Sakkwatanci a Wakar Makada Sa’idu Faru: Nazari Daga Wakar Kana Shirye Baban ‘Yan Ruwa, Na Bello Jikan Danfodiyo

Citation: Sarkin Fada, I. & Abbas, N.I. (2024). Sakkwatanci a Waƙar Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru: Nazari Daga Waƙar Kana Shirye Baban ‘Yan Ruwa, Na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo. Four Decades of Hausa Royal Songs: Proceedings from the International Conference on the Life and Songs of Makaɗa Sa'idu Faru, 3(3), 316-320. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i03.043.

Sakkwatanci a Waƙar Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru: Nazari Daga Waƙar Kana Shirye Baban ‘Yan Ruwa, Na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo

Daga 

Isah Sarkin Fada
Sashen Harsuna Da Al’adu
Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau
Lambar Waya: 08039165872
Email: Isahsarkinfada@Gmail.Com 

Da 

Dr. Nazir Ibrahim Abbas
Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato
Lambar Waya: 08060431934
Email: Ibrahimabbasnazir@Gmail.Com

Tsakure

Faɗaɗa da bunƙasa da kuma nisantar juna ga masu magana da harshe, shi yake haifar da kare-karensa. Mawaƙa sukan yi amfani da karin harshensu a yayin rera waƙoƙi, makaɗa Sa’idu Faru yana daga cikinsu. Wannan muƙala ta gudana ne a kan nazarin Sakkwatanci a waƙar Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru. Manufar muƙala ita ce, zurfafa nazari da fitowa da kalmomin Sakkwatanci a cikin waƙar makaɗa Sa’idu Faru tare da kawo Daidaitacciyar Hausa da kuma nuna bambancin da ke tsakaninsu. Muƙalar ta yi ƙoƙarin tattara bayanai ta hanyar amfani da dabarar sauraren waƙar makaɗa ta: ‘Kana Shirye Baban ‘Yan Ruwa, Na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo’. A yayin sauraron waƙar, an fito da kalmomin da suka shafi Sakkwatanci tare da kwatanta su da Daidaitacciyar Hausa. An yi amfani da ra’in ‘Tsarin Karin Harshe’ (Generative Dialectology) wanda yake nuna cewa, ana iya nazarin kare-karen harshe daban-daban tare da lura da inda suka yi tarayya da kuma kwatanta shi da Daidaitacciyar Hausa domin fito da bambance-bambancen da ake iya samu tsakaninsu. Ra’in yana da dangantaka da wannan bincike, domin ya yi magana a kan kare-karen harshe da siffofinsa na bai ɗaya. Sakamakon bincike ya tabbatar da cewa, mawaƙa suna amfani da karin harshe a yayin rera waƙoƙinsu, musamman karin harshe na garuruwa da suka fito. Hakazalika, muƙala ta fito da bambancin da ake samu tsakanin karin harshen Sakkwatanci da Daidaitacciyar Hausa.

Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi: Harshe da Hausar Rukuni da Sakkwatanci da kuma Waƙa

1.0    Gabatarwa

Sanin harshe shi ne iya magana da jama’a su fahimci mutum, a hannu ɗaya su ma in sun yi magana ya fahimce su. Idan mutum zai iya bayyana tunaninsa da yake cikin zuciyarsa a fili, ta hanyar amfani da sautukan magana har mutane su gane abin da yake nufi, a nan za a ce mutum ya san harshen da yake magana da shi. Bunƙasar harshe da yalwarsa, ita take haifar da sauyi. Daga waɗannan sauye-sauye sai a sami kare-kare a cikin harshe, waɗanda abubuwa da dama suke kawo su.[1]

Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru shahararren mawaƙi ne da ya yi fice wajen sarrafa harshe ta hanyar amfani da hikima da ƙwarewa da iya zaɓen kalmomi domin gwarzanta sarakuna. Masana sun rarraba mawaƙa ta hanyar lura da inda kowane mawaƙi ya ba ƙarfi. Wasu mawaƙa sun karkata ga yi wa jama’a waƙa da suka haɗa da masu kuɗi da talakawa, maza da mata. Wasu kuwa, sun mayar da hankali wajen yi wa manoma waƙa, wasu kuwa mawaƙan sha’awa ne, a yayin da wasu mawaƙa suka dukufa wajen yi wa maza waƙa. An tabbatar da makaɗa Sa’idu Faru makaɗin fada ne (Sarakuna). Takarda ta fahimci cewa, wannan mawaƙi ya ƙware ƙwarai wajen amfani da karin Harshen Sakkwatanci a dukkanin waƙoƙinsa. Wannan ba zai rasa nasaba da fitowarsa a yankin Sakkwato ba. A wannan takarda an yi nazarin Sakkwatanci a waƙar Sa’idu Faru ta ‘Kana Shirye Baban ‘Yanruwa, na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo’ an yi nazarin kalmomin Sakkwatanci a wannan waƙar tare da kwatanta kalmomin da Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Dalilin da ya sa aka mayar da hankali a kalmomin Sakkwatanci shi ne, ganin karin harshen Sakkwatanci ya rinjayi baitocin waƙar.

2.0 Ma’anar Harshe

A kodayaushe muna magana da junanmu domin wasu buƙatunmu na yau da kullun. Waɗannan maganganu da muke yi suke bayyana tunaninmu da ra’ayoyinmu da suke ƙunshe a cikin zukatanmu. Saboda haka ne masana suke ganin harshe shi ne jigo na dukkan abubuwan da muke aiwatarwa.

Muktar, (2017, shf. 1) ya bayyana cewa, ‘harshe wata tsoka ce a cikin bakin ɗan’Adam da dabbobi da tsuntsaye suke amfani da ita wajen lasa ko jin ɗanɗano da kuma cin abinci wadda idan babu ita, ba a iya magana.’

Yakasai (2020, shf. 2) ya bayyana cewa ‘baiwar da ɗan’Adam yake da ita ta amfani da harshe ita ce babban abin da ya bambanta shi da dukkan sauran halitta, har ya fifita shi bisa kansa.’

A nan, mun fahinci harshe shi ne kanwa uwar gami na dukkan abubuwa, dalili kuwa da harshe ake iya gudanar da wasu harkoki musamman ma sadarwa.

2.1 Karin Harshen Rukuni

An yi nazari da dama a kan abin da ya shafi harsunan rukuni a wurare daban-daban. Masana sun yi tsokaci a kai, wasu sun yi nazarin karin harshe ta fuskar ma’ana, wasu kuwa sun dube shi ta hanyar rabe-rabensa. Trudgill (1974) ya yi bayanin karin da cewa, bambance-bambance tsakanin nau’o’in magana da suke da bambanci a kalmomi da nahawu da kuma furuci ne. Ya kuma yi tsokaci a kan dalilai da dama da suka sa ake amfani da karin harshe a rukuni.

Yakasai (2020, shf. 108) ya bayyana cewa, bunƙasar hanyar magana daban-daban kuwa a tsarin zamantakewa, al’amari ne da za a iya bayyanawa ta yin la’akari da rashin haɗuwa wuri guda, wato karin harshe shi ne ke kawo cikas da nisantar juna. Masana karin harshen Hausa sun amince cewa maguzawa mazauna ƙauye su ne suke amfani da Hausar da ba ta gurɓata ba. A ganinsu, wannan yana faruwa saboda kasancewarsu a zaune wuri guda, ba kamar ‘yan uwansu na birni ba.[2]

2.1.1 Sakkwatanci

Masana ilimin harshe irin su Sani (2001) sun yi ƙoƙarin kasa kare-karen harsuna zuwa gida biyu, wato karin harshen gabas da karin harshen yamma. Karin harshen gabas karin harshe ne na mutanen gabacin ƙasar Hausa. Karin harshen yamma kuwa, karin harshe ne na mutanen yammacin ƙasar Hausa. A nan, ana magana ne a kan karin harshen Sakkwatanci da yake ƙarƙashin karin harshen yamma.

Sarkin Fada (2011, shf. 32) ya bayyana cewa, ‘karin harshen Sakkwatanci, shi ne karin harshen da mazauna yankin Sakkwato da kewaye suke amfani da shi.’

Wannan bayani ya nuna ke nan Sakkwatanci karin harshe ne da mutanen Sakkwato da kewaye suke amfani da shi a zantukansu na yau da kullum.

2.2 Ma’anar Waƙar Baka

Mawaƙan baka suna da hikima da azanci wajen rera waƙoƙi da suke ɗauke da saƙonni na musamman ga al’umma. Lokuta da dama, waɗannan waƙoƙi suna faɗakarwa da ilmantarwa bisa wasu al’amurra da suka shigo ga al’umma. Dangane da bunƙasar harshe kuwa, akan samu sababbin kalmomi da kuma faɗaɗa ma’anar wasu domin su dace da yanayin da ake buƙata. Masana sun bayyana ra’ayoyinsu dangane da waƙar baka.

Gusau (1993, shf. 1) ya bayyana waƙar baka da cewa; ‘wani fage ne da ake shirya maganganu na hikima da aiwatarwa a rera cikin rauji tsararre, waɗanda za su zaburar da al’umma da kuma hankaltar da su dangane da dabarun tafiyar da rayuwarsu, da za su ba da damar a cimma ganga mai inganci’.

Kurawa da Gummi (2022, shf. 165-170) sun bayar da ma’anar waƙa da cewa; ‘wani zance ne shiryayye cikin hikima da azanci da yake zuwa gaɓa-gaɓa bisa ƙa’idojin tsari da daidaitawa a rere cikin sautin murya da amsa-amon kari da kiɗa da amshi’.

Saboda haka, waƙar baka abu ce da ake rerawa cikin hikima da azanci kuma cikin nishaɗi domin burge wanda ake rera wa da kuma wanda yake sauraro. A nan, mun kawo baitoci masu ɗauke da kalmomin Sakkwatanci da kuma yin sharhi a kansu.

3.0 Kalmomin Sakkwatanci a Waƙar Sa’idu Faru ta Kana Shirye Baban ‘Yan Ruwa Na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo

Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru ya yi amfani da kalmomin da ake amfani da su a shiyyar Sakkwato, a nan idan aka ce Sakkwatanci ana magana ne a kan karin harshen yamma da suka ƙunshi:

Kabanci da Katsinanci da Zamfarci da Gobiranci da Adaranci da Arewanci da Kurfayanci (Zarruƙ 2006, shf. 12).

Wasu daga cikin alamomin da mai nazari yake iya gane karin harshen Sakkwatanci sun haɗa da: dirka, nee da cee da kuma sauyin sauti /ɸ/ ta Daidaitacciyar Hausa takan sauya, ta koma /hw/ ko /h/ a Hausar Sakkwatanci a wasu muhallai a kan wani sharaɗi, da sauransu.

Jagora: Laihin yaro shi ya yi ƙiuya

Laihin babba shi ya yi rowa

Ina ƙaunak ka Muhammadu

Na tabbatak ƙaunata ka kai

Ko kai niyya ba mu dawakuna

Sannan bahwade sara ya kai

Ya ce ko ka ba mu dawakuna

A ɗan waƙa na farko akwai sauyin sauti. Sautin /ɸ/ na Daidaitacciyar Hausa takan sauya, ta koma /hw/ ko /h/ a Hausar Sakkwatanci a wasu muhallai a kan wani sharaɗi.

/f/ takan koma /h/ idan wasalin /i/ ya biyo ta a karin harshen Sakkwatanci, misali a cikin waƙar.

Laihin babba shi ya yi rowa

A tsarin Daidaitacciyar Hausa kalmar ‘laifi’ take, amma saboda wannan sharaɗi ta koma ‘laifii’.

Haka ma, sautin /ɸ/ takan koma /hw/ idan wasalin /a/ ya biyo ta a karin harshen Sakkwatanci, misali a cikin waƙar.

Sannan bahwade sara yakai

A tsarin Daidaitacciyar Hausa kalmar ‘bafade’ yake, amma saboda wannan sharaɗi ta koma ‘bahwade’.

4.0 Naso cikin kalmomi:

Naso shi ne zamantakewa tsakanin sautuka, wanda wani sauti kan shafi halin wani sauti. A Sakkawatanci sautin /n/ na Daidaitacciyar Hausa yakan koma /m/ a karin harshen Sakkwatanci a wasu muhallai. Ko kuma sautin ƙarshe na kalma ya shafi halayyar sautin farko na kalma, misali a cikin waƙa

Ina ƙaunak ka Muhammadu

‘Yan amshi: Albarkar Nana Uwad Daji

Ba mu mota Muhammad Sarkin Kudu

Albarkar Nana Uwad Daji

Ba ni mota Muhamman Sarkin Kudu

5.0 Manuni wajen ƙwayar ma’anar da ke fayyace suna.

A Daidaitacciyar Hausa # -nan # takan koma # -nga # a karin harshen Sakkwatanci, misali a cikin baitocin waƙa.

Jagora: Diba ƙafarka bisa hannuwa

Zaman Shehu ne ba wata za’ida

Sarkin Musulmi wataran kake

Da imani da mu’ujiza

‘Yan amshi: Nananga malam macciɗo

A nan mawaƙi ya yi amfani da kalmar Zamfaranci inda yake cewa nananga a maimakon ya ce wurin nan

A Daidaitacciyar Hausa mahaɗi yana ɗaukar sautin /r/ ko /n/ amma a karin harshen Sakkwatanci a maimakon a tsarma sautin /r/ ko /n/ sai sautin ƙarshe na sautin ya shafi sautin farko na kalmar.

‘Yan amshi: Gagarau ɗan Alu kai man gahwara

Wada duk aka gadon ɗaukaka

Wada duk aka gadon ƙasura

Wada duk aka gadon cigaba

Mamman ka gadi Abubakar

Ko da sayen halin nan a kai

Baba halin da ka kai kuɗɗi shi kai

Jagora: Ko da sayen halin ........

‘Yan amshi: Halin nan a kai

Baba halin da ka kai kuɗɗi shi kai

Haka ma, akwai kalmomi da dama da karin harshen Sakkwatanci suke amfani da su waɗanda sun sha bamban da Daidaitacciyar Hausa, misali a cikin waƙar.

Baba halin da ka kai kuɗɗi shi kai

A nan, a tsarin Daidaitacciyar Hausa kalmar ‘kuɗi’ a maimakon ‘kuɗɗi’ na karin harshen Sakkwatanci. Idan aka dubi kalmar an lunka baƙin ‘ɗ’ a dalilin tasirin karin harshen Sakkwatanci.

Jagora: Tafiyag ga da kay yi ba ni nan

‘Yan amshi: Sai nib bi Gusau sai niw wuce

Sai nib bi ta Kwatarkwashi niw wuce

Kuma nib bi ta tcafe ina gudu

Can na kusa kai wa Zariya

Dan nan Daudu niko sai nitc tcaya

A nan an sami naso a cikin kalmomi, wato sautin ƙarshe na kalma ya nashe dukkan halayyar sautin farko na kalmar da ke gaba gare ta. A baitocin da ke sama an fahimci an sami nason sauti a cikin kalmomi.

Jagora: Mamman haraka sai yaj jiya

Yac ce kai ko ƙarya ka kai

Ƙaura da Gusau da Kwatarkwashi

Na gadi a ba mu dawakuna

Mamman in Allah yai nuhi

Ba mu gari da mutane nai duka

A wajen mallaka /s/ ta Daidaitacciyar Hausa takan koma /sh/ ko /y/ ko /hi/ a karin harshen Sakkawatanci a wasu muhallai, misali a cikin waƙa.

Ba mu gari da mutane nay duka

A nan, a maimakon a ce ‘ba mu gari da mutanensa duka’ a Daidaitacciyar Hausa, sai a ka mayar da shi Sakkwatanci aka ce ‘nay. Saboda haka an sami tasirin Sakkwatanci a wannan baitin waƙa.

6.0 Sakamakon Bincike

A ƙarshen bincike na ilmi, ya zama tilas a fito da sakamakon da aka gano domin cimma burin bincike ko akasin haka. Saboda haka, a wannan bincike an gano abubuwa kamar haka:

1.      Tabbatar da samuwar kalmomin Sakkwatanci a waƙar, Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru ta kana shirye baban ‘yan ruwa, na Bello jikan Ɗanfodiyo.

2.      Har wa yau, bincike ya gano cewa, samuwar waɗannan kalmomi na da nasaba da irin kasancewar Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru ɗan haifaffen yankin Sakkwato ne. Saboda haka dole a sami tasirin Sakkwatanci a waƙoƙinsa.

3.      Bincike ya fito da alamomin da mai nazari yake iya gane Sakkwatanci idan sun fito cikin waƙa.

4.      Bincike ya fito da kalmomin da aka samu na Sakkwatanci a cikin waƙar Kana Shirye Baban ‘Yanruwa na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo, tare da kwatanta su da tsarin Daidaitacciyar Hausa.

7.0 Naɗewa

Mawaƙa musamman na baka, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka harshen Hausa. Wannan na faruwa ne ta hanyar fito da basira da zalaƙa da hikimar da Allah ya ba su. Sukan samar da sababbin kalmomi ɗori da waɗanda ake da su a cikin rumbun kalmomin harshe. A wannan takarda an fito da kalmomin Sakkwatanci a waƙar Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru. Bugu da ƙari, takarda ta fahimci waɗannan kalmomi suna da tasiri matuƙa a ɓangaren ilmin walwalar harshe ta hanyar fito da ma’anarsu da yanayin samuwarsu.

Manazarta

Abraham R. C. (1947). Dictionary of Hausa Langauge. London: Hodder and Soughton.

Abubakar, A. (2000). An Introductory Hausa Morphology. Maiduguri: University of Maiduguri Press.

Bashir, A. (2012). ‘The Morphosyntax of Diminutive in Hausa’. Unpublished B.A. Dissertation, Department of Nigerian Languages and Linguistics, Bayero University Kano.

CNHN, (2006). Ƙamushin Hausa Na Jami’ar Bayero Kano. Kano: ABU Press.

Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics Seven Edition. USA: Blackwell Puplishing.

Gusau, S. M. (1993). Jagoran Nazarin Waƙar Baka. Kaduna: FISBAS Media Service Limited.

Kurawa, H. M. da Gummi, M. F. (2022). Gudummuwar Adabin Baka a Farfajiyar Tsaro: Duba Cikin Fasahar Makaɗan Bakan Zamfara. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature and Culture.Volume1,Issue1.ISSN:2757-6730 (Print)ISSN:2782/8182(Online).Pp165/170.DOI:https./dx.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2022.01i01.017.

Sani, M.A.Z. (2021). Alfiyar Mu’azu Sani 3: Karorin Harshen Hausa a Sauƙaƙe. Kano: Benchmark Publisher Limited.

Sarkin Fada, I. (2011). Tsarin Giredin Aikatan Hausa a Hausar Sakkwatanci. Kundin Digiri Na Biyu. Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Yakasai, S.A. (2020). Jagoran Ilimin Walwalar Harshe. Kano: Amal Printing Press.

Mukhtar, A.B. (2017). Hausa da Karorinta. Kano: Government Printing Press.

Trudgill, P. (1974). Creolization in Reverse: Reduction and Simplication in the Albanian Dialects of Greece Transaction of the Philogical Society.

---

[1]. A dubi Yakasai (2020). Jagoran Ilimin Walwalar Harshe, domin ƙarin bayani.

[2] A dubi Yakasai (2020). Ilimin Walwalar Harshe, domin ƙarin bayani.

Get the full PDF here: