This article is published in the Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture – Volume 1, Issue 1.
Ashafa
Garba
ashafagarbagusau@gmail.com
Aliyu
Mu’azu
Tsakure
Hanyoyin sada Zumunta na zamani wato (social media),
sun kasance wani dandamali na isar da saƙonni da kuma sada
zumunci a cikin sauri da kuma sauƙi a tsakanin Hausawa da al’ummu daban-daban da ke
fadin duniya. Kasancewar Hausawa kamar sauran al’ummar duniya ne sun samu kansu
a wani sabon yanayi na amfani da kafar sadarwa na zamani kamar facebook da watsapp
da tuwita da tiktok da sauransu. Hakan ya ba su damar isar da saƙo a cikin
sauri ba tare da wata wahala ba. Wajen ganin an cim ma wannan ƙudiri binciken,
an waiwaye yadda Bahaushe yake isar da saƙonsa a
gargajiyance da kuma sauyen da ya samu a yanzu. Kafin haka za mu dubi ma'anar
labarin ƙarya da ma’anar kafofin sadarwa na zamani. Wannan maƙala ta
nazarci wasu hanyoyi da kafafen sadarwa na zamani suke bi domin isar da saƙonnin ƙarya a
cikin al’ummar Hausawa. A ƙoƙarin ganin an kai gaci a wannan binciken an bi
hanyoyin ziyarar ɗakunan ajiye littattafai na jami’o’i da kuma shafukan intanet musamman
na BBC Hausa da RFI Hausa da kuma VOA Hausa. Sannan an
yi amfani da ra’in alamomin rayuwar al’umma wato (Social Semiotics Theory). Binciken
ya gano yadda kafofin sada zumunta na zamani suke yaɗa labaran ƙarya,
da kuma hanyoyin da suke bi wajen yaɗa labaran ƙarya da
kuma illolin da yaɗa labaran ƙarya suke haifarwa a cikin al’ummar Hausawa.
Fitilun Kalmomi: Ƙarya, Labarai, Dandalin Sada Zumunta
1.0 Gabatarwa
Alal
haƙiƙa sha’anin
sadarwa musamman a wannan zamani ya yi tasiri ƙwarai, ta fuskoki daban-daban
da suka shafi al’ummar Hausawa da ma wasu sauran al’ummu.
A al’adance Bahaushe yana da wasu hanyoyin sadarwa waɗanda suka
haɗa da magana
ta baki da baki, wadda ta haɗa da amfani da sanƙiran
gari, shi ne ake umurta da ya zaga gari unguwa-unguwa yana shaida wa jama’a saƙo
(Zaruk, 1986, sh 13).
Bayan
haka, akwai sadarwa ta amfani da sassan jiki, kamar amfani da kai da fuska da
hannu da baki da ido da sauransu. Haka kuma akwai sadarwa ta amfani da wasu
kayan kiɗa kamar
su: Tambari da Kalangu da Kuge da Kurya da Ƙaho da
sauransu, (Umar, 2012, sh 21).
A
duniyar yau al’ummar Hausawa sun samu wasu
sababbin hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani waɗanda suka shaƙu
da su a sanadiyyar ci gaban al’umma, wanda bunƙasar ilimi
da fasaha da ƙere-ƙere ya
haifar a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Hulɗar Hausawa
da wasu al’ummomi na duniya kamar Larabawa da Turawa ya sa Hausawa sun sami
wasu sababbin dabarun sadarwa na zamani, waɗanda a
yanzu a iya cewa sun mamaye wasu ɓangarori na rayuwar Hausawa.
Sai dai kash!
A iya cewa ci gaban mai haƙin
rijiya ne, domin al’ummar Hausawa tun suna Maguzawa ba su yarda da yin ƙarya
ba, yin ƙarya a al’adar Bamaguje wani babban laifi ne
wanda yake zubar da mutuncin al’ummar, duk wanda ya yi ƙarya akwai
hukunci ko horon da tsafin gidansu zai yi masa. Ƙarya na ɗaya daga
cikin munanan ɗabi’un Maguzawa,
saboda haka ne ya sa suke kaucewa yin ƙarya a
cikin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. Haka kuma lokacin da Musulunci ya zo, bai ci
karo da al’adar Bahaushe na kyamatar ƙarya ba,
hasali ma, Musuluncin ya ƙara
jaddada haramcin yin ƙarya,
(Abdullahi, 2008: 45).
Kamar
yadda aka sani, labarin ƙarya ya
girmi kafar yanar gizo wadda a kanta ne aka gina kafofin sada zumunta. Farfaganda da
take cike da labaran ƙanzon-kurege
sun daɗe ana yaɗa su a ƙarnoni
da dama da suka gabata tun kafin zuwan fasahar sadarwa ta yanar gizo.
Kasancewar abubuwa da dama na fasaha kan iya zama masu amfani ko kuma su zama
matsala gwargwadon yadda mai amfani da su ya sarrafa su.
Labaran
ƙarya ba ƙaramar
matsala ce ba kuma ta daɗe tana ci wa
masu mu'amala da shafukan sada zumunta tuwo a ƙwarya.
Abin bakin ciki matsalar ta zama ruwan dare. Misali da za ka shiga dandalin
Facebook ka nemi Aljazeera ko BBC Hausa za ka tarar da shafuka da yawa masu waɗannan
sunaye alhali guda ɗaya ne kawai na asali. Don haka, abin takaice
ne yadda wasu ke mu’amala da waɗannan dandali a matsayin kafafen yaɗa labaran ƙarya
maimakon cin moriyar abin da aka gano a kanta.
2.0
Ma’anar Shafukan Sada Zumunta
A
mahangar kimiyyar sadarwa ta zamani, idan aka ce (social media) ana nufin
dandalin shaƙatawa da yin abota. Kerric
(2000) ya bayar da gamammen ta’arifi inda yake cewa “Kalmar Soical
Media (SM) da Social Networking Sites (SNSs) da social media Websites (SMWs) na
nufin wasu shafuka ko manhajoji da ake amfani da su a yanar gizo, domin sadarwa
tsakanin mutane da musayar ra’ayoyi ta hanyar sauti (Voice notes) da hotuna daskararru (Still
Images) da masu motsi (Videos) ko
rariyar liƙau (Hypertext
links).
2.1
Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Samuwar Shafukan Sada
Zumunta
Tun
bayan samuwar Telegraph (1792) da Telephone (1876) da Radio (1891) a ƙarni
na ashirin (20 Century) bayan samuwa da yaɗuwar
manyan kwamfutoci (Super Computers) a 1940s masana kimiyyar na’ura Kwamfuta
suka himmatu wajen faɗaɗa nazari
da bincike da haɓaka wannan fasaha wadda har ta kai ga rikiɗa da
haihuwar fasahar intanet a shekarar 1969. Bayan sadarwa ta Imel 1971. Da farko an
fara hirar ga-ni-ga-ka ta Internet Relay Charts (IRC) ne a shekarar 1988.
Haka
dai wannan siffa ta ci gaba da yaɗuwa, tare da canza akalar sadarwa.
Shafin sada zumunta na farko a tarihi shi ne Six Degrees,
wanda aka fara amfani da shi a watan Mayu 1997. Wannan shafi yana bai wa masu
ta’ammali da su damar ɗora bayanan rayuwarsu, matakan karatu
da sunayen abokansu (Profiles) da kuma yin abota da wasu mutane ta wannan
shafi.
Daga
nan sai Open Diary a watan Aktoba, 1998 da Live
Journal a shekarar 1999 da Ryze a shekarar 2001 da Friendstar a shekarar 2002.
Daga nan sai aka ƙirƙiri
Blogging, aka samar da shafuka irinsu Myspace a shekarar 2003 da Linkedin a
shekarar 2003 da Orkut a shekarar 2004, waɗannan
shafuka sun samu shahara da karɓuwa a wancan lokaci.
A
farkon ƙarni na 21, an sami bayyanar waɗansu
shafukan sada zumunta kamar irinsu, Photobucket a shekarar 2003 da Flicker a
shekarar 2004, waɗannan shafuka suna
bayar da damar karɓa da tura saƙonnin
hotuna. Bayan haka sai kafar tashar yaɗa hotuna masu motsi (Videos) wato YouTube ya kunno kai a shekarar
2005, sai ƙaraminsu babbansu Facebook a shekarar 2004 da
majalisan dattijai da mahankalta wato Twitter a shekarar 2005. Waɗannan
shafuka guda biyu wato facebook da twitter sun zama wanzazzun shafukan sada
zumunta masu dogon zamani da shahara a sararin yanar gizo.
Daga
baya an sami shafuka irinsu Bebo a shekarar 2005 da Spotify a shekarar 2006 da Tumblr
a shekarar 2007 da WhatsApp a shekarar 2009 da Foursquare a shekarar 2009
da Pinterest a shekarar 2010 da Instagram a shekarar 2010 da marigayi Google+ a
shekarar 2011 duk sun fito da irin nasu keɓantattun
salo na sadarwa.
A
yau waɗannan
manhajoji da shafuka sun yi yawan da zai alamta mana abubuwa barkatai za su iya
faruwa a wannan ƙarni, da kuma sauran ƙarnuka
masu zuwa, musamman Ƙarya”
wanda ake nazari a kanta.
2.2 Ire-Iren
Shafukan Sada Zumunta
A
matakin farko za a iya kasa shafukan sada zumunta kashi uku, ta fuskar gudummawar
da suke bayarwa. Akwai waɗanda suke tura saƙonni
da dukkan nau’ukansa (post-based social media) kamar Myspace da Facebook da
Twitter. Akwai waɗanda aka gina su a kan karɓa da tura
hotuna (Image-based social media) misali
Instagram da Snapchat da Tumblr. Akwai kuma waɗanda suke
kamar gidajen talabijin (Video-based
social media) kamar Vime da Vimeo da Youtube.
Akwai
kuma masu keɓantattun
manufofi da aka ƙirƙira
domin wasu keɓantattun
mutane, misali: shafukan da suka keɓanci tambayoyi da
amsa a kan komai (Quora), da kuma
na ƙwararru (Professionals) kamar Linkedin
ɗaliban kimiyya
scienceStax, karatu da littattafai goodreads, anobii,
librarything, shelfari, wattpad, Weread, akwai wanda ya keɓanci ‘yan
kasuwa talkbiznow, na ‘yan baiwa masu ƙwaƙwalwa
(talented) ibibo, akwai kuma shaiɗanun shafukan da suke na musamman ga
masu LGBT11. Sannan akwai waɗanda sun keɓanta ga
wasu ƙasashe kamar wechat ga ‘yan China da Vkontakte (VK) ga ‘yan Russia da kuma Taringa ga ‘yan
Latin America da sauransu.
3.0 Ma’anar Ƙarya
A
cikin CNHN (2006) an bayyana ma’anar ƙarya da
cewa; maganar da ba ta gaskiya ba ce. Shi kuwa Musa (2021)
ya bayyana ma’anar ƙarya kamar haka;
Ƙarya wata aba ce da mutane suke ƙirƙirarta
kamar abu ba a yi ba sai mutum ya ƙirƙira
ya faɗa alhali
ma ba a san da maganar ba. Haƙika
duk wanda yake ƙarya to tabbas duk
tsananin gaskiyarsa ba a yarda da shi, saboda baya faɗin gaskiya
sai ƙarya. Saboda haka, ƙarya na
nufin duk wani zancen da aka ƙaga aka faɗa ba na
gaskiya ba shi ne ake nufi da ƙarya.
3.1 Ma'anar Labarin Ƙarya
Labarin
ƙarya shi ne duk wani zance da aka furta da
fatar baki, ko aka rubuta ko suranta a hotuna ko bidiyo da ba ya da asali ko sahihanci
da aka faɗa tare da
wata manufa ta kariya ga abu, tallata haja, kambama wani gwarzo ko ɓata sunan
wani ko wata da sauran manufofin da mai faɗin labarin
ya kunsa a zuciyar sa. Wato ita ƙarya ko ta
bayyana kuma ta burge jama’a, to ba za ta tabbata ba, domin kuwa za a gano ta
kuma masu yaɗa ta za su
kunyata.
4.0 Ra’in Bincike
An
ɗora wannan
binciken ne a kan ra’in alamomin rayuwar al’umma wata (Social Semeotics
Theory). Ra’in nazarin alamomin rayuwar al’umma yana bayyana alamomi na rayuwar
al’umma masu matuƙar muhimmanci waɗanda suka
shafi zamantakewar al’umma. Ana danganta wannan ra’in da Ferdinand de Saussune (1857-1913).
Ra’in
wannan mazhabar ya danganci nazarin ma’ana wato saƙo tare
kuma da tantance ayyukan ɗan’adam, musamman hanyoyin fassarawa
da ta bayyana siffar maganganun baka da rubuce-rubuce da hotuna da zane-zane na
gargajiya da makamantansu.
Kamar
yadda wannan binciken yake ƙoƙarin
bayyana labaran ƙarya a kafofin sada
da zumunta na zamani wato (social media) ta hanyar maganganun baka da
rubuce-rubuce da hotuna mai motsi da mara motsi da zane-zane da sauransu.
Wannan ra’in ya yi daidai da binciken da ake yi wajen bayyana irin rayuwar da
al’umma suke gudanarwa musamman a kafofin sada zumunta.
Fitaccen
mabiyin wannan ra’in shi ne Halliday, M.A.K, an haifi shi a shekarar (1925) mashahurin
masani ne a nazarin kimiyyar harshe da nazarin rayuwar al’umma, wanda ya rubuta
littafi musamman a kan nuna ra’i na mazhaba mai suna Social Semiotic (1978).
Wasu
mabiyan wannan ra’in sun haɗa da Robert Hodge (H. 1940) da Gunther
Rolt Kress (H. 1940). Waɗannan manazarta sun nazarci alamomin
rayuwar al’umma na al’adunsu wato (Cultural Scripts) na maganganunsu wanda suka
gina, suka kuma aiwatar ta hanyar kimiyyar harshe, ta haka aka samar da ayyuka
da dama.
5.0 Hanyoyin Yaɗa Labaran Ƙarya
Akwai
hanyoyi da dama da ake bi wajen yaɗa labaran ƙarya
a cikin a’umma, amma a wannan takardan an zaɓi hanyoyi
guda biyu ne domin gudanar da bincike a kansu kamar haka.
5.1 Hanyoyin Kuskure: Su ne ɗaukar bayani
da wata ma'ana a cikin rashin sani daban da abinda
wanda ya faɗe ta yake
nufi, ko kuma faɗawa tarkon da take sa
masu rubutu a shafukan blog ke yi don su sa ka danna rariyar liƙau.
Hanyoyin kuskure wajen yaɗa labarin ƙarya na
samuwa ne dalilin jahilci ko mummunar fahimta ga abinda aka faɗa. Wannan
kashi ya ƙunshi waɗannan
kashe-kashe guda uku kamar haka:
5.1.1 Hargitsa Raha: Wannan
labari ne da wani zai bayar da manufar raha watau wasa, amma sai mai karatu ya ɗauke shi
matsayin gaskiya kuma abin da ya faru kuma sai ya yaɗa shi a
matsayin abin da ya faru alhali asalin labarin an ƙirƙira
shi ne don ba da dariya. Misali, wasan "April Fool" wadda mutane ke
ba da labari ƙirƙirarre mai
ɗaukar
hankali a cikin watan Afrilu wanda ba gaskiya ba ne , amma sai wasu su ɗauke shi a
matsayin gaskiya, kuma su yaɗa ga abokansu. Wani lokacin kuma wani
zai ba da labarin a kan wani abu da mutane suke ɗokin ji
sai a ƙarshe ya ce "Sai kawai na ji ana tada ni
ana cewa "wane wane! Tashi! Ka yi Sallar Asuba, ka makara" watau ke nan
duk labarin mafarki ne.
5.1.2 Hargitsa Gatse: Wannan
labari ne da ya ginu a kan kuskure gatse a kan abin da yake haƙiƙa.
Mutum ne zai rubuta labari don kushe abu a cikin gatse amma sai mai karatu ya ɗauke shi a
cikin lafazin rubutun ba tare da la'akari da ma'anarsa ta gatse ba. A turance
ana kiran irin wannan rubutu ko magana "sarcasm" wanda adon harshe ne
mai ƙarfin gaske sai dai ba kowa ke da kwarewar
fahimtarsa ba musamman a nan Nijeriya.
5.1.3 Dogara ga Take: Marubuta
musamman 'yan jarida ta takarda ko yanar gizo na amfani da dabarar jan hankali
wajen ba da take ga labari don kwaɗaitawa mai
karatu shauƙin karanta labarin. Wurin yin haka wani
lokacin a kan siffanta abin da ba shi ne ke ƙunshe a
cikin gangar labarin ba. Wani lokaci kuwa ma'anar taken na da harshen damo
watau ma'ana biyu, ɗaya ta gaskiya, ɗaya kuwa
matsayin tarkon kama makaranci. Misali "Several
Lives Lost
During Sallah-Xmas
Celebrations" watau "An Rasa Rayuka da Yawa a Lokacin Bukukuwan
Sallah da Kirsimeti". Ma'anar wannan ta asali shi ne an yanka raguna da
kaji da sauran dabbobin da ake yankawa don buki amma akwai tarkon kama
makaranci inda zai yi zaton an samu rikicin addini har aka samu salwantar
rayukan mutane. A cikin irin wannan, dogara ga take yana da matukar hadari don
sai mai karatu ya yaɗa labarin da ba shi ne gaskiya ba. A nan
ana buƙatar mai karatu ya cire ƙyuya
ya karanta uwar labarin gaba daya don samun cikakken bayani da kaucewa yada
karya.
5.2 Hanyoyin
Ganganci:
Waɗannan
hanyoyin yaɗa ko ƙirƙira
labaran ƙarya ana bin su da gangan kuma tare da
manufar da ake son a cimma. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin ganganci na yaɗa labaran ƙarya
su ne kamar haka:
5.2.1 Shigar Burtu: Wannan
wata hanya ce ta ɓoye bayani a kan wanda ke Magana, inda mutum
zai bude shafin sada zumunta ko karamin shafin yanar gizo da wani suna daban da
na shi, da manufar kada a gane ko shi wane ne.
Wani lokaci mai yin haka yana ɗaukar sunan wani babba ko tauraro a
fagen siyasa ko kasuwanci don yaudarar mutane da sunan ko ɓata masu
suna ta hanyar yin magana da yawunsu. Wasu kuma kan yi haka ne domin su ci
mutuncin wani abokin hamayya ba tare da an gane su ba.
5.2.2 Ƙarawa Miya Gishiri: Kamar
yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan wata hanya ce ta yi wa labari Ƙari
a kan ma'ana ko adadin da aka fadi a cikin sahihin labari.
52.3 Murguda Labari: shi ne
juya labari da samar da sabuwar ma'ana ga zance wanda asalinsa sahihi ne,
amma sai a canja shi da nufin isar da wani sako da ba shi ne asali ba.
5.2.4. Siddabarun
Hotuna/Bidiyo: Siddabaru ga hotuna da Bidiyo na ɗaya daga cikin
hanyoyin yada labaran ƙarya da su
ka yi fice a duniya. Wannan shi ne sarrafa hotuna tsayayyu ko masu motsi don bada
sabuwar siffa da isar da saƙon da ya
sabawa zahirin gaskiya. Wannan fasaha an fara amfani da shi ne a shekarar 1987
bayan da wasu 'yan uwan juna Thomas Knoll da John Knoll suka ƙirƙiri
manhajar kuma suka sayar da lasisin ta ga Kamfanin Adobe System. Wannan fasaha
tana taimakawa matuƙa wajen aikin gyaran
hotuna ga kafofin yaɗa labarai da dama, amma kuma bara-gurbi kan
yi amfani da ita ta mummunar hanya wajen shirya hotuna na ƙarya
ko harhaɗa
bidiyoyin da aka sauyawa sura ko sauti don yaɗa wata
farfaganda ko ɓata sunan
wasu mutane.
6.0 Misalan Zahiri A
Kan Labaran Ƙarya
Akwai
misalai na zahiri da dama a kan labaran ƙarya da ake
yaɗawa a
kafofin sada zumunta. Wasu daga cikin su na hotuna ko bidiyo, wasu na rubutu,
wasu kuma na rubutu tare da hotunan da aka sauya ko aza su ba muhallin su ba.
Misali:
a. A watan
Oktoba shekara ta 2019 an yi
ta yaɗa hotunan
Shugaban Ƙasa Muhammad Buhari tare da Ministar Ma’aikatar
Lamurran Jinkai Sadiya Umar Faruk da katin gayyatar ɗaurin
aurensu a shafukan sada zumunta na facebook da kuma whatsapp. Wannan labarin ƙarya
ne kamar yadda tashar BBC Hausa suka ruwaito a ranar 11 ga watan oktoba a
shekarar 2019 kamar haka:
Wannan labarin dai ba a san daga inda ya fito
ba, amma zancen da ake ta yi ke nan a shafukan sada
zumunta, an ƙirƙiri wani
maudu’i mai taken BUSA2019, wato auren Buhari da Sadiya a shekarar 2019. Sai
dai BBC ta samu bayanai daga wani makusancin fadar shugaban ƙasar, Kakakin
shugaban ƙasa wato Garba Shehu ya musanta wannan
labarin a kan cewa shugaba Buhari ba zai ƙara aure
ba”.
Saboda haka ne muke ganin cewa wannan labarin
ya yi daidai da karin maganar nan da Hausawa suke cewa ƙarya
fure take ba ta ‘ya’ya, domin kuwa wannan ƙaryar ba ta
yi ‘ya’ya ba.
b. A watan
Nuwamba na 2019 an samu harin 'yan bindiga masu satar shanu a yankin Gummi,
wasu masu tu'ammali da kafofin sada zumunta na Facebook da WhatsApp sun yi amfani
da hotunan wasu rikice-rikice da suka faru a wasu wurare wajen wannan labarin
inda har suka ɗauko
hotunan rikicin Bachama da Fulani a Jihar Taraba suka ɗora a
matsayin gawarwakin mutanen yankin Gummi. Wannan labarin ma ƙarya
ne kamar yadda wani mazaunin yankin Gummin ya shaida min mai suna Ibrahim Na-Allah,
cewa waɗannan
hotunan da ake yaɗa wa ba hotunan
rikicin yankin Gummi
ba ne, kawai ƙarya ce ake ta
yaɗawa.
c. Jubril
Assudany ƙirƙirarren
suna ne da ya yi fice a kafofin sada zumunta, bayan da shugaban fafutukar kafa ƙasar
Biafra Nnamdi Kanu ya ƙirƙiro
wani labarin shaci-faɗi a kan samun lafiyar Shugaban ƙasa
Muhammadu Buhari bayan dawowar sa daga Ingila jinya, inda yake nuna cewa
Shugaban ƙasa Buhari wai ya mutu, an turo madadin sa ne
mai suna Jubril Assudany bayan likitoci sun dasa masa wasu ƙwayoyin
halitta irin na Buharin tare da koya masa dabi'u irin na sa. Sai dai wannan
labarin ba gaskiya ba ne, domin kuwa da kansa shugaba Muhammadu Buharin ya ƙaryata
a tashar RFI Hausa, inda suka gabatar da rahoto a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba
shekara ta 2018 mai taken “Ni ne haƙiƙanin
Buharin da Kuka sani,” ba Jibril daga Sudan
ba, ga labarin kamar haka;
A karon
farko, shugaban Nijeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya mayar da martani kan jita-jitar da
wasu ke yaɗawa kan cewa ba shi ne haƙiƙanin
Buharin da aka sani ba. Shugaba Buhari ya ƙaryata
bayanan da ke cewa wai shi wani mutum ne mai suna Jibril daga ƙasar Sudan, da aka yiwa gyaran kamanni, kuma
aka turo domin ya ci gaba da
mulkin Nijeriya, bayan rasuwar Buhari na asali da ya yi rashin lafiya. Shugaban
ya bayyana haka ne a wata ganawa da ya yi da ‘yan Nijeriya mazauna ƙasar Poland.
Saboda haka ne, muke ganin cewa wannan
labarin shi ma ya yi daidai da karin
maganar da Hausawa ke cewa ƙarya fure
take ba ta ‘ya’ya.
d. Baccin
Ministan Buhari: A watan Fabrairu
na 2020 ne Shugaban ƙasa ya ziyarci babban
birnin jihar Borno wato Maiduguri inda aka ɗauko hoton
sa yana jawabi a tare da shi Ministan tsaro Bashir Salihi Magashi zaune. An yi
ta yada hoton da bayanin cewa Ministan tsaron bacci ya ke yi a lokacin da
Shugaban ƙasa ke jawabi kuma a kallon farko mai duba
zai ga kamar haka ɗin ne, amma a haƙiƙanin
gaskiya Ministan ya sunkuyar da kansa ne kawai yana rubuta wani abu akan
littafi. Wannan labarin ma ƙarya ce
domin da kansa ministan ya ƙaryata
labarin a shafinsa na tiwita.
e. A shekarar
2014 da aka samu ɓarkewa cutar
Ebola a Nijeriya bayan wani da ake kira Sawyer ya shigo da ita, wata yarinya da
ake kira Adesewa ta rubuta a shafin ta na Facebook cewa shan ruwan gishiri da
wanka da su na warkar da shi, wannan kuwa ya saba wa hakikanin gaskiya da
ilimin lafiya. Wani abin ban haushi sai da aka samu wasu da yawa sun sha
gishirin wasu ma har suka mutu, musamman waɗanda
da ma suna da hawan jini, sai ga matar ta fito da bidiyo tana cewa wai da wasa
ne take faɗa bayan wani
zancen raha da suka yi da ƙawayenta,
tana neman gafara bayan 8 ga watan Agusta an samu mutuwar mutum biyu a Jos da
kwantar da mutane kimanin 20 akan shan ruwan gishiri kamar yadda Jaridar
Thisday da Vanguard bugun 8 ga
watan Agusta suka ruwaito.
f.
Alaƙar
5G da cutar Murar Alaƙaƙai ta Covid19:
Bayan samun ɓarkewar wannan cutar ta COVID19 a ƙasashen Turai,
sai masu yaɗa
yasasshiyar magana da kimiyya ƙarya da
masu farfagandar ƙyama a kan
gogayyar kasuwanci da ƙasar Sin
(China) suka fara ƙoƙarin
tunzura mutane da da'awar cewa wai tsirkiyar sadarwa ta 5G ce ke haddasa
mutuwar mutane amma ana fakewa da COVID19,
a wani ƙaulin kuma, wasu na faɗar wai 5G ɗin ke
haddasa COVID19. Wannan
shafa-labari-shuni ya sa wasu 'yan Birtaniya sun lalata aƙalla turakun 5G guda 20 a ƙasar
kamar yadda Jaridar The Guardian ta faɗa a ranar
6 ga watan Afrilu 2020.
7.0 Illolin Yaɗa Labaran Ƙarya
Illolin
yaɗa labaran ƙarya
na da matuƙar yawa kuma mummunan tasirin su ga al'umma
ba ƙarami ba ne. Ga wasu
daga cikin illolin:
7.1 Tunzura Jama'a
Mafi
yawan boren da ake samu a duniya da tashin hankali na afkuwa ne dalilin ƙarya
da yaudara. Misali, yaƙin da
George W. Bush ya jagoranta a Iraki tare da zargin wai Shugaba Saddam Hussein
ya tara makaman ƙare-dangi har aka
samu mutuwar 'yan ƙasar kimanin 600,000
a bisa alƙaluman hukuma, hakan
ya faru ne a kan farfagandar ƙarya.
Gaskiya ta bayyana bayan da haɗakar jami'an binciken ƙwaƙwaf
na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Amurka su 1,625 sun kwashe
shekara biyu suna aikin bincike a wurare 1,700 a cikin ƙasar ba
tare da gano makaman ƙare-dangin
ba.
Haka
lamarin yake a lokacin kisan kiyashi a Rwanda tsakanin Hutu da Tutsi a shekarar
1994. An dasa ƙiyayya ne ta hanyar ƙirƙira
ƙarya da juyar da ƙwaƙwalen
ƙabilar Hutu a kan su ƙyamaci
Tutsi don wai su "baƙi ne da
darajar su ba ta wuce ta kyankyaso ba, kuma su
makiya".
A
nan Nijeriya, ran 23 ga watan Yuni 2018, an ɗora wasu
hotuna masu ta da hankali na gawarwakin mata da ƙananan
yara da aka sassara da adduna a kai, hotunan da aka kalla fiye da sau 11,000 da
ke nuna fasasshen ƙoƙon
kai tare da bayanin cewa wai kisan kai ne da Musulmi suka yi wa mutanen Gashish
na Filato. Wani abu da zai baka mamaki hotunan da aka yi amfani da su sun fito
ne daga Congo-Brazzaville dubban
kilomitoci daga Nijeriya kuma kisan ya faru tun 2012.
Bayan
yaɗa waɗannan hotuna
ne na tunzura fitina, 'yan ƙabilar
Berom suka datse hanya suka kashe mutane da dama dalilin hotunan da aka dora a
Facebook. Duba labarin a shafin BBC da ke nan:
7.2 Ɓata Suna
Ɓata suna na daga cikin illolin yaɗa labarin ƙarya.
A bisa wasu dalillai na saɓani na siyasa,
zamantakewa, kasuwanci ko makamantan haka a kan samu wasu mutane suna jifar
mutane da wasu miyagun ɗabi'a, yi masu ƙazafi
ko yin suka ga abin sana'ar su a kan ƙarya.
7.3 Cutar da Jiki
Yaɗa labaran ƙarya
ta hanyar yin kutse ko shiga sharo ba shanu a kan sha'anin lafiya da magunguna
na haddasa cuta da mutuwa ga wanda ya ɗauki bayanin a
matsayin gaskiya. Idan ba a manta ba, na ba da
misali a kan shan gishiri a kan Ebola.
7.4 Cusa Tsoro
Ko
shakka babu yaɗa labaran ƙarya
a kan sha'anin da ya shafi zamantakewa na kawo fargaba da rashin natsuwa. Da
yawa ana ƙara wa miya gishiri a kan wasu matsalolin
al'umma bisa dalillai na siyasa wanda wannan na sa fargaba ga jama'a. Misali,
na taɓa karanta
wani rubutu a Facebook da ke cewa: "Yanzu haka ɓarayi ɗauke da miyagun
makamai su ɗari da
goma sha biyar sun tunkari gari kaza". Ta yaya mutanen wannan yanki idan
suka yi tuntube da wannan labari za su iya bacci? Duk mai tunani zai yi mamaki
ace har mai bada wannan labari ya ƙididdige
yawan barayin da yake ba da labarinsu.
7.5 Hasarar Dukiya
A
duk sa'ada mai yaɗa labarin ƙaraya yaci
nasara wajen tunzura jama'a aka samu ɓarkewar fitina da
tashin hankali, akwai yiyuwar samun hasarar dukiyoyi kamar yadda misali a kan
lalata turakun 5G ya gabata dalilin alaƙanta shi
da cutar Corona Virus.
A nan Kaduna an sha yaɗa
jita-jita a kan ƙarya har ta yi
sanadiyar ƙone-ƙone kamar
yadda ya taɓa faruwa a
ranar Lahadi 28 ga watan Afrilu 2019.
Wannan
ya sa Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta sanar da al’umma cewa duk wanda aka kama yana
yaɗa jita-jitar
cewa ana rikici a wani sashe na Kaduna ko yana sanya hotuna ko bidiyo a
shafukan sada zumunta wanda za su iya harzuƙa mutane
ya tayar da fitina, hukuma za ta kama shi.
Asalin
jita-jitar ta samo asali ne a kasuwar Sabo inda wani mutum ya saci takalmi ya
gudu inda mutane suka bi shi don su kamo shi. Kawai da ganin ana gudu sai wasu
suka yaɗa labarin
cewa wai rikici ya ɓarke a Kaduna tsakanin Hausawa da Igbo har an
kashe mutane kuma ga hotuna.
7.6 Rarraba Kawuna
Babu
ko shakka yaɗa labarai
maras tushe ko asali na kawo rarrabuwar kawuna da hargitsa ƙasa
da ba maƙiyan ƙasa damar
kutse har su dagula al'amurra.
7.7 Ruguza Kasuwanci
Wannan
yana faruwa ne ta hanyar yin suka ga hajojin kasuwanci kamar ka ji an ce Maggi
da naman jaki ake yin sa, da ire-iren waɗannan.
8.0 Hanyoyin Magance
Labaran Ƙarya
Akwai
hanyoyi da dama da ake magance labaran ƙarya, amma
a wannan aikin za mu yi bayanin hanyoyi ne guda biyu kamar haka.
8.1 Matakan Magance Yaɗa Labaran Ƙarya Ta
Hanyar Fasaha
A
lokacin da duniya ta fahimci haɗarin yaduwar labaran ƙarya,
sai aka fara tursasa wa masana kimiyyar
na'ura mai ƙwaƙwalwa da
yanar gizo da su ɗauki mataki a kan matsalar. Duk da masu
hajojin yanar gizo na ribantuwa a fakaice da irin waɗannan
labaran kamar yadda aka sani kuma ake faɗa "Ƙarya
na tafiyar rabin duniya a lokacin da gaskiya ke sa takalmi". Duk da haka
an samu ci gaba ƙwarai wajen tace
bayanan da ake ɗorawa a yanar gizo. Misali, mai kafar sada
zumunta ta Facebook ya sanar da cewa sun yi haɗin guiwa
da mai masu manhajar binciken tabbatar da gaskiya don hana yaɗuwar
labarin ƙarya sai dai kammaluwar wannan zai ɗau lokacin
saboda sanya wannan fasahar ta yi aiki ga dukkan harsuna.
A
bangaren masu ƙirƙira
manhajojin komfuta da tarho, akwai wata manhaja da ake kira "Reverse
Image Search" da take aiki da kamfanin Google da wasu fitattun rumbunan
binciken bayanai watau "Search Engines". Aikin ta shi ne idan ka
saukar da ita a wayar hannu misali ta Android daga rumbun manhajoji na
"PlayStore" za ka iya tantance sanannun hotuna da aka ɗora a
shafin sada zumunta don gane ko sababbi ne da ke da alaƙa da
labarin da suka zo da shi ko kuwa an debo su ne daga tsohon labari aka danganta
su da faruwar wani abu sabo.
Bugu
da ƙari, ana iya tantance sahihancin labari ta
hanyar tuntubar kafofi masu ƙima da
mutunci waɗanda aka
tabbatar da wuya a samu sun yaɗa abin da
ba gaskiya ba.
Wani
lokaci ana yaɗa magana
daga shafin Twitter a Facebook ta hanyar ɗaukar
hoton allon waya (screenshot) a ce wane yace kaza kuma ga kwafin hoton. A nan
ya zama wajibi a yi taka-tsan-tsan don wani lokacin ana juya maganar da ke kan
allon bayan an ɗauke ta, wani lokacin kuma farfajiyar
(profile) da aka ɗauko zance ba ta asali ba ce. Abin yi anan
shi ne, ka ɗauki
adireshin farfajiyar ka tafi shafin Twitter ka nemo ka gani da kan ka kuma idan
sananne mutum ne tauraro, to ka yi
la'akari da ko akwai hatimin tantancewa a kai kuma adadin masu biyar sa suna da
yawa.
9.2 Ta Hanyar Faɗakarwa
Wannan
wata hanya ce mai matuƙar
muhimmanci. Wannan taron na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin faɗakarwa da
ke da alfanu wajen daƙile yaɗa
labaran ƙarya musamman a kafofin sada zumunta. Abu na
gaba shi ne. A yi amfani da malaman adddini wajen faɗakarwa
game da illar yaɗa labaran ƙarya.
Bayan haka, Hukumomi su ɗauke ɗamarar hukunta
duk wanda aka kamashi da laifin yaɗa labaran ƙarya.
Sannan kuma, a yi dokoki masu tsanani kuma a yaɗa su.
10.0 Kammalawa
Bisa
la’akari da abubuwan da aka gabatar za a
tabbatar da cewa lallai shafukan sada zumunta na zamani ana tafka ƙarya
a cikinsu, tun daga kan shafin facebook da twitter da whatsApp da tiktok da
youtube da sauransu, sai dai ƙaryar tasu
fure ta ke ba ta ‘ya’ya, domin kuwa ana bankaɗo ƙaryar
tasu, ta hanyar waɗanda ake yi wa ƙarya da
kansu su ƙaryata ko makusantansu
ko kuma binciken da kafofin yaɗa labarai suke yi a kan sahihancin
wannan labarin. Wannan maƙala da aka
gabatar ta yi bayani ne a kan ma'anar labarin ƙarya da
sigoginsa, manufofinsa, misalansa da illolinsa, hanyoyin magance shi da
mahangar addini akan sa a takaice. Muna godiya ga Allah (SWT) bisa samun damar
gabatar da wannan muƙala. Allah
Ya ba mu ikon kiyayewa, Ya gafarta mana zunubanmu, ya
ba mu lafiya da zama lafiya a Nijeriya
baki ɗaya.
Manazarta
1.
Abdullahi, S.S (2008) “Jiya Ba Yau Ba: Waiwaye A Kan Matakan Rayuwar Maguzawa
Na Aure Da Haihuwa Da
Mutuwa.” Kundin Digiri Na
Uku, Sashin Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto.
2. BBC Hausa
(2020) “Gudummuwar Shafukan Sadarwa Na Zamani ga
Cigaban Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasa.”
3.
CNHN, (2006) “Ƙamusun Hausa Na
Jami’ar Bayaro.” Ahmadu Bello University Press. Zaria.
4.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1978) “Language As Social Semeotic: The Social
Interpretation of Language And Meaning”. University Park Press. Maryland.
5. Ibrahim, Z.
(2019) “Gudummuwar Hanyoyin Sadarwa ga Ci Gaban
Ƙasa.” Kundin Digiri Na Ɗaya:
Sashin Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau.
6.
Ibrahim, M.S. (1982) “Dangantakar
Al’ada da Addini: Tasirin Musulunci Kan Al’adun Hauwasa”. Kundin
Digiri Na biyu: Sashin Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Bayero Kano.
7. Musa, S.
Z. (2021). “Ƙarya A
Musulunci”. Takardan Da Aka Gabatar A Taron Ƙara
Wa Juna Sani.
8. RFI,
Hausa. (2018). ”Hanyoyin Magance Labaran Ƙarya
A Kafofin Sada Zumunta Na Zamani”.
9. Umar, M.
M. (2012). “Nazarin Saƙon
GSM A Wayar Salulan Hausawa”. Kundin Digiri
Na Biyu, Sashin Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto.
10. V.O.A, Hausa. (2018) “Illolin
Shafukan Sada Zumunta na Zamani”.
11. Zarruk, R.
M. da Wasu (1986) Sabuwar Hanyar Nazarin Hausa Don Ƙananan
Makarantun Sakandare Littafi Na Ɗaya, Ibadan
University Press Zaria.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2022.v01i01.026
No comments:
Post a Comment
ENGLISH: You are warmly invited to share your comments or ask questions regarding this post or related topics of interest. Your feedback serves as evidence of your appreciation for our hard work and ongoing efforts to sustain this extensive and informative blog. We value your input and engagement.
HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.