Falsafar Wakokin Baka a Kan Dangantakar Shugabanci da Cigaban Kasa

Cite this article as: Lawal, N. & Tahir, M. R.. (2025). Falsafar Waƙoƙin Baka a Kan Dangantakar Shugabanci da Cigaban Ƙasa. Zamfara International Journal of Humanities, 3(1), 111-120. www.doi.org/10.36349/zamijoh.2025.v03i01.012

FALSAFAR WAƘOƘIN BAKA A KAN DANGANTAKAR SHUGABANCI DA CIGABAN ƘASA

Nura Lawal
Department of Nigerian Languages
Bayero, University, Kano

DA 

Muhammad Rabiu Tahir
Department of African Languages and Cultures
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Tsakure:

Makaɗan baka na Hausa, makaɗa ne masu bibiyar tsarin gudanar da shugabanci da kuma yanayin cigaban ƙasar da suke samarwa a cikin zubin ɗiyan wasu waƙoƙinsu. Babbar Manufar wannan takarda ita ce, fito da yanayin falsafar waƙoƙin baka a kan dangantakar shugabanci da kuma cigaban ƙasa don yin hannunka-mai-sanda ga shuwagabanni da kuma, sauran ‘yan ƙasa. Haka kuma, an yi amfani da hanyar bi-sharhi, wato (Qualitative Research). Haka kuma, an tattaro ɗiyan waƙoƙin da aka yi misali da su, daga wasu Diwanin Waƙoƙin Baka na Hausa da kuma wasu kundayen bincike. Haka kuma, an fahimci makaɗan baka sukan lura da yanayin shugabanci ko shugaba da kuma yanayin cigaban ƙasa, musamman ta fito da wasu halaye na nagarta da shugaba ya kamata a ce yana nunawa. Irin waɗannan halaye da ɗabi’u da ya kamata a ce shugaba yana da su a yayin shugabancinsa ko mulkinsa sun haɗa da; nuna kishin ƙasa a dukkan al’amurrasa da kare ƙasa daga zagon ƙasa. Nuna kishin al’umma ta hanyar kawar da ƙabilanci da ɓangaranci a tsakanin al’umma ko al’ummomi da yake jagoranta. Samar da tsaro don cigaban ƙasa ta hanyar samun zaman lafiya da kuma bunƙasa hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Aiwatar da ayyukan raya ƙasa don cigaban ƙasa da kuma al’umma. Tsawatarwa ga na ƙasa da shi da kuma mabiya, musamman ta hanyar bibiyar ayyukan aiwatarwa da na raya ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da ɓangaren shari’a yana yin aikinsa ba sani ba, sabodon tabbatar da adalci da kuma hana zalunci a ciki da wajen ƙasa. Haka kuma, abin lura a nan shi ne, irin waɗannan halaye da ɗabi’u su ne sukan yi jagoranci wajen samar da cigaban ƙasa mai ɗorewa. Har ila yau kuma, aikata waɗannan halaye da ɗabi’u sukan ƙara wa shugaba ɗaukaka da kwarjini a idon mutane da kuma ƙarfin faɗa a ji a cikin al’ummarsa. Haka kuma, hakan ba ta samuwa har sai shugaba ko shuwagabanni da mabiya sun sauya tunani don ya dace da yanayin samar da cigaban ƙasa. Haka kuma, a wannan takarda an fahimci, munanan halaye ga shugaba sukan haifar da koma-baya ga cigaban ƙasa da kuma rage masa kwarjini da daraja a idon mutane da kuma ƙarfin faɗa a ji a cikin al’ummarsa.

Muhimman Kalmomi: Falsafa da Waƙoƙin Baka da Cigaban Ƙasa

1.0 Gabatarwa

Makaɗan baka na Hausa, makaɗa ne masu la’akari da tsarin zamantakewar al’umma wajen shirya waƙoƙinsu.

Hakan ta sa sukan aiwatar da waƙoƙinsu a kan manufofi mabambanta. Waƙa kuma, hanya ce ta isar da saƙo a tsakanin al’umma. Irin wannan tunani ne yakan ba wa makaɗan baka na Hausa damar yin tsinkaye a kana bin da ya shafi yanayi na shugaban da kuma cigaban ƙasa a zubin ɗiyan waƙoƙinsu don yin hannunka-mai-sadan ga shugabanni da kuma mabiya. Haka kuma, masana da manazarta adabi da al’adun Hausawa irin su Furniss (1996) da Gusau (2008, da 2023) da Yahya (1997 da 2001) da Bunza (2009 da 2014) da Amin (2011) da Lawal (2018) Lawal da Tahir (2024) da Ayuba (2019) da Funtua ( 2015 da 2021) da makamantansu duk sun yi nazarce-nazarce dangane da waƙoƙin baka na Hausa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan masana da manazarta sun yi hasashe dangane da yadda waƙar baka ta wanzu da kuma ginuwar ta a tsakanin al’ummar Hausawa da kuma samar da wasu hanyoyi da matakai na nazarin waƙoƙin.

Haka kuma, wasu masana da manazarta irin su Alhasan da Musa da Zarruƙ (1988) da Amin (2004) da Bunza (2006 da 2009) da Gusau (2019) da Lawal (2019) sun yi sharhi da tsokaci dangane da wasu al’adun al’ummar Hausawa da kuma tunaninsu, musamman a kan abin da ya shafi zamantakewa. Amma ba su taɓo abin da ya shafi yanayin dangantakar shugabanci da cigaban ƙasa ba a wasu matanonin waƙoƙin baka na Hausa ba. Hakan ya bayar da damar a nazarci wasu waƙoƙin baka domin a fito da yadda tunanin makaɗan baka suke kallon yanayin dangantakar shugabanci da cigaban ƙasa a zubin ɗiyan wasu waƙoƙinsu.

 

Falsafa

Amin (2002:126-129) ya ce, falsafa ararriyar kalma ce daga Larabci, kuma kalmar bafalsafe tana ƙara ƙarfi a bakin mutanen yau duk da babu ita a ƙamusoshin Hausa na farko. Haka kuma, ba a cika cewa mahikimi ba a Hausa ko ma’azanci ba. Amma kalmar Ɗanmasani tana da jiɓi da fasihi a Hausa ko Malami, hikima da azanci kuma su ne tubalan gina zantukan Hausawa kamar waƙa da karin magana da makantansu. Amin (2004:209) ya ci gaba da cewa, falsafa hanyar tunani ce da ƙoƙarin samun bayanin dukkan al’amura da suka shafi duniya da ɗan’adam da inda mutum ya sa gaba.

Falsafa wata hanya ce wadda take ba mutum damar ya zayyana tunani ko ganowa ko basira, ya yi amfani da ƙwaƙwalwa ya zaƙulo wasu hikimomi na maganganu ko a wani bi wata fasaha ta aiwace ko aikace ko a wani nassoshi. Daga nan kuma, wajibi ne a ɗora waɗannan abubuwa bisa tsari na cim ma sulukin rayuwa mai kyawo ko mai inganci ko kuma a shiga cikin wata dambarwa (Gusau,2022:6-7).

Waƙoƙin Baka

Waƙoƙin baka na Hausa sun shiga ko’ina a dukkan ɓangarorin ruyuwar Bahaushe. Waƙoƙin baka sukan yi ruwa da tsaki a duk inda Bahaushe ya jefa ƙafarsa. Kawasancewar waƙoƙin baka suna da wannan dama ta ratsa kowane mataki na rayuwar Hausawa ya sa suka zama suna tafiya daidai da rayuwar kowa da kowa (Gusau, 2023:20). Keannan Waƙoƙi hanyoyi ne na sadarwa da kuma isar da saƙo cikin sauri a tsakanin al’umma. Haka kuma suna adana al’adu da tarihin al’umma, hakan ya sa waƙoƙin ke tafiya bisa al’adu da ɗabi’un al’umma, musamman ta yadda ake gina waƙoƙin da abubuwan da suka ƙunsa. shiryawa da aiwatar da waƙoƙi a bisa manya manufofi da ƙananan manufofi daban-daban. Ta haka ne waƙoƙin sukan fito da falsafarsu a kan tsarin zamantakewar al’umma, musamman a kan abin da ya shafi shugabanci da kuma cigaban ƙasa.

Shugabanci

CNHN (2006:415) ya bayyana shugabaci da cewa, shi ne jan ragamar jama’a ko wata ƙungiya. Haka kuma, shugabanci yana nufin yi wa mutane jagora da jan ragama a harkokinsu na zaman tare. Yawan jama’a ko al’ummar da mutum ya shugabanta, da yaɗuwar su ko kuma girman muhallin da suke zaune a cikinsa, da ƙarfin jagorancin da yake iya yi musu, waɗannan abubuwa su ne mulki. Haka kuma, sukunin bayar da umarni da hani da tsaro shi ne iko. Sannan kuma, waɗannan abubuwa uku, wato, shugabanci da mulki da iko su ne suka taru suka yi sarauta. A taƙaice, sarki mutum ne wanda shugabanci da mulki da iko suke hannunsa (Alhassan da wasu 1988:66).

Saboda haka , a iya cewa, shugabanci shi ne kiyaye wa al’umma haƙƙinsu da kuma kare su daga tsoro da yunwa ta sigar adalci. Haka kuma, shugabanci ya ƙunshi kula da abin da zai inganta lafiyar mutane da cigabansu, da kuma kare su daga abubuwa ɓata-gari ko na koma-baya. Har ila yau, shugabanci yakan fara ne, tun daga gida wato maigida da iyalansa da kuma a tsari irin na zaman gandu. Zaman ya ƙunshi maigida da matansa da ‘ya’yansa da jikokinsa da kuma dangi na jini kamar ‘yan’uwansa da surukai. Shugaban wannan zaman gandu yana matsayin uba ga wasu haka kuma yana matsayin kaka ga wasu. Shi ne maiƙarfin faɗa a ji kuma mai bayar da umarni a kan dukkan wani al’amari a wannan gida.

Hakazalika, akwai tsarin shugabanci na sarauta, wato daga masu unguwanni har zuwa sarakuna, a tsari na uguwanni da garuruwa da gundumomi da kuma masarautu. Haka kuma, yau akwai tsarin shugabanci na mulki, wato tun daga kansila har zuwa ga shugaban ƙasa da sauran masu riƙe da muƙaman gwamnati. Shugaba shi ne wakilin ƙasa ko wuri da yake shubanta baki ɗaya. Shugaba shi ne, wanda hakkin kowa na wannan ƙasa ya rataya a wuyansa. Shi zai ba da umurni ga sauran shugabanni na ƙasa da shi ko. Alhakin shugaban ne, ya kula da haƙƙin na ƙasa da shi, ta fuskar abubuwan cigaban ƙasa da tsaro da tattalin arziki da makamantansu.

Cigaban Ƙasa

Cigaban ƙasa ya ƙunshi hanyoyin bunƙasarta ta fuskoki daban-daban, da kuma samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa da hana zalunci da kawo bunƙasar tattalin arziki da fasahohi na zamani da makamantansu. Haka kuma, gwargwadon wayewa da gwagwarmaya da ƙoƙari da gaskiya da kuma riƙon amana na kowace ƙasa su ne sukan taimaka wajen bunƙasa cigabanta.

Falsafa yawanci takan shafi al’umma baki ɗayanta, kodayake ɗaiɗaikun mutane sukan iya yi wa kansu da ‘ƙasarsu da kuma shugabanninsu hangen nesa. Haka kuma, a kan iya gane falsafar al’umma a tsarin shugabancinta da kuma cigabanta. Haka kuma, ana iya nazartar yanayin hangen nesarsu da hikimarsu da basirarsu da tunaninsu game da girmama ƙasarsu da cigabanta da kare ƙimarta da darajarta. Sannan kuma da yanayin ingancin shugabancinsu da al’adunsu da kuma daidaita al’amurra da sanya ƙaimi ga shugabanni da sauran ‘yan ƙasa baki ɗaya.`Ashe kenan, iya cewa, makaɗan baka na Hausa mutane ne masu bibiyar abubuwan da suke kewaye da rayuwar al’ummar da suke rayu tare ta hanyar fito da tunaninsu a cikin zubin ɗiyan waƙoƙinsu tare da bijiro da wasu matsaloli da suke ci wa jama’a tuwo a ƙwarya. Tare da kowa ko yin nuni ga mafita don cigaban al’umma da ƙasa baki-ɗaya. Hakan ta sa wannan takarda ta yi tsokaci dangane da falsafar waƙoƙin baka a kan dangantakar shugabanci da kuma cigaban ƙasa kamar haka:

2.0 Dangantakar Shugabanci da Yanayin Cigaban Ƙasa

Waƙoƙin baka na Hausawa, waƙoƙi ne da suke tafiya tare da la’akari da yanayin zamantakeawar al’umma. Hakan ta sa sukan yi wa al’umma hannunka-mai-sanda a kan wasu al’amurra a tsarin zamantakewarsu na yau da kullum, musamman waɗanda suka ƙunshi yanayin shugabanci da kuma cigaban ƙasa baki-ɗaya. Ga misali, kamar haka:

2.1 Kishin Ƙasa

Kishin ƙasa, shi ne kishin da ɗan ƙasa, wato shugaba ko mabiyi zai nuna wajen kare ƙ`asarsa, daga dukkan wani abin ƙi ko na zagon ƙasa ga ƙasarsa. Haka kuma, kishin ƙasa ya ƙunshi duk wasu hanyoyi na kawo ci gaban ƙasa da bunƙasarta ta ɓangarori daban-daban. Ga abin da Sarkin Taushi Sarkin Katsina ya ce a waƙarsa ta “Muhamman Bajimin Gidan Sambo Gwabron Giwa” kamar haka:

Jagora: Abin da duk mutum zai yi,

: Ya yi domin ƙasar shi tare da kishin zucci,

‘Yan Amshi: Kun ga wanga taro na gwada,

: Kowa ya ƙara girmama al’adunai.

Jagora: Kun ga wanga taro,

 ‘Yan Amshi: Na gwada kowa ya ƙara girmamaal’adunai.

Jagora: Mutane Turawa,

: Sun so ribbatarmu da ba mu tantance ba,

‘Yan Amshi: Ga yanzu Allah ya sa mun farga,

: Ba mu ƙara tabi’ar kowa.

Jagora: Ai ga yanzu Allah,

‘Yan Amshi: Ya sa mun farga,

: Ba mu ƙara tabi’ar kowa.

(funtua, 2015:546)

A wannan ɗan waƙa Sarkin taushi ya yi kira ga ‘yan Nijeriya da kowa ya nuna kishin ƙasa da kishin zuci a duk wani abu da zai yi, wato da shuwagabanni da mabiya kowa ya nuna kishinsa na ƙasa a dukkan harkokinsa na yau da kullum. Ma’ana duk abin da mutum zai aikata ya fara sa ƙasarsa gaba da komai, ba dole sai ya san cewa doka za ta yi aiki a kansa ba. To, idan mu ‘yan Nijeriya za mu ɗauki wannan hali ko ɗabi’a ta cewa duk abin da za mu aikata ya kasance ƙasarmu ce farko fiye da duk wani abin da za mu samu, tabbas da mun sami cigaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, mutum ya kasance mai kare mutuncin ƙasarsa da kuma mutuncin kansa ne, wato ƙasar ta zama abin alfarinsa, shi kuma ya kasance al’ummarsa suna alfahari da shi. Wato dole sai kowa a cikin al’umma ko ƙasa ya sauya tunaninsa ya yarda da ƙasar ita ce farko fiye da komai.

Ga wani misalin daga waƙar Babangida Kakadawa ta “Furofeso Sa’idu Muhamman” ta kamar haka:

 Jagora: Kowa san sirin duk ƙasar ga,

: Babu kamar Janar Abacha,

: Shi ya san sirrin gwamnatinsa,

: Ya san yadda jama’anai nai suke,

: State Creation baba ka gwada muna,

: Kai zakin ɗa kake,

 (Gusau, 2014:163).

A wannan misali da ya gabata Babangida Kakadawa, ya nuna cewa yana daga cikin kishin ƙasa shugaba ya san sirrin ƙasarsa da yake mulki fiye da kowa da kuma sirrin gwamnatinsa. Wato abubuwa da suke gudana cikin gwamnatinsa, kama daga mataimakansa da irin ayyukan da suke aiwatarwa domin ya tabbatar komai yana tafiya yadda ya kamata. Ma’ana ya zama mai bibiya tare da ƙididdiga a kan yadda gwamnatinsa da kuma ayyukan jami’an gwamnati suke tafiya.

Ga wani misali Waƙar Shata ta “Kai ‘Yanyara Gumina Nike ci” kamar haka:

Jagora : Masu zuwa ofis ku yi ofis,

: Masu zuwa gona ku yi gona,

: Lebura kan hanaya ku yi aiki,

: A yau kowanne guminai yake ci,

 ‘Y/Amshi: Kai ‘yan yara gumina nike ci.

Jagora : Idan dai ka ga mutum bisa mota,

: Kana ga sutura kyakkyawa,

: Ka ga yana yin yanga yana yin toroƙo,

: Na tabbata guminai yake ci,

 ‘Y/Amshi : Kai ‘yan yara gumina nike ci.

Jagora : Sai an sha wuya akan sha daɗi,

: Kai ‘yan yara gumina nike ci,

 ‘Y/Amshi : Kai ‘yan yara gumina nike ci,

 (Gusau, 2009:328).

A waɗannan misalai da suka gabata, Shata ya nuna kowa sai ya tashi ya dogara da kansa, wato ta hanyar samun abin yi na aiki ko sana’a, wannan shi ma yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin nuna kishin ƙasa ga ɗan ƙasa. Haka kuma, ya tabbatar da duk abin da zai samu ko mallaka guminsa ne, wato babu rashin gaskiya ko cin amana ko yaudara a cikin abin da zai samu daga aikin nan ko sana’ar. Wato kowa ya tsayar da gaskiya a kan aikinsa ko sana’arsa wannan zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cigaban ƙasa mai ɗorewa. Ashe kenan tsare gaskiya ta hanyar kowa ya tabbatar da guminsa yake ci babban ginshiƙi ne wajen samar da cigaban ƙasa.

2.2 Kishin Al’umma

Al’umma su ne ginshiƙin kowane shugabanci ko jagoranci, domin idan babu al’umma, to babu shugabanci. Haka kuma, idan al’umma ta gyaru, to, shugaba zai sami damar tafiyar da shugabanci cikin sauƙi. Har yau, shugaba yakan taka rawa wajen samun ingantacciyar al’umma, ta hanyar rashin nuna bambanci ko ɓangaranci a tsakanin al’ummominsa. Ga miasali daga Waƙa Babangida Kakadawa ta “Janar Sani Abacha” kamar haka:

Jagora : Gabas da Yamman Nijeriya,

: Kudu da Arewan Nijeriya,

: Babu ƙabilanci ko kusa,

: Kowa da kowa daidai ake,

: Domin a kau da ƙabilanci,

: An raba muna faɗin Nijeriya,

: Gida shida babu halin za’ida.

 (Gusau, 2014:162).

A wannan misalin na sama Babangida Kakadawa ya nuna yadda idan shugaba ya jajirce wajen kawar da ɗabi’ar ƙabilanci, musamman ga shugaba da yake shugabantar mabambanta ƙabilu. Haka kuma, ana so shugaba ya kauce wa nuna ɓangaranci a yayin mulkinsa domin samun zaman lafiya ta hanyar haɗa kan al’ummarsa ta zama ɗaya. Idan shugaba ya haɗa kan al’ummarsa, to hakan zai taimaka wajen samun cigaban ƙasa.

Ga wani misalign daga waƙar Shata ta “Mu tashi mu farka ‘yan Arewa”kamar haka:

 

Jagora : Mu tashi mu farka ‘yan Arewa,

: Mu san barci aikin kawai ne,

 ‘Y/Amshi : Mu tashi mu farka ‘yan Arewa,

: Mu san barci aikin kawai ne.

Jagora : Kowa yake biɗar danne ka,

: Idan ka farka ba ka tauso,

 ‘Y/Amshi : Mu tashi mu farka ‘yan Arewa,

: Mu san barci aikin kawai ne.

 (Gusau, 2009:330).

A misalin da ya gabata Shata ya nuna dole kowa ya tashi ya farka ya kiyayi nuna lalaci da zaman banza domin kare mutuncin al’ummar da ya fito daga cikinta. Domin idan muka tashi tsaye, wato muka farka duk waɗanda suke neman su murƙushe mu, to, ba za su yi nasara ba. Haka kuma, idan muka nuna lalaci da rashin jajircewa, to masu neman danne mu za su yi nasara. Ashe kenan lalaci da nuna rashin jajircewar al’umma yana ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suke haifar da rashin cigaban wannan al’umma da ma ƙasa baki ɗaya. Haka kuma, ba zai samu ba, sai mutane sun, daidaita tunaninsu don ya dace da muradun cigaban ƙasa.

2.3Samar da Tsaro don Cigaban Ƙasa

Tsaro mataki ne na samar da cigaban kowace al’umma ko ƙasa baki-ɗaya, musamman irin mataki ko matakan tsaron da al’ummar Hausawa take aiwatarwa da kuma waɗanda shugabanni ko gwamnati takan ɗauka domin kare rayukansu da dukiyoyinsu tare da samar da walwala da kwanciyar hankali a tsarin zamantakewarsu ta yau da kullum. Haka kuma, rashin samun ingantaccen tsaro yakan kawo koma-baya ga cigaban al’umma da ma ƙasa baki-ɗaya. Ga misali daga waƙar Mamman Gawo Filinge ta “Nijeriya da Nijar Daidai Suke” kamar haka:

Jagora : Nic ce jarumin maza Janaral Yakubu,

’Y/Amshi: Mai gurneti mai zubarbar mai bindiga,

‘Y/Amshi: Babanmu da ibada gun Yakubu,

: Mai bin dare a titi sai Yakubu,

Jagora: ‘Yan yara akwai wuta cikin hannun Yakubu,

: Ya hana tawaye har da ɓallewa ya hana

 ‘Y/Amshi: Kuma ya ba da ranshi don haɗe Nijeriya,

 : Allah ya taimaki ƙasatai duk ta game,

 : Nijeriya, Nijeriya,

 : Nijeriya da Nijar daidai suke.

Jagora : Sannu da aikin shirin zaman jama’a Yakubu,

 : Sannu da aikin shirin ƙasa Janar Yakubu,

: Yaƙin nan da kay yi domin Nijeriya,

: Ba don Nijeriya ɗai fa kai wannan faɗa,

 ‘Y/Amshi: Saboda ƙasashen Afrika du kai wannan faɗan,

 : Nac ce zaki ka kare kowane ɓangare,

 : Kam ma ai gudu haka nan za ai nufi,

 : Ƙi gudu sa maza gudu Janaral Yakubu,

 : Ba mata ba ko maza na tsoronka ne,

 : Nijeriya, Nijeriya,

 : Nijeriya da Nijar daidai suke.

 (Gwammaja, 2018:211).

A misalin da ya gabata, Mamman Gawo, ya fito da yadda shugaban ƙasar Nijeriya na mulkin Soja, Janaral Yakubu Gowon ya ɗauki matakan tabbatar da tsaron ƙasa da kuma haɗa ƙasa wargajewa ta hanyar tawaye a wancan lokacin domin tabbatar da cigaban ƙasar. Gawo, ya nuna yadda Janaral Yakubu Gowon, ya sadaukar da ransa don kare ƙasarsa da kuma al’ummarta. Wannan jajircewa da Mamman Gawo, ya nuna ta Janaral Yakubu Gowon ta taimaka wajen samar da cigaban ƙasar Nijeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afrika a wancan lokaci har kawo yanzu. Haka ya kamata, shugaba ya sa ƙasa gaba, ya kawar da duk wasu ko wani abu da zai kawo cikas a kan harkokin tsaro. Wato har da murƙushe duk wani tawaye ko zangon ƙasa a kan harkokin tsaro, amma wannan zai samu ne idan shugaba ya sa tunaninsa a kan manufofin cigaban ƙasa. Ga misali daga waƙar Shata ta “Sani Audi” kamar haka:

Jagora : ‘Yanƙasa sun taho ya duba,

: Ya duba makora jaki,

: Ya duba makora shanu,

: Ya duba na kan motoci,

: Ya kuma duba na kan raƙumma,

: Bai yafe wa mai doki ba,

‘Y/Amshi : Mai daga magajin Mamman,

: Sani Audi mai ban tsoro.

 (Gusau, 2018, 321)

A wannan misali na sama, Shata ya nuna irin jajircewar, wasu jami’an tsaro, musamman Sani Audi a kan aikinsa na kwastan. Wato na nuna halin ba-sani-ba-sabo domin ɗorewar cigaban ta hanyar kare ta daga shigo da miyagun abubuwa. Kamar yadda Shata ya nuna jami’an Kwastan suna duba kowa, kuma ta haka ne suke kama masu sumogal na kayan laifi, ko kaya da ƙasa ba ta amince a shigo da su ba daga wata ƙasa. Haka kuma, Shata ya nuna irin ƙwarewar Sani Audi ta hanyar gano kayan laifi da kuma masu ɗauko waɗannan kayan tare kuma da tabbatar da doka ta yi aikinta, wato kamar yadda gwamnati take ba su haɗin kai da taimakonsu ta hanyar ba su sukunin aiwatar da ayyukansu. Haka kuma, Shata ya bayyana Sani Audi ma’aikacin kwastan ne wanda ba ya da hali ko ɗabi’ar karɓar cin-hanci ko zalunci ko ha’inci. Wato, Sani Audi ya daidaita tunani da matakai na cigaban ƙasa, kamar yadda Shata ya bayyana. Sannan kuma, wannan dalili ne ma ya sa gwamnati take gode masa. Kenan a iya cewa, cin-hanci ko zalunci da ha’inci halaye da ɗabi’u da suke kawo cikas ga cigaban kowace ƙasa ko al’umma.

2.4 Ayyukan Raya Ƙasa don Cigaban Ƙasa

Ayyukan raya ƙasa su ne aikace-aikacen da shugabannin al’umma suke yi don inganta rayuwar mabiyansu, wato al’ummarsu da kuma cigaban ƙasa. Haka kuma, yanayin ayyukan raya ƙasa na kowace ƙasa su ne suke fito da yanayin ƙarfi tattalin arzikin ƙasa da kuma samun damar yin gogaggaya da sauran ƙasashen duniya da kuma samu ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji. Har ila yau, duk ƙasa da ba ta da ƙarfin ayyukan raya ƙasa, to tana cikin ƙasashen koma-baya a duniya . Ga misalin abin da Babangida Kakadawa yake cewa kamar haka:

Ga miasali daga Waƙa Babangida Kakadawa ta “Janar Sani Abacha” kamar haka:

Jagora : Abacha ya ce kowa daidai ake,

: An yi asusun raran man fetur Nijeriya,

: Don talakawan Nijeriya,

: Mu talakawa Nijeriya,

: Mun shaidar aikin ya yi kyau,

: Gyara hanyoyi duk duka,

: Hanyoyin motocin hawa,

: Haɗa da jiragen ƙasa,

: Ga ilmi da kiwon lafiya,

: Allah taimaki mulki Abacha,

: Taimaki duk ɗan Nijeriya,

: Don ƙaunar da ka wa Annabi.

 (Gusau, 2014:162).

A wannan misali da ya gabata, Kakadawa ya nuna ya Shugaban ƙasa Janaral Sani Abacha ya fito da wani tsari wanda ya yi tasiri wajen samar da ayyukan ƙasa a Nijeriya. Wannan tsari shi ne Asusun Rarar Man Fetur (PTF) a Nijeriya wanda ya taɓa kusan kowane ɓangare na rayuwar ‘yan Nijeriya. Haka kuma, ‘yan Nijeriya sun yi na’am da wannan tsari a wancan lokaci, wato sun yaba. Domin a wancan lokaci shugaban ƙasa Janar Sani Abacha da shugaban asusun rarar man fetur, wato Janar Muhammadu Buhari, kuma tsohon shugaban ƙasa sun daidaita tunaninsu da tsari na cigaban ƙasa. Wannan dalili ya sa a wancan lokaci an sami ayyukan raya ƙasa da suka yi tasiri a kan rayuwar al’ummar Nijeriya. Haka kuma, nasarorin da Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya samu a wannan hukuma ta Asusun Rarar Man Fetur (PTF) ya ƙara ba shi damar samun amincewar ‘yan Nijeriya. Ashe kenan , haka ake so kowane shugaba ya daidaita tunaninsa da yanayi na cigaban ƙasa, ya fito da wani da zai kawo cigaban ƙasa wanda zai yi tasiri ga rayuwar ‘yan ƙasa, ta fuskar cigaba.

 Ga misali abin da Maigaskiya Kalgo Maituru yake faɗa a waƙar Sarkin Daura kamar haka:

Jagora: An zamna lafiya ƙasatai

‘Yan Amshi: Dan shi nike gaya na yi noma

: Saboda kiwo riba a nan ta kwan

: Shi ne tattalin arziki na ƙasa

: Faruƙu ɗan Magajiyar Daura ceci ‘yan maza

Jagora : Jikan Abdu na ji daɗi

 ‘Yan Amshi: Ya wanke Daura

: Ai yanzu babu jajen komi

            : Ga hatsi fa nan aƙ ƙasarka

: Mine ne babu na ji daɗi

 (Funtua, 2015:531).

2.5 Tsawatarwa don Samun Cigaban Ƙasa

Tsawatarwa a nan ita ce hanyoyin da shugaba zai yi amfani da su wajen yin hukunci ko ɗaukar mataki don hana ɓarna cikin gwamnatinsa ko sarautarsa don samun cigaban ƙasarsa. Hali ko ɗabi’ar rashin tsawatarwa wajen shugaba babbar illa ce da take kassara cigaban ƙasa ta kowace fuska. Ga abin da Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo yake cewa a wata waƙa ta Sardauna kamar haka:

Jagora: Kawad da gaskiya,

: Ya je ya shirya su daidai,

: Ya ba shi gaskiyatai,

: Shi ko marag gaskiya,

: Amadu zai yi mai hwaɗa,

: Ya ɗora hwaɗi na,

‘Y/Amshi: Tuba,x²

 : Ka da marake giwa,

 : Ba a haye ma barde,

 : Amadu ɗan Ibrahima,

 : Bai ya da gudun arna ba.

 (Gusau, 2019:156).

A misalin da ya gabata, Ɗanƙwairo ya bayyana yadda Sardaunan Sakkwato, Alhaji Ahmadu Bello ya jajirce wajen iya shari’a ko hukunci bisa adalci. Wato mai gaskiya a ba shi gaskiya, shi kuma marar gaskiya a hukunta shi. Haka kuma, bin hanyoyi na sasanci a tsakanin mataimakansa da kuma sauran mabiya. Idan wani rikici ko rashin fahimta ya faru Ahmadu Bello yakan je da kansa, don a samar da hanyoyi ko matakan gyarawa ko warware wannan matsalar ko rikici ko rashin fahimtar. Duka dai saboda son cigaban ƙasa da al’ummarsa. A irin wannan yanayi ne Ɗaƙwairo ya nuna idan Sardauna ya ba wa mai gaskiya gaskiyarsa marar gaskiya kuma yakan hukunta shi ko tsawata masa. To, daga nan sai ya tuba a gabansa, wato kenan mutane sun aminta da wannan tsari na Sardauna don cigaban ƙasa.

Ga wani misali daga waƙar Narambaɗa ta “Alƙali Moriki Bubakar” kamar haka:

Jagora : Ai alƙali Moriki Bubakar,

: Ko kan ku hwaɗa mini na sani,

: Na hi ku sanin dattako na.

‘Y/Amshi : Ya ɗau girma, ya ɗau yabo

: Mu zo mu ga Alƙali Abu.

Jagora :Kul ka ga mutum Ɗankama na,

: A kai shi ga Alƙali Abu,

: A kai shi ga ɗakin waƙƙahi,

: Ya samu kamat kwana biyat,

‘Y/Amshi : Kul ka hissai bari, tambaya,

: Ai shi ka hwaɗi in ya matsu,

: Ya ɗau girma, ya ɗau yabo

: Mu zo mu ga Alƙali Abu.

 (Bunza, 2009:491-496).

Ga wani misalin a waƙar Naramɗa ta Sarkin Tudu Alu (Wato sarkin Gobir Amadu Bawa Isa) a salo na nishaɗi kamar haka:

Jagora: Sarki ka ga mutum shidda

‘Y/Amshi: Babu mai zaunawa lahiya da su.

Jagora: Wanga guda tsohon Munahuki

: Wanga Azuji wanga Butulu,

: Guda Ashararu guda Maɓannaci.

 ‘Y/Amshi: Akwai wani na nan mai ƙule mutum.

 (Gusau, 2023:88-89).

 A wannan misali na sama, makaɗan baka na Hausa sukan nusartar da shugabanni a kan wasu halaye da ɗabi’un mutane don samun cigaban ƙasa mai ɗorewa, ta hanyar yin taka-tsan-tsan wajen gudanar da mulki. Ta haka ne, Narambaɗa ya jero wasu munanan ɗabi’u guda shida ya danganta da wasu makusantan Sarki, ya kuma nuna ba a zama da masu waɗannan halaye da ɗabi’u lafiya ba, ballantana a sami cigaban ƙasa. Waɗannan halaye kuwa su ne munafunci, da azuzanci (ɗabi’ar ƙirƙiro ƙarya a danganta wa mutum) da butulci da ashararanci da ɓarna da kuma ɗabi’ar ƙule mutane. Wato, mutune masu irin waɗannan halaye ko ɗabi’u, babu tunani na cigaban ƙasa a zukatansu, kansu kawai suka sani. Ashe kenan duk shugaba mai son cigaban ƙasarsa da al’ummarsa sai ya yi hattara wajen zaɓo mataimaka, waɗanda da za su taimaka masa wajen ciyar da ƙasa gaba. Ta hanyar lura tare da kauce wa zaɓo waɗanda za su riƙa shirya masa zangon ƙasa wajen ciyar da ƙasa gaba.

3.0 Kammalawa

A wannan takarda an yi sharhi ne a kan falsafar waƙoƙin baka danganae da dangantakar shugabanci da cigaban ƙasa. Ta haka ne aka kawo bayani game da shugabanci da kuma cigaban ƙasa. Haka kuma, an bibiyi yanayin shugabanci don cigaban ƙasa ta fito da wasu halaye da ɗabi’u da kuma yanayin tunanin shugaba ya kamata ya kasance. Inda aka yi tsokaci dangane da yanayin kishin ƙasa ga shugabanni da kuma mabiya da yanayin kishin al’umma da samar da tsaro don cigaban ƙasa da yanayin aiwatar da ayyukan raya ƙasa da kuma tsawatarwa ta la’akari da ɓangare shugabanni da kuma ɓangaren mabiya. A wannan takarda an fahimci makaɗan baka sukan lura da yanayin shugabanci ko shugaba da kuma yanayin cigaban ƙasa, musamman ta fito da wasu halaye na nagarta da ya kamata a ce shugaba yana nunawa. Irin waɗannan halaye da ɗabi’u da ya kamata a ce shugaba yana da su a yayin shugabancinsa ko mulkinsa sun haɗa da; nuna kishin ƙasa a dukkan al’amurransa da kare ƙasa daga zagon ƙasa. Nuna kishin al’umma ta hanyar kawar da ƙabalinci da ɓangaranci a tsakanin al’umma ko al’ummomin da yake jagoranta. Samar da tsaro don cigaban ƙasa ta hanyar samun zaman lafiya da kuma bunƙasa hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Aiwatar da ayyukan raya ƙasa don cigaban ƙasa da kuma al’umma. Tsawatarwa ga na ƙasa da shi, wato mabiya, musamman ta hanyar bibiyar ayyuka na aiwatarwa da na raya ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da ɓangaren shari’a yana yin aikinsa ba-sani-ba-sabo don tabbatar da adalci da kuma hana zalunci a ciki da wajen ƙasa.

 Haka kuma, abin lura a nan shi ne, irin waɗannan halaye da ɗabi’u su ne sukan yi jagoranci wajen samar da cigaban ƙasa mai ɗorewa. Har ila yau kuma, aikata waɗannan halaye da ɗabi’u sukan ƙara wa shugaba ɗaukaka da kwarjini a idon mutane da kuma ƙarfin faɗa a ji a cikin al’ummarsa. Har wa yau, hakan ba ta samuwa har sai shugaba ko shugabanni da mabiya sun sauya tunani yadda zai dace da yanayin samar da cigaban ƙasa. Hakazalika, a wannan takarda an fahimci, munanan halaye ga shugaba sukan haifar da koma-baya ga cigaban ƙasa da kuma rage masa kwarjini da daraja a idon mutane da kuma ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji a cikin al’ummarsa.

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