‘ƙirƙira tana nufin ƙagowa ko gano hanyar yi ko samar da wani abu’

Saboda haka, ƙirƙira wata hanya ce da harshen Hausa yake bi wajen samar da sababbin kalmomi a cikin rumbun kalmominsa.

2.2.1 Ƙirƙira ta Gamin-gambiza

Al’ummar Hausawa suna dabaru na samar da kalmomi a cikin harshen Hausa. Wannan dabara ta haɗa da gamin-gambiza, wato kalmomi biyu daga harsuna daban-daban. Kalmomin suna iya kasancewa ɗaya ta Hausa ɗaya kuwa daga wani harshe na daban kamar Ingilishi ko Larabci ko kuma Fulatanci.

Bature (2002, shf. 137) cewa ya yi ‘ƙirƙira ta gamin-gambiza, tana nufin a ɗauko wata kalma daga harshen aro a gwama ta da ta Hausa domin a tayar da sabuwar kalma’.

 A cikin Hausar da ta samu a dalilin ayyukan masu ta’addanci, akwai kalmomi da suka jiɓinci ƙirƙira ta gamin-gambiza.

3.0 Ma’anar Suna

Nahawu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa matuƙa wajen samar da kalmomi a cikin harshen Hausa. Daga cikin kalmomin da aka samu akwai sunaye da ke da sigogi daban-daban da kuma ma’anoni mabambanta. Haka kuma sunayen sun bambanta wajen yanayin ƙirarsu da kuma inda suka fi dacewa su zo a wajen ginin jumla. Ga kaɗan daga cikin ma’anar suna:

Suna ya ƙunshi abu mai rai ko maras rai, wanda ake iya gani da ido da wanda ba a iyawa, wanda ake iya taɓawa da hannu da wanda ba a iyawa. Don haka, mutum ko dabba, ƙwaro, dutse da sauransu, kowane suna ne. Haka kuma, suna yana yin nuni da ‘jinsi’ da ‘adadi’.

Abraham (1947, shf, 826) ya bayyana suna da cewa,‘suna wani laƙabi ne da ake ba wa abu mai rai ko maras rai, wanda ake gani da ido ko wanda ba iyawa’.

Abbas (2012, shf. 31) ya ce, ‘suna kalma ce da ake amfani da ita domin ambaton mutum ko dabba ko tsiro ko wani abu mai rai ko maras rai, ta yadda za a iya bambanta shi da wani’.

A fahimtar maƙala, suna abu ne da ake laƙaba wa mutum ko dabba ko wuri ko abubuwa domin bambancewa tsakanin wani abu da wani.

Harshen Hausa ya samu amfana da kalmomi da dama, musamman wajen sadarwa ta yau da kullum. A ɓangaren kalmomin da ‘yan ta’adda suke amfani da su akwai kalmomi da suka danganci ƙirƙira, ta gamin-gambiza da aka samu a dalilin ayyukan ‘yan ta’adda a jihar Zamfara.

Misalan Sunayen Gamin-gambiza

Lmb	Kalma	Asalin Kalma	Ma’ana ta Asali	Sabuwar Ma’ana
1.	Màasù Jaahìlcìi	Hausa-Larabci	Mutanen da suke aikata aiki babu ilmi.	Masu kashe Fulani duk inda suka same su.
2.	Bùlak Nàjésà	Ingilishi-Hausa	Sunaye biyu aka haɗa, wato sifa da laƙabi.	Ɗan ta’adda mai launin baƙar fata.
3.	Doógoó Gíɗeè	Hausa- Fulatanci	Dogo sifa ce, ‘Giɗe’ kuwa laƙabi ne da ake yi wa mai suna ‘Giɗaɗo’	Wani babban ɗan ta’adda da ya addebi wani yanki na Ɗansadau da kewaye.
4.	Yéllò-àsháanáa	Ingilishi-Yarbanci	Mutum fari da ke da laƙabin wani abu da ake kunna wuta da shi.	Wani ɗan-ta’adda da ke ƙone gari idan sun fita aiki.
5.	Doógoó Gúdaàleé	Hausa-Fulatanci	Mutum dogo mai alamar ƙarfi.	Ɗan ta’adda dogo mai ƙarfi da ya addabi yankin Bukkuyum da wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar Danko-Wasagu ta jihar Kabi.
6.	Mài-Sóolàa	Hausa-Ingilishi	Suna ne na mutum mai sayarwa ko tu’ammali da na’ura mai amfani da hasken rana.	Ƙasaitaccen ɗan ta’adda da ba ya fita aiki da dare sai da rana kata.
7.	Kàchállà Túrjì	Barbarci-Hausa	Shugaba mai jagorancin wasu mutane bisa ga amincewa da yardarsu. Turji kuwa mutum da aka sani da turjiya wajen aikata wani abu.	Shugaban ‘yan ta’adda na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Nijeriya da ya yi suna wajen kisa da garkuwa da mutane.
8.	Àlû Long-man	Hausa-Ingilishi	Sunan yanka da kuma wata sifa mai nuna tsawo.	Ɗan ta’addan da ya yi fice wurin garkuwa da mutane da ke zaune a dajin Bagega yankin Anka.
9.	Jámbròs	Hausa-Ingilishi	Sunaye biyu ne aka haɗe wuri ɗaya, kuma aka datse wani yanki nasu ‘Blending’ sai suka ba da sunan mutum ɗaya, Jam ya samo asali ne daga ‘John’ wani fim na ƙasashen Yamma. ‘Bros’ kuwa kalmar Ingilishi ce ta ‘Brother’ sai aka datse ta.	Fitaccen ɗan ta’adda da yake aikata kisa da sace dukiyoyin al’umma, musamman shanu a yankin Bagega da ke ƙaramar hukumar Anka.
10.	ísúhù Kwàmándà	Hausa-Ingilishi	Shugaba mai ba da umurni.	Sanannen ɗan ta’adda ne da ya yi fice wajen satar shanu a yankin Ɗansadau da ke ƙaramar hukumar Maru.
11.	Sìmòolí Nàjeésà	Ingilishi-Fulatanci	Yaro ƙarami da ake yi wa laƙabi irin na Fulatanci.	Yaro ƙarami da yake cikin aikin ta’addanci da ya ƙware wajen satar shanu da garkuwa da mutane domin neman kuɗin fansa da ya addabi yankuna daban-daban na jihar Zamfara.
12.	Hàlíilù-Róokèt	Hausa-Ingilishi	Halilu suna ne na yanka. ‘Rocket’ suna ne na wani makami mai linzami.	Suna ne mai nuna firgici da ban-tsoro da ake kiran wani ɗan ta’adda da shi. Yana aiki kamar yadda wannan makami yake yi idan an fita aiki.
13.	Ƙàttín-gwámnátì	Hausa-Ingilishi	Sunaye biyu ne aka haɗe suka ba da ma’ana ɗaya.	Jami’an tsaro masu faɗa da ‘yan ta’adda.
14.	Àlû Shàaɗáaríi	Hausa-Fulatanci	Mutumin da aka haifa a lokacin sanyi ko hunturu.	Ƙasaitaccen ɗan ta’adda da ya yi fice wurin kisa da garkuwa da mutane, musamman a yankin Anka da Bukkuyum da wani ɓangare na jihar Kabi.
15.	Bóokò Hàrâm	Hausa-Larabci	Haramta ilimin zamani da hukumar gwamnati, amma kalmar a Hausa tana nufin ƙarya, ko kuma abin da ba na gaskiya ba.	Wani babur ne mai ƙarfin gaske da ‘yan ta’adda suke amfani da shi wajen satar shanu da ɗaukar waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da su. Haka ma, suna amfani da shi wajen buge mutum idan harsashi ba ya kama shi.

 4.0 Sakamakon Bincike

A kowane bincike ana sa ran a fito da sakamakon da aka gano domin ganin an cimma burin manufar bincike ko akasin haka. Saboda haka, a wannan muƙala an gano abubuwa kamar haka: Tabbatar da wanzuwar sunayen ‘yan ta’adda da suka samu ta hanyar gamin-gambiza a dalilin ayyukan ‘yan ta’adda a jihar Zamfara. Haka kuma, muƙalar ta fito da asalin kowace kalma, ma’ana daga harshen da aka samo ta. Bugu da ƙari, an kawo ma’anar kowace kalma ta asali da kuma sabuwar ma’ana. Daga ƙrshe, muƙalar ta tabbatar da samuwar sunayen ƙirƙira na gamin-gambiza da suka samu a dalilin ayyukan masu ta’addanci a jihar Zamfara.

5.0 Naɗewa

A wannan maƙala an tattauna abubuwa da dama da suka haɗa da: ma’anar suna da ma’anar ta’addanc. Haka ma, an kawo ma’anar gamin-gambiza. Bayan haka, an kawo sunayen ‘yan ta’adda da aka samar ta hanyar gamin-gambiza a jihar Zamfara. Bugu da ƙari, wannan muƙala ta fito da ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakaninsu. Daga ƙarshe an fito da sakamakon bincike.

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