Aro Da Kirkirar Kalmomi a Hausa: Nazari a Kan Wasu Kalmomi Masu Alaka Da Ayyukan Ta’addanci a Jihar Zamfara

Cite this article as: Adamu S. & Usman Y. S. (2024). Aro da Ƙirƙirar Kalmomi a Hausa: Nazari a kan wasu Kalmomi masu alaƙa da Ayyukan Ta’addanci a Jihar Zamfara. Proceedings of International Conference on Rethinking Security through the lens of Humanities for Sustainable National Development Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Pp. 343-349.

ARO DA ƘIRƘIRAR KALMOMI A HAUSA: NAZARI A KAN WASU KALMOMI MASU ALAƘA DA AYYUKAN TA’ADDANCI A JIHAR ZAMFARA

Na

Shafiu Adamu
Sashen Hausa, Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Maru
Jihar Zamfara

Da

Yahaya Sale Usman
Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Maru
Jihar Zamfara

Tsakure: Wannan aiki mai suna Aro da ƙirƙirar kalmomi a Hausa: Nazarin Wasu kalmomi masu alaƙa da ayyukan Ta'addanci a Zamfara, aiki ne da ya ɗaura ɗamarar binciko tare da taskace wasu kalmomi da aka haifa kuma aka yi renon su tare da samar musu gurbin zama na dindindin a harshe, adabi da al’adun Bahaushe. Aikin ya yi la’akari da matakan ƙirƙirar kalma a harshen Hausa kamar ƙirƙirar kalma ta hanyar auna ta da wani aiki da ke bayyana kalmar ko kuma aro na kai tsaye ko kuma aro tare da sabunta kalma. Haka kuma, aikin ya yi bayani a kan matsayin aro a idon harsunan duniya da kuma irin gudunmuwar da aro ke bayarwa wajen bunƙasar harshe tare da kawo jerin gwanon kalmomin aro da na ƙirƙira da suka samu sanadiyar ayyukan ‘yan fashin daji, za a taƙaita aikin a garuruwan Zamfara ta tsakiya da suka haɗa da Gusau, Tsafe, Maru, da kuma Bunguɗu. Haka kuma, an tattara bayanan wannan aiki ta hanyar tattaunawa da jami’an tsaro da kuma ‘yan-sa-kai da mutanen da iftila’in ‘yan fashin daji ya rutsa da su a matakai daban-daban, da shuwagabannin al’umma da, kuma wasu daga cikin ‘yan fashin dajin.

1.0 Gabatarwa 

Aro da ƙirƙira wata hanya ce da harshe ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana wani baƙon abu da ya shigo cikin harshen da kuma nema masa mazauni na dindindin a cikin harshen saboda samun damar isar da saƙo da kuma fahimtar saƙon a cikin sauƙi. Haka kuma Masana da manazarta harshe sun aminta da cewa harshe yana bunƙasa ne ta fuskar aron kalmomi idan yana aro da ƙirƙira idan kuma harshen ya zama ba ya aro to lalle yana cikin harsunan da suke bisa siraɗi ta fuskar ci gaba da rayuwa. Aro da ƙirƙira sukan faru ne a harshe idan wata baƙuwar al’ada ta shigo harshen.

Kasancewar ayyukan ‘yan fashin daji baƙin ayyuka ne a arewacin ƙasar nan inda harshen Hausa yake a matsayin harshe dannau ne ya tilasta wa harshen samar da wasu kalmomi masu bayyana wasu ayukkan ‘yan fashin daji kamar yadda wannan aiki ya ƙuduri yin bayani wasu daga cikin su. 

2.0 Bitar Ayyukan da Suka Gabata 

Masana da manazarta harshen Hausa sun gudanar da ayyuka da dama a kan aro da ƙirƙira, saboda haka, wannan aiki ba shi ne na farko ba a ɓangaren aro da ƙirƙira a harshen Hausa, kamar yadda za a gani a nan gaba. Masana irin su Bature (1995 ya kalli matsalar ƙirƙirar kalma ne kawai, haka kuma marubucin ya bayar da misalai a fannonin rayuwa daban-daban, amma namu aikin ya yi ƙoƙarin binciko tare da taskace kalmomin da aka ƙirƙira ta dalilin ayukkan ‘yan fashin daji a arewacin Nijeriya. 

Haka kuma, Green K. (1963) ya kalli ƙirƙirar kalmomi ta fannin aikin gwamnati a lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka, amma bai ɗora nasa aikin a kan tsaro ko ayyukan ta’addanci ba, saboda haka nasa aikin ya sha banban da namu domin namu aikin ya keɓanta ne a kan ayyukan ‘yan fashin daji a arewacin Najeriya. 

Tazame (2011) ya kalli irin rawar da tsarin sauti, musamman saƙala wasali ke takawa wajen mayar da kalmomin aro ‘yan gida a harshen Hausa, inda ya dubi saƙala wasali, amma wannan aiki zai yi nazari ne a kan kalmomin da aka ƙirƙira kuma aka samar masu da gindin zama a harshen Hausa sanadiyyar ayyukan ‘yan fashin daji. 

Garba (1988) ya yi bayani a kan aron kalmomi inda ya yi bayanin harsuna da dama da Hausa ta yi aron kalmomi daga garesu, aikinsa ya yi daidai da namu domin mun yi bayani a kan aron kalmomi kamar yadda ya yi sai dai namu aikin ya bambanta da nashi domin mun yi bayani ne a kan aro da ƙirƙira dangane da ayyukan ‘yan fashin daji a arewacin Najeriya.

3.0 Aro a Harshen Hausa

Kalmar aro Balarabiyar kalma ce wadda Balarabe ke kira “Ariya” sai Bahaushe ya aro ta kuma ya yi mata gyaran fuska ta hanyar shafe wasali sai ta koma aro, aro yana nufin karɓo kayan wani ko wani abin amfani na wani da nufin amfani da shi na wucin gadi sai kuma a mai da wa mai abu kayansa. 

Masana da dama sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu wajen bayyana ma’anar aro kamar haka; Hartman da Stock (1972) sun bayar da ma’anar aro a matsayin “kalmomin da aka aro kai-tsaye daga baƙon harshe zuwa wani harshen daban musamman ta hanyar fassara ko kwaikwayo”.

Shi kuma Bynon (1977) ya bayyana aro ne a matsayin ƙirƙirar da ba ta da tushe, amma kuma tana da kalmomin harshen da yake bayar da aro. Saboda haka, siffofin wannan baƙon harshe ne ake amfani da su”.

Olaoye (1993) ya kalli aron kalmomi ne a matsayin baƙin kalmomin da aka shigar da su a cikin harshen gida. Irin waɗannan kalmomi sukan rikiɗe ne a cikin sabon yanayi a taƙaitaccen lokaci, a wasu lokutan kuma akasin hakan ne yake aukuwa.

Yakasai (2023) cewa ya yi, “kamata ya yi a ce, kalmomin aro su kasance kalmomi ko sassan jimla da aka ɗauko daga harshen asali (source language) domin amfani da su a harshen kar6a (receptor language) kuma ana iya yi wa kalmomin da aka aro kwaskwarima ko kuma a bar su haka”. Haka kuma shi wannan aikin ya kalli kalmomin aro a matsayin yin amfani da kalmomin wani harshe a wani harshen na daban, domin bayyana wani baƙon abu da harshen aro ba ya da shi, ta hanyar amfani da kalmomin kai-tsaye ko kuma a yi masu gyaran fuska domin isar da saƙo. 

3.1 Ma’anar Ƙirƙirar Kalma a Harshen Hausa 

Yakasai (2023) ya bayyana ƙirƙira da cewa “ƙirƙirarawa a harshe tana nufin yadda ake samar da sababbin kalmomi ko kuma sassan jimla. Wato ƙirƙira ta keɓanta ga yadda ake ƙirƙirar sababbin kalmomi da sassan jimloli domin bayyana wasu sababbin abubuwa a harshe”. Saboda haka muna iya cewa aro da ƙirƙirar kalma a Hausa hanya ce ta samar wa baƙin al’adu kalmomin da za a iya bayyana su a harshe ta hanyar ambatar su da kalmomin da ake ambatar su da su a harshen asali kuma samar masu da wasu sababbin kalmomi da za a iya ambatar su da su a baƙon harshen da suka samu kansu, domin lalurar isar da saƙo a cikin sauƙi. 

3.2 Dalilan Ƙirƙirar Kalma 

Dalilai da dama ne sukan haifar da ƙirƙirar kalma a harshe, domin kuwa ko da a harshen Hausa ma akwai dalilai da dama da suke sanyawa a ƙirƙiri sabuwar kalma da nufin samar da ƙarin kalmomi a harshen da kuma samun ƙarin ma’ana don a yi amfani da su a cikin harkokin al’umma nay au da kullum. 

3.3 Baƙin Al’adu

Tasirin baƙin al’adu na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan ƙirƙirar sababbin kalmomi a kowane harshe saboda idan baƙuwar kalma ta shigo a harshen da baya da irin wannan al’adar to ya zama dole ga masu harshen su sama wa wannan al’adar sunan da za su riƙa ambatar ta da shi, misali a lokacin da saka sutura irin na Bature ya shigo ƙasar Hausa zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka Hausawa ba su san irin wannan al’ada ta sa sutura ba amma tun da ga shi lalura ta kawo irin wannan saka sutura a ƙasar Hausa, to ya zama wajibi a samar wa wannan nau’in saka sutura sunan da ya yi daidai da ita, sai aka samu irin wannan saka sutura ya yi daidai da halittar wani ƙwaro a ƙasar Hausa mai suna zanzaro, don haka sai aka yi amfani da irin wannan suna aka ambaci irin wannan sa sutura (Bature, 1995).

Saboda haka, masana irin su Abdullahi Bature na ganin cewa, harshen Hausa na bin hanyoyi guda uku, wajen ƙirƙirar sabuwar kalma:

- Aron kalmomi 

- Faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmar aro

- Gamin gambizar kalmomin aro 

3.3.1 Aron Kalmomi

Harshen Hausa na amfani da dabara ta aron kalmomi wurin samar da sabuwar kalmar da ake ambatar wani abu a harshensa na asali a yi amfani da ita a harshen ita Hausa kamar yadda take ko kuma tare da yi mata kwaskwarima wato a taɓa tsarin sautin ta yadda zai yi daidai da tsarin sautin harshen Hausa don saukin faɗi ga Bahaushe. 

3.3.2 Faɗaɗa Ma’anar Kalmomin Aro 

Harshen Hausa na amfani da faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmar aro wurin ambatar wani sabon abu a harshe domin a samu damar amfani da shi a harshen cikin sauƙi. 

3.3.3 Gamin Gambizar Kalmomin Aro 

Harshen Hausa kan yi amfani da gamin gambizar kalmomin aro wajen ƙirƙira sabuwar kalma a Hausa, ta hanyar haɗa kalmomin aro biyu ko fiye domin ambata wata sabuwar al’ada a Hausa.

3.4 Amfani da Kalmar Asali

Hausa tana amfani da kalmomin asali wajen ƙirƙira wa sabuwar al’ada suna a cikinta, ta hanyar siffantawa ko kamantawa kamar haka: 

- Amfani da kalmar Asali

- Faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmar asali

- Gamin gambizar kalmomin Asali 

3.4.1. Amfani da Kalmar Asali

Harshen yakan yi amfani da kalmar asali ta harshen wurin ƙirƙirar sabuwar kalma da zata bayyana wani sabon abu da ya shigo a cikin harshen ta hanyar duban wani abu da ya yi kama da wannan baƙon abin domin a ba wa baƙon abun suna don yin amfani da shi a cikin sauƙi. A kan dubi siffarsa ko yanayinsa ko kuma wata kalma da za ta bayyana shi, sai a ba shi suna da ita. 

3.4.2. Faɗaɗa Ma’anar Kalmar Asali

Idan aka Samu wata baƙuwar al’ada a harshen Hausa da babu ita a cikin harshen akan yi amfani da kalmar asali da take bayyana wannan abin sai a ba shi suna da ita domin Samun sauƙin hulɗar da za a yi da wannan baƙon abin cikin harshen saboda haka, sai faɗaɗa ma’anar waccan kalmar zuwa wata ma’anar daban domin lalurar isar da saƙo. 

3.4.3 Gamin Gambizar Kalmomin Asali 

A harshen Hausa, idan aka samu wata sabuwar al’ada wadda babu ita a cikin harshen, akan yi gamin gambizar kalmomi biyu ko fiye da biyu domin ba wa wannan sabuwar al’ada suna. Ma’ana akan sarƙa ko harɗa kalmomin asali da na aro domin a samu sabuwar kalmar da za a yi amfani da ita a bayyana wani baƙon abu da ya shigo cikin harshen.

4.0 Wasu Kalmomi Masu Alaƙa da Ayyukan Ta’addancin ‘Yan Fashin Daji

Ayyukan ta’addanci na ‘yan fashin daji da ɓarayin shanu da satar mutane domin kuɗin fansa, ayyuka ne da suka yi ƙamari a arewacin Najeriya, musamman a jihohin Zamfara, Sakkwato, Kebbi, da Katsina, da Neja, da Kaduna, wannan abu baƙo ne a ƙasar Hausa da kuma harshen Hausa, kasancewar ya yi wa harshen kutse, kuma ya zo da wasu al’adu da harshen bai saba da su ba, kuma an ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo abun yana faruwa ya tilasta wa harshe dole ya samar wa waɗannan baƙin al’adu suna a harshen ta hanyar aro da ƙirƙirar kamar yadda zamu gani a nan gaba cikin wannan aikin.

4.1 Aron Kalmomi 

Harshen Hausa ya aro wasu kalmomi daga harsuna daban-daban domin bayyana wasu ayyuka na ‘yan fashin daji, musamman harshen Fulatanci da ‘turanci da ƙanuri kamar ‘yadda za a gani a cikin wannan aiki, kamar haka: 

4.1.1 Aro daga Harshen Fulatanci 

Kasancewar ƙabilar fulani aka fi zargi da ayyukan ta’addanci na ‘yan fashin daji, harshen Hausa ya aro wasu kalmomi masu yawa daga harshen fulatanci domin bayyana wasu ayukka na ‘yan fashin daji kamar haka: 

SN	Kalma	Ma’anarta ta asali	Sabuwar Ma’ana
1	Daba	Matattarar wasu mutane masu wani aiki iri ɗaya	Matattarar ‘yan fashin daji ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani shugaba, inda ake tasarawa tare da aiwatar da ayukkan ‘yan fashin daji
2	Hurtumi	Bujimin sa a cikin garken shanu	Namiji da aka sato domin karɓar kuɗin fansa.

4.1.2 Kalmomin Aro Daga Harshen Turanci 

Kasancewar harshen Turanci shi ne harshen ƙasa a Nijeriya ya sa Hausa ta aro wasu kalmomin Turanci domin bayyana ayukkan ‘yan fashin daji. Misali: 

SN	Kalma	Ma’anarta ta asali	Sabuwar Ma’ana
1	Infomer	Mai samar da bayanan da ake buƙata.	Mai samar wa ‘yan fashin daji bayanan sirri daga cikin al’umma.
2	Sergent	Jami’in soja ko ɗan sanda mai muƙami mai igiya uku.	Shugaban ƙaramar bataliyar ‘yan fashin daji lokacin kai hari.
3	Honda	Babur ƙirar Honda	Babur ɗin da ‘yan fashin daji suka fi yin amfani da shi.
4	Gayu	Matasa da suke kan tsarin da ya dace	Samari ‘yan fashin daji da suka ƙware wajen kai hare-hare
5	Battery	Baturi da ake amfani da shi ga fitilar hannu don samar da haske.	Harsashen bindiga
6	Kidnapping	Satar mutane	Satar mutane don kuɗin fansa
7	Mai pulogo	Bindiga ƙirar gargajiya da ake yi wa harsashen fulogo	Bindigar da ake sa wa harsashen fulogo don yaƙar ‘yan fashin daji.
8	A.K	Taƙaitaccen sunan wanda ya ƙera A.K	Bindiga ƙirar A.K 47 da ‘yan fashin daji ke amfani da ita.
9	Bandits	Maɓarnata	‘yan fashin daji

4.1.3 Kalmomin Aro Daga Larabci 

Kasancewar a arewacin Nijeriya ana bin tsarin addinin musulunci, wanda ake aiwatar da komai nasa da harshen Larabci, kuma mafi yawan Hausawa musulmi ne ya sa harshen Hausa ya ari kalmomin Larabci da yawa don bayyana wasu ayukkan ‘yan fashin daji. Misali: 

SN	Kalma	Maanarta ta asali	Sabuwar ma’ana
1	Sulhu	Sasantawa	Sasantawa da ‘yan fashin daji
2	Askarawa	Jami’an tsaro da harshen Larabci	Jami’an tsaron Jahar Zamfara masu yaƙar ‘yan fashin daji.
3	Hijra	Yin ƙaura daga wani wuri zuwa wani	Tasowa daga ƙauyukan da ‘yan fashin daji suka addaba zuwa wuraren da ba su iya kai hare-hare
4	Haraji	kuɗin da ake ɗora wa ‘yan ƙasa da kamfanoni domin samun kuɗin shiga	Kuɗin da ‘yan fashin daji ke ɗora wa talakawa mazauna ƙauyuka don kar a kai masu hari.

4.1.4 Ƙirƙira ta Amfani da Kalmomin Asali

Harshen Hausa ya yi amfani da wasu kalmomin asali na harshen don bayyana wasu ayuka na ‘yan fashin daji. Misali: 

SN	Kalma	Ma’anarta ta asali	Sabuwar ma’ana
1	Ƙarfe	Ƙarfe na asali	Bindiga
2	Gyaɗa	Kayan amfanin gona	Harsashi
3	Kwantawa	Kwanciya ta al’ada	Kwanton ɓauna a kan ‘yan fashin daji
4	Sasanci	Yarjejeniya	Yarjejeniya da ‘yan fashin daji

4.1.5 Ƙirƙira ta Hanyar Faɗaɗa Ma’anar Kalmar Asali 

SN	Kalma	Ma’anarta ta asali	Sabuwar ma’ana
1	Kunkuru	Dabbar ruwa	Motar yaƙi mai sulke
2	Duna	Abu mai baƙi sosai	Wata bindiga da ‘yan fashin daji ke amfani da ita.
3	Wagila	Mace wadda ba ta da natsuwa	Bindiga mai harsashen fulogo da ake amfani da ita wajen yaƙar ‘yan fashin daji.
4	Tsawaila	Doguwa marar kauri	Bindiga ta gargajiya doguwa da ake yaƙar ‘yan fashin daji.

4.2 Ƙirƙirar Kalmomi masu alaƙa da Ayukkan ‘Yan fashin Daji         

Harshen Hausa yakan yi amfani da kalmomi na harshen Hausa domin bayyana wasu ayukkan ‘yan fashin daji ta hanyar amfani da ƙirƙira, da kuma faɗaɗa ma’ana da amfani da gamin-gambiza watau haɗa wasu kalmomi daban-daban don bayyana ayukkan ‘yan fashin daji. 

 

4.2.1 Ƙirƙirar Kalma ta hanyar Sarƙa Kalmomi

SN	Kalma	Ma’anarta ta asali	Sabuwar ma’ana
1	Mai kunkuru	Wanda ya mallaki kunkuru	Motar yaƙi mai sulke, ko sojan da yake tuƙa mota mai sulke.
2	Mai duna	Wanda ya mallaki duna	ɗan fashin daji da ya mallaki bindiga mai suna Duna
3	Mai jigida	Wanda ya mallaki jigida	Bindiga mai ratayen harsashi da ‘yan fashin daji ko jami’an tsaro ke amfani da ita.
4	Kuɗin fansa	Kuɗin da ake bayarwa don fansar kai	Kuɗin da ake biya domin karɓo mutumin da ‘yan fashin daji suka sato
5	ɗan sa kai	Wanda ya sa kansa wani aiki	Jami’in tsaro da ba na gwamnati ba wanda yake yaƙar ‘yan fashin daji
6	Mai fulogo	Bindiga mai harsashen fulogo	Bindigar gargajiya da ake yaƙar ‘yan fashin daji da ita.
7	ɗan fashin dahi	Ɗan fashi dake yin fashi a daji.	Ɓarayi masu sana’ar fashi da bindiga waɗanda ke da mazauni a cikin daji daba-daba.
8	Ɗan awo	Wanda ke awon wani abu	Jirgi mai leƙen asiri ‘yan fashin daji a daba-daba, da kuma wurin da makamai suke
9	Ɗan sulu	Wanda yake yawan yin sulu domin ya aikata wani abu.	Jirgi mai jefa bama-bamai a kan ‘yan fashin daji, da kuma maɓoyar makamansu.

4.2.2 Sakamakon Bincike

Wannan bincike ya gano cewa; harshen Hausa kamar sauran harsuna na duniya yana bunƙasa ta hanyar aro da ƙirƙirar kalmomi, saboda haka koyaushe wata baƙuwar al’ada ta shigo cikin harshen, to harshen yakan yi ƙoƙarin samar wa wannan al’ada mazauni ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabuwar kalmar da za ta riƙa kiran wannan sabuwar al’ada da ita ta hanyar aro da ƙirƙira.

5.0 Kammalawa

Wannan aiki mai suna aro da ƙirƙirar kalma a Hausa: Nazari a kan kalmomi masu alaƙa da Ayukkan Ta’addanci a Zamfara, ya yi ƙoƙarin duba ma’anar kalmomin aro da ƙirƙira da kuma dalilan ƙirƙira harshe, haka kuma aikin ya duba aron kalmomi da faɗaɗa ma’ana da sarƙa kalmomi da kuma amfani da kalmomin asali. Daga ƙarshe, aikin ya yi nazarin yadda ayukkan ‘yan fashin daji suka haifar wa harshen Hausa da sababbin kalmomi. 

5.1 Shawarwari

Haka kuma, wannan aiki yana bai wa masana da manazarta shawara a kan a faɗaɗa ayukkan bincike a kan sababbin kalmomi masu alaƙa da ayukkan ta’addanci domin babu shakka zai taimaka wajen fito da ayukkan ta’addanci a fili a fahimcesu kuma hakan zai taimaka wajen daƙile irin ayukkansu. Bugu da ƙari, irin wannan aiki zai taimaka ƙwarai wajen gano asali da wuraren da ‘yan ta’adda suke, ma’ana, ‘yan ƙasa ne ko baƙin haure ko kuma sanin irin nahiyoyin suke a ƙasar Hausa domin daƙile ayukkansu a cikin sauƙi. Daga ƙarshe, wannan aiki yana ganin taskace irin waɗannan kalmomi zai taimaka wajen bunƙasa yawan kalmomi a harshen Hausa.

Manazarta

Bature, A. (1995). Nazari a kan Ƙirƙirar Kalmomi a Hausa. 5th International Conference on Hausa Language, Literature and Culture. C.S.N.L B.U.K

Bynon T, (1977). Historical Linguistics. Cambridge: University Press, Cambridge. Celvin Y, (1984), Nazarin Hausa. N.N.P.C, University Press Ibadan.

Hartman, P.R. & Stock, F.C. (1972). A Diictionary Linguistics. Applied Science Publishers, London.

Olaoye, A.A. (1993). Loanwords: Sociolinguistics Trip Around the Globe: Cues for Language Teacher, Osiele Journal of Education Studies.

Shafi’u, A. (2011). Gudunmuwar Saƙala Wasali a Hausa, Bagushiya Journal Federal College of Education Gusau.

Yakasai (2023). Aro da Ƙirƙira a Hausa: Amel Printing Press Kaduna, Nigeria.