Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun na daga cikin fitattun makaɗan fada da suka makaro a ƙasar Hausa. Binciken wannan takarda ya ɗora shi a cikin rukunin makaɗan sarauta bisa taliyon salsalar waƙoƙin gidansu da ya gada, ya ɗora a kai. Binciken takarda ya tsaya a kan jigon “zambo”, ko a cikin jigon ya taƙaita ga “zambon ɗiyan sarauta”. An saurari waƙoƙin Ɗanƙwairo da yawa na sarauta, an karanta wasu da aka taskace, an yi amfani da mataimaka wajen bincike da tattaunawa domin a tattaro hujjojin da za a tattauna. Hujjojin da aka tattaro sun tabbatar da ɗiyan sarauta su ne aji na farko ga zambo a waƙoƙin sarauta na Ɗanƙwairo. Binciken ya gano, duk wata waƙa ta sarauta tana da turaku uku! Yabo, zambo da tarihi. Su uku duka, zambo ya fi su amo da ratsa zukata. Duk wata waƙar sarauta da ba a ratsa zambo ga ɗiyan sarauta ba, ba ta waƙu ba, a sake bitar ta. Zambon da ake yi wa ɗiyan sarauta kashi uku ne: Da-kai-nike, saye, da bisa-kan-mai-tsotsayi. Takardarmu ta gano ga dukkanin rukunan zambo, ba a saka iyaye, ko gidan sarauta, ko ‘yan uwan wanda ake yi wa zambo, a ciki. A ɗan yunƙurin kafa hujjoji an kasa takardar cikin fasali goma sha huɗu (14) haɗi da gabatarwa da naɗewa. An yi amfanid a ɗiyan waƙa goma sha shida (16) don daidaita bayani.
Ɗiyan Sarauta A
Tafashen Makaɗa Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo
Daga
Aliyu Muhammadu Bunza
Professor of Hausa Studies
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato
mabunza@yahoo.com/0803-431-6508
Gabatarwa
Waƙar baka wata daɗaɗɗiyar taskar taskace adabi da
harshe da al’ada da tarihi ce. Gabanin mawaƙi ya shahara a ji shi wajen ƙasarsu, dole ya
kasance yana da fagen da ya fi rinjaya ga waƙoƙinsa. Fagen da waƙoƙin mawaƙi suka fi rinjaye,
da yawa, da shahara, da karɓuwa ga al’ada nan ne fagensa na waƙa. Ko ya yarda, ko bai yarda ba,
abin da ya bayyana da shi ake hukunci, wanda ya faku ya zarce binciken
manazarta sai a bar shi ga masanin gaibi. Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo masana adabin waƙa irin su Ɗalhatu (1975) da Ɗangambo (1987), da Gusau
(2019) da Zulyadain (2000) da Yahya (2016) da Dumfawa da Usman (2021) sun aje
shi a gurbin makaɗan fada. Waƙoƙin da ya yi wa shahararrun ‘yan kasuwa, da ‘yan siyasa, da
sojoji, da shugabannin ƙasa, komai daɗinsu da burgewarsu ba su fitar da shi farfajiyar “Makaɗan fada” ba. Bisa ga hukuncin
waɗannan masana za a ɗora binciken wannan takarda[1].
Dabarun Bincike
Na saurari waƙoƙin Ɗanƙwairo na mutane daban-daban. Bayan haka, na karanci wasu waƙoƙinsa da aka taskace
a rubuce musamman Gusau (2019). Bayan nazarin abubuwan da na tattara, na tattauna
da wani ɗalibin da ke sha’awar waƙoƙinsa Ibrahim
Dalhatu na samu kayan aiki sosai[2]. Bayan haka, an tattauna da masu sha’awar waƙoƙin Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo domin a ji
abubuwan da ke burge su. Bayan wannan, sai aka shiga nazarce-nazarcen ayyukan
da suka shafi siyasar sarauta a ƙasar Hausa musamman kan gadonta da naɗinta da tuɓeta. Cikin wannan artabun na fahimci ɗiyan sarauta ba ƙaramin gurbi gare su ba a fada da waƙoƙin fada. Don haka, na zaɓi in nazarci yadda tafashen Ɗanƙwairo ke kallon ɗan sarki da ɗiyan sarauta (maza) da waƙoƙinsa na sarauta.
Farfajiyar Bincike
Babbar farfajiyar matashiyar bincikena ita ce “waƙar baka”. A cikin
waƙoƙin baka na zaɓi waƙoƙin Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo. Da yake, Ɗanƙwairo ya buɗe gaba sosai wajen waƙoƙinsa kusan ko’ina ya buga, don haka na tsayu a kan “waƙoƙinsa na sarauta”.
Ya yi wa masarauta da sarakuna da yawa waƙa, ganin haka, na tsuke bakin
bincikena kan yadda yake kallon ɗiyan sarauta a waƙoƙinsa. A fagen ɗiyan sarauta ban keɓe na masarauta ɗaya ba; zan yi yawo cikin wasu masarautun da ya ƙyallaro ɗiyan sarautarsu a tafashensa.
Bugu da ƙari, bincikena zai ba da ƙarfi ne kan farmakin zambo da yake kai wa ɗiyan sarauta da sigar zambon da
dalilanta na al’ada[3].
Ra’in Bincike
Hausawa na cewa, “wurin da fata ta fi taushi nan ake mayar da
jima”. Idan aka yanka dabba, aka cire naman, za a cire fatar gefe ɗaya. Fatar ita ce za a bai wa
majema su je, su cire dukkanin gashin da ke kanta da ƙazantarta domin a ba badukai su
sarrafa domin amfanin jama’a. Idan aka jiƙa fatar da ruwa da bagaruwa za
a bar ta, ta kwana ciki, a fitar a yi “jima” jima shi ne cire gashin da ke ga
fatar domin a yi amfani da ita. Wuƙar jima ta fi son wuri mai taushi domin ba matsanancin kaifi
gare ta ba. Da duk aka kai ga wuri mai tsauri, sai a cire a je gaba. Buƙata dai a je wurin
da aikin ke gudana kai tsaye. Wanda duk za a yi wa zambo cikin fada, ya takura
ko muzanta, bai kai ɗan sarki ba ko ɗiyan sarauta ba; domin su ne fada, su ke fada, su ake yi wa fada, in ba su
ba fada, babu bambaɗancin fada. A waƙar fada, babu gefen da ya fi taushi da shiga jiki ga zambo
kamar wanda aka jingina ga ɗiyar sarauta. Tunanin Bahaushe na wurin da ya ya fi taushi nan ake mayar
da jima, shi ne: wurin da ya dace da abu nan za a yi shi, a ga dacewarsa.
Fada a Faifan Nazari
Fada ita ce cibiyar siyasar mulki a ƙasar Hausa. Siyasar mulki ta
Bahaushe tsari gare ta na musamman fiye da ta demokraɗiyya, da mulkin mallaka, da mulkin soje, bale ta mulukiyya da
jamhuriyya. A tsarin Bahaushe yana da ƙasa. Cikin ƙasa za a fitar da “Gunduma”. Gunduma ita ke da Birane. A ƙarƙashin birane ake samun
garuruwa. Su kuwa garuruwa ƙananan ƙauyukan da ke zazzagaye da su ne za su haɗa unguwa da tungaye[4]. Dukkanin waɗannan suna ƙarƙashin “Uban ƙasa” wanda cibiyar masarautarsa ke da matattara babba da ake
yi wa suna “fada”[5]. Cikin fada ake samun: Sarki, Uban Ƙasa, Dagaci, Maiunguwa, ko
Maigari, da sauran sarautun fada na musamman. A kula, dukkanin waɗannan matsayin ‘ya’yan sarauta
na kusa da nesa ke mamaye su. Ɗan abin da za su rage shi ne fadawa, da bayin sarki, da sauran
jama’ar gari ke sarautunsu. Ke nan, fada ta ‘ya’yan sarauta ce, masu jiran a
ce, su gurguso su hau gadon sarauta domin sun cancance shi. Bayin sarki, da
fadawan sarki, ai kamar tobassai ne ga makaɗan sarki. Ɗanƙwairo ya ce:
Jagora : In ka ga bafade ɗan gajere
Yara : Sata shi kai ba ‘yar kaɗan ba,
Jagora : In ya yi ko bai ‘yanma Ƙwairo
Yara : Ƙarya kakai ɗebo ma Ƙwairo,
Gindi : Bubakar Baban Baraya
: Ya riƙa bai san sake ba.
Ai da jin wannan an san wasar tobassaka ta shiga ciki, ya yi
canjaras da zancen takwaransa kuma yayansa Narambaɗa[6] da ke cewa:
Jagora : Fadawa ku bugan in buge ku,
Yara : Kun san ba a hwaɗa lahira,
Jagora : Kun san ku ka zuwa lahira,
: Narambaɗa ba ya zuw alahira
Yara : In ya zo ɗauke mai a kai,
Gindi : Toya matsafa sadauki na Audu,
: Baban Isa, baban Buwai,
: In don ni ka gana lafiya.
Su Wane ne Ɗiyan Sarauta?[7]
A nan ne muradin bincikenmu yake, dole a share fage sosai
domin daidaita tunanin tafashen Ɗanƙwairo a kai. Ɗan sarauta ko ɗiyan sarauta su ne, waɗanda suka gaji sarauta daga iyayensu maza. A Bahaushen tunani, sarauta
wajen uba da kaka da uban kaka, da kakan kaka har zuwa maƙura ake gadon ta.
Idan sarki na da ‘ya’ya maza ɗari kowannensu ɗan sarauta ne, mai dalilin neman sarauta idan sarauta ta faɗi. Idan sarautar ta faɗi za a ce, akwai gidan sarauta
“ɗari”. Kowane ɗa, ɗansa ko jikansa, ko kama kunnensa, ko tankaɗa haɓɓinsa ko taka kusheyinsa, na zaburowa ya nema. A al’adance, za
mu kasa ɗiyan sarauta kamar haka[8]:
1)
Ɗiyan sarauta na ciki
2)
Ɗiyan sarauta na waje
Ɗiyan sarauta na
ciki su ne, ‘ya’yan sarautan da mahaifin cikinsu ke kan gado. Su ne ake ganin
na kusa da sarauta. Haka kuma yakan kasance kakansu na ƙut-da-ƙut ke kan gadon sarauta ko
kakan kakansu na ƙut-da-ƙut komai nisansa in dai jelar ta tsatsonsu ce, kuma ba a samu
kutsawar wani ciki ba, suna nan zamansu na ɗiyan sarauta na ciki. Galibi ba ta cika tsallaka su ba, in ba
wata matsala aka samu ba a gidan sarautar, ko wata sha’awa ga masu zaɓen sarki, da gwamnatin da ke ci
a zamanin. Ga al’ada, cikinsu ne ake bai wa sarautar Yarima ko Ubandoma, ko
Magaji da sauransu.
Ɗiyan sarauta na
waje su ne, ɗiyan sarautar da suka gaji
sarauta a taliyon tarihin sarautar gidan, sai dai ba layin ɗakinsu ke kan karaga ba. Yana
iya kasancewa wanda suka haɗa “uba” ne ko “kaka”. Wanda kakansa ya yi, ko wan ubansa ya yi, ko ƙanen ubansa ya yi,
ana iya lisafta shi cikin ‘ya’yan sarautar na waje. Ba wata illa ba ce,
kasancewar ɗan sarauta na ciki ko waje, duk
ba zai hana shi kai ga gadon magabatansa ba[9]. Duk da haka, duk abin da ya kasance sai an miƙo hannu za a kai
gare shi, dole sai an kama jiki sosai.
Ɗiyan Sarauta a Tafashen Fada
Sarkin da ke saman karaga da ‘ya’yansa na ciki su ake son a
cicciɓa a ɗaukaka sunansu da martabarsu; a ji su, a gan su, a san su, a
so su. Tafashen faɗa ba sa taɓa shafa musu baƙin tukunya da su ake damawa. Masu ganin tasku su ne:
i)
Waɗanda gidansu ya faɗi aka rinjaye su.
ii)
Ƙannen sarki ko yannensa da ba ɗakinsu ɗaya ba.
iii)
Ɗiyan sarauta na waje ba za su gurguso ba.
iv)
Ɗiyan sarautan da aka yi jayya da su aka kayar da su.
v)
Ɗiyan sarautan da suka kasa fitowa a kara da su.
vi)
Ɗiyan sarautar da suka nuna adawarsu a bayyane aka gani, aka
ji.
vii)
Ɗiyan sarautar da ke bugi sa, bugi taki.
Shimfiɗar Tafashen Zambo
Waƙoƙin fada suna da abubuwa fitattu da aka fi saninsu da su. Waƙar fada da aka
tsara domin wani sarki turaku uku aka fi ɗaure ta a kai: Yabo, Zambo da Tarihi. A ɓangaren zambo da muke bayani
Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo ya shahara ciki sosai musamman a waƙoƙinsa na sarauta. Za a ga
tafashen zambonsa suna da fuskoki uku:
i)
Fuska ta farko
zambo ga ɗiyar sarauta
ii)
Fuska ta biyu zambo
ga fadawa
iii)
Fuska ta uku zambo
ga maƙiya ko ‘yan adawar sarki.
Zambo ga ‘ya’yan sarauta ya fi amo, da fice, da zara, domin
su ne manya, kuma su ke jiran sarautar. ‘Ya’yan sarauta a koyaushe abu uku suke
jira, ko dai sarki ya mutu, dole a naɗa wani daga cikinsu. In bai mutu ba, a tuɓe shi, sai su zaburo kowa ya
tsira da karatun bakinsa. Na uku ko sarki ya yi murabus, duk dai sarautar ta faɗi, mai rabon ganin baɗi ya gani. Waɗannan abubuwa uku, babu ɗai nagari, ba daɗin ji, bale daɗin faɗa. Ashe kuwa, makaɗan fada na da hujjar yi wa ‘ya’yan sarauta zambo ga irin nasu
matsayi, domin suna jiran ƙaddara ta wakana ga sarki, a yi da su.
Ga Wuta ga Masara
Idan aka ce “zambo” ba haƙiƙa ake nema ba. Na’am! Wani
lokaci akan faɗi abin da lallai ya wakana ko
haka nan yake. Wani lokaci ƙirƙiro shi aka yi a laƙaba wa wanda ake yi wa zambo. Ga tsarin zambon Ɗanƙwairo na ‘ya’yan
sarauta, na kalli abin gida biyu:
1)
Zambo da-kai-nike.
2)
Zambo saye.
3)
Zambo
bisa-kan-mai-tsotsayi.
Zambo da-kai-nike
Duk wani zambo da aka gina bisa ga abin da ya faru na haƙiƙa a fada, ko
masarauta, ta san da shi, ko dai bai bazu uwa duniya ba, idan aka kawo shi a
zambo ya zama zambo da-kai-nike. Na biyu, idan aka gina zambo kan haƙiƙanin sifa da wata
halitta fitacciya da aka san wani mutum da ita. Ko shi kaɗai ke da ita, ko ya yi fice da
ita a gidan, idan aka ambace ta, ta zama “zambo-da-kai-nike”. Ga yadda Alhaji
Musa Ɗanƙwairo ya sarrafa ta:
Jagora : Ɗan sarki ga mai tsawon kai,
Yara : Sai ka yi hullar kwata da saura,
Jagora : Ga wani ɗan Sarki mai girman kai,
: Yaran Daura suna hwaɗin,
Jagora/yara: Bangalla Maidabo taɓaɓɓe,
Gindi : Baban jigo na Yari,
: Uban Shamaki tura haushi.
Sifar “tsawon kai” da “kai mai girma/ƙaton kai” fitacciya ce, duk mai
ita a fili take ba sai an faɗi suna ba, kai tsaye “da-kai-nike” ya bayyana.
A waƙar sarkin Das alhaji Bilyaminu Usman zambon da-kai-nike ya
bayyana haka:
Jagora : Wani ɗan sarki mai dogon geme,
Yara : In yah hece geme,
Yara : Su am manyan
shiya,
Gindi : Ba hwaɗa ma ba,
: Sarki Dass Bilyaminu
: Soma shirin daga.
Gemu wata sifa ce, ba halitta ba ce, domin ana samun
“shagiri” kuma wasu na aske shi nan take sifar ta ɓata. Wanda aka nufa da wannan zambon ya san da shi ake,
sauran ‘yan uwansa, da fadawa, da fada, ta sun san da wa ake kai tsaye. Ai ko
cewa ya yi bunsuru, ko bunsuru mai gemu, ko dogon gemu, ya wadatar a san
manufa. Domin ƙara tabbatas da wanda ake nufi sai aka ce “ɗan sarki” ka ga bayanin bai shiga hazo ba.
A cikin waƙar Sarkin Keffi Alhaji Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa halittar idon ɗan sarki aka laɓe da ita aka laƙaba masa makafta
har da faɗawa a cikin rami.
Jagora : Wani ɗan Sarki mai babbaƙun ido,
: Ya hwaɗa rami da safe,
Jagora/Yara : Sai nic ce: “Ko ba ka gani”?
Jagora : Ya fyaɗo taura, ya haye dutse,
Yara : Yana muƙu-muƙu da ita,
Gindi : Muhammadu Cindu bi da maza,
: Mamman ɗan Mamman bajini.
Idanun ɗan Sarkin fitattu ne, a fadar, kowa ya san shi da halittar. Sai dai, faɗawa rami da fyaɗo taura, da hayewa dutse duk a
kasuwa aka sayo aka liƙa masa. Kasancewar wannan zambo cikin rukunin da-kai-nike shi
ne, ambaton surar idon ɗan sarkin da kowa ya sani.
Zambo Saye
Wannan zambo ana yi wa ‘ya’yan sarauta shi cikin saye. Ya yi
kusa sa zambo-da-kai-nike, abin da ya raba su shi ne, a zambo saye an yi lulluɓi ba a ce “ɗan sarki” ba, kuma ba a ambaci
suna ba, amma an aro suna ko sifar wata dabba ko wani ƙwaro ko wata kalma, ko wani abu,
da zai ba da hoton abin ƙiri-ƙiri, kai tsaye a gane, ina aka dosa. Duk wanda ya san fada,
da sarauta, ya san da ɗan Sarki ake, kuma zai iya hararo da wa ake?
Jagora : Shehu ka zama sarki ka huta,
: Kai wanga mai warag gaba
: Wai a ba shi iko
: To bai samu ba
: Kun ga girmanai ya hwaɗi
Gindi : Ba maza kashi tilas su bi ka
: Malam ɗan Idirisu
Jagora : Ka ka da raƙumin daji
Yara : Kuma ka, ka da busshiya
: Mai doron gado
Gindi : Ba maza kashi tilas su bi ka
: Malam ɗan Idirisu.
Da jin “kai wanga” an lulluɓe sunan kai tsaye. Duk da haka, bijiro da sifarsa ta “warag
gaba” irin na ƙasaitaccen basarake ya fito da zambon da-kai-nike domin duk fada ta san da
wa ake. Faɗar “wai a ba shi iko” ta
tabbatar da cewa, da “ɗan sarki” ake yi wa zambon, wanda aka kara da shi, aka kayar da shi. Babu
shakka “Raƙumin Daji” da “Bishiya mai doron gado” dabbobi da ƙwari ne aka gayyato domin su
wakilci waɗanda aka kara da su aka kayar
da su. Duk da yake Ƙwairo ya yi lulluɓi amma a fada, an sa wane dogo, da gajere mai doro, aka kara
da su, aka rinjaye su? Dalilina ke nan na raɗa wa wannan zambo ga ɗiyan sarauta zambo saye”. Sayen ya rage wa abin nauyi, amma
bai hana a gano da wa ake ba?
Zambo Bisa-kan-mai-Tsotsayi
Wannan yambo zambo a fagen zambon ɗiyan sarauta da yawa za a taras ƙirƙiro shi aka yi. Haka kuma, da
wuya a ce, ga da wanda ake, sai dai a yi kirdado jifa cikin duhu. ‘Ya’yan
sarauta yawa da su, in Ƙwairo ya ce: “Wani” ko “wanga” ko “ɗan sarki” bisa kan mai uwa da wabi ne, duk wanda ya tara
kansa da shi ake. Dubi waɗannan ɗiyan waƙoƙi:
Jagora: Ga wani ɗan Sarki da kandaye
: Ya shaho
hoda kamar Delu
: ‘Yan yara
suna: “Barau ina za a”?
Gindi : Bida kayan hwaɗa mai gida Tcahe
: Ali ɗan Iro bai ɗauki raini ba.
Wataƙila abokin karatuna ya ce, ai an san ko da wa ake a nan, don
haka babu zancen a ce, bisa kan mai tsotsayi aka yi. To, a kula dai a zambon
gishiri ya zarɓe domin al’adar Bahaushe ba ta
yarda da sa kayan mata ga namiji ba ko da ɗan Daudu ne. Ko a zamanin cigaban mai ginan rijiya na Bature,
ba a gaye/ƙawa da kayan mata. A nawa bincike na gano ko da wa yake[10], amma abin da ya bayyana ga waƙa da shi ake aiki.
Waƙar Sarkin Kano Ado
Bayero
Jagora: Ai ga wani raggon ɗan Sarki
: Ba ya da
komi ba ya da kowa
: Sabon Gari can
na ishe shi
: Ya kafa ‘yar
rumfatai
Yara : Yana tallar
gwangwaye
Jagora: Gwangaye! Gwangwaye!!
Gindi : Ba takura kaurin
gaba,
: Na yarda da
Sarki Ado.
Waƙar Sarkin Tsafe
Aliyu
Jagora: Ga wani ɗan Sarkin ƙasar Tcahe
: Bakin kasuwa
ni ishe shi
Yara : Shi ne naj ji
yana cewa
Jagora: Karama dai! Karama dai!
Yara : Ni kau sai na
tambaye shi
Jag/yara: Shin bara ne kake wane ko roƙa?
Yara : Yac ce: “A ba ni
duw wadda tas samu”
Gindi : Bi da kayan hwaɗa mai gida Tache
: Ali ɗan Iro bai ɗauki raini ba
Babin zambo bisa-kan-mai-tsoitsayi yawa ke da shi, da yawa
yakan fito da sigar “wani” ko “wanga” ko “wani ɗan sarki”, ko dabbantarwa, ko abantarwa ko ƙirƙire.
Nazari:
Fitattun mawaƙan sarauta irin su Narambaɗa, Kurna, Nagaya, Ɗandawo, Maidaji Sabon Birni, Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Katsina,
Akwara, Jankiɗi, Ɗan’alalo, Sani Aliyu Ɗandawo, Buda Ɗanzakka, Ɗankyana da dai
sauransu, za a ji zambonsu na ‘ya’yan sarauta ya yi fice sosai, kuma zai fi
armashi idan ba a fito ƙuru-ƙuru ba. Zambon nasu ya fi fice da armashi ga:
i)
Waɗanda aka yi takara da su aka
rinjaye su.
ii)
Waɗanda aka rinjaya suka ƙi ba da kai bori ya
hau.
iii)
Waɗanda suka yi ƙara ba su yarda da
zaɓe ba.
iv)
Waɗanda suka ƙi shiga takara
sanin ba a yi musu yadda suke so.
v)
Waɗanda tarihin gidansu ya so ya ɓace suka tunzuro.
vi)
Waɗanda ba su taɓa riƙa wata sarauta a fada ba.
vii)
‘Ya’yan sarauta
masu mugun hali (rowa, girman kai, kwaɗai shaye-shaye, zina).
Sakamakon Bincike
Waƙoƙin sarauta wani babban madubin rayuwar Hausawa ne tare da
jagororinta da masarautunta. Ga ɗan binciken da na yi wa waƙoƙin Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun na waƙoƙinsa na sarauta sun ƙunshi dukkanin abubuwan da ɗalibin adabi, da al’ada, da harshe zai nema a waƙar baka. Daga cikin
abin da bincikena ya gano akwai:
1.
A waƙoƙin sarauta zambo ga
ɗiyan sarauta ya fi amo da kere
da jan hankalin mutane musamman waɗanda suka san masarautar da ake yi wa waƙa.
2.
Ɗiyan sarautan da suka tsananta adawa ake yi wa zambon
da-kai-nike, sauran ake yi wa sauran zambo daban-daban. Duk wanda ya zare wuƙarsa ta adawa ƙiri-ƙiri, makaɗa zai fito gadan-gadan ya
muzanta shi.
3.
A tsarin zambon ɗiyan sarauta ba a taɓo mahaifa maza domin ai duk ɗiyan kaka ɗaya ne ke sarautar. Da yawa
takan ɗauro mutum ya yi takara da
yayan mahaifinsa, ko ƙanensa, ko kakakansa, kuma ya ci nasara a kansu. To wa za a
yi wa zambo a nan, wan uba, ko ƙanen uba, ko kaka?
4.
A dukkanin zambon
da na ci karo da su cikin waƙoƙin Ɗanƙwairo babu wurin da aka bijiro da iyaye mata a zambo[11]. Dalili kuwa, wannan rango, rango ne mai matsala, da ƙura mai ɓata fuska, don haka ake kauce
masa.
5.
Zambon da ake yi wa
‘ya’yan sarauta na gyara kayanka ne, ko hannunka mai sanda, don kare martabar
gida, da masarauta, da sarauta, da girma. Duk mai buƙatar ya gaji gidansu, dole ya
kasance mai kamun kai, da iya kai, da tsaron kai.
6.
Zambon da ake yi wa
ɗiyan sarauta na daga cikin
dalilan da suka sa Hausawa ke da shugabanni nagari, managarta, masu kunya da
kamun kai. Saura al’ummomin da ba su da makaɗan fada, za a ga sarakunansu ba su kai na Hausawa kamun kai
ba.
7.
A zambo, ba a
muzanta gida, da abokan haihuwan ‘ya’yan sarauta, wanda abin ya shafa kawai za
a tsaya a kansa.
8.
Na gano cewa, duk
waƙar sarauta da wani makaɗi zai yi wa sarkinsa, muddin ta waƙu, to dole akwai zambo ga ɗiyan sarauta a ciki.
9.
Wannan bincike ya
tabbatar da kasance makaɗa Musa Ɗanƙwaro “Makaɗin Sarauta” domin cika sharaɗin bijiro da jigon zambo ga ɗiyan sarauta a fitattun waƙoƙinsa na sarauta.
Naɗewa
Abubuwan da mawaƙanmu suka taskace cikin waƙoƙinsu sun ishe mu karatu da
karantar da na bayanmu halin da duniyar mutane take ciki, da yadda za a zaune
ta a ci moriyarta. Babu shakka, lokaci ya yi da duk sassa uku na karatun Hausa,
al’ada, da adabi, da harshe, mu yi wa waƙoƙin baka taron dangi tun ba su
salwarta ba, ko aka sassauya musu zubi da tsari, su kasa hawa doron ma’aunin
al’adunmu nagartattu da muka gada kaka da kakani. Akwai buƙatar manazarta
adabi, su sake bitar tsarin wasu jigogin waƙoƙin baka da ake lugude a
nazarinmu. Ina kyautata zaton, idan aka sake bitar jigon “zambo” za a iya fito
da rassa masu yawa da za su ƙara faɗaɗa karatun “Bahaushen Adabi”
musamman na waƙoƙin baka. Tunanina na taƙaita bincike kan zambon da ya shafi ‘ya’yan sarauta a waƙoƙin Danƙwairo shi ne, in taƙaita bayani domin a
samu damar faɗaɗa bayanin ga sauran mawaƙan baka. Jigo babban turke ne a
nazarin waƙa; “zambo” yana daga cikin manyan tarakunansa. Mu kai jinjina ga Kaftin
Umar Ɗa Suru a waƙarsa “Ƙaiƙayi Koma kan Masheƙiya” da ya ce:
Kwayi yi waƙa ba jigo
Ya yi riga ba taggo
Yai awaki ba faggo
Ga amarya ba ango
Ban ga
amfaninai ba.
(Allah ya gafarta
masa. Amin!)
Manazarta
Abbas, U.A. Adon Harshe a Waƙoƙin Finafinan Hausa, Kano, Bayero
University Press.
Bello, G. (1976) “Yabo da Zambo a Waƙoƙin Sarauta” cikin
Harsunan Nijeriya
IV, Kano: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya.
Bunza, A.M. (2009) Narambaɗa, Lagos: Ibrash Islamic Publishers.
Bunza, A.M. (2021) Saƙon Waƙa, Takardar da aka bayar ga Sashen
Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Sakkwato kan Gasar Waƙa, 2021.
Ɗanjuma, S.S. (1982) “Rabe-Raben
Waƙoƙin Hausa da Tasirinsu ga
Rayuwa a Ƙasar Hausa”, Kundin
MA, Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
Ɗangambo, A. (2007) Ɗaurayar Gado Feɗe Waƙa, Kano: Amana
Publisher.
Diso, H.S. (1992) “Zambo da Yabo a Matsayin Dabarun Jawo
Hankali a Rubutattun Waƙoƙin Siyasa na Hausa”, Kundin MA,
Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
Furniss, G. (1996) Poetry, Prose and
Popular Culture in Hausa,
Edinburgh University Press.
Garba, M. (1998) “Azancin Magana a Waƙoƙin Makaɗan Baka”,
Kundin MA, Kano: Jami’ar
Bayero.
Gobir, Y.A da Abu-Ubaida S. (2021) Waƙoƙin Hausa na
Gargajiya.
Amal Printing Press.
Gusau, S.M. (2003) Jagoran Nazarin
Waƙar Baka, Kano: Benchmark
Publishers Limited.
Gusau, S.M. (2019) Diwanin Waƙoƙin Baka, Juzu’i na Huɗu, Wasu
Waƙoƙin Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun (1909-1991) Sarkin Kiɗin Sarkin Maradun, Jihar Zamfara. Century Research and
Publishing Ltd.
Rasmussen, D. (1974) Poetry and
Truth, Paris: Monton.
William, C. (1979) How Does a Poem
Mean? New York: Houghten
Mifflin.
Yahaya, D.H. (1991) “Alhaji Mus Ɗanƙwairo Makaɗin Fada ko na
Jama’a”? Kundin BA, Kano:
Jami’ar Bayero.
Yahya, A.B. (2016) Salo Asirin Waƙa, Sokoto: Guaranty Printers.
Yakubu, G. (2017) Shata a Waƙoƙin Sarauta: Waiwaye
Kan
Maganganun
Adon Harshe, Zaria: Ahmadu University
Press.
Zulyadaini, B. da Abba M. (2000) Nazari
Kan Waƙar Baka ta Hausa.
Zaria: Gaskiya Corporation.
[1] . Masana adabin waƙa magabata da mamaya baya sun ɗora Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun cikin
rukunin mawahan sarauta. Masu ganin cancantarsa a rukunin
mawaƙan jama’a, sun manta da cewa, ai tun fil azal mawaƙin maza ne “noma”. Ai da baya
ya koma fada. Tun da ya aminta da riƙa uban gida Basarake to makaɗi fada ne bisa ga hukuncin Gusau (2019).
[2] . Malam Ibrahim Dalha ɗalibin babban
digirin MA ne a sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya,
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo Sakkwato. Mutumin Birnin Kudu ne ta jihar Jigawa.
[3] . A farmakin zambo a kan dubi sifar halittar wanda ake yi wa,
ko wani abin assha da ya yi, ko wani
tarihi da ya rutsa da shi, ko ya rutsa da gidansu na sarauta.
Narambaɗa ya ce:
Jagora : Wane a hanƙura tun ga uwaye
Yara :Ba duka ɗan Sarki ba ka samun Sarki
Gindi : Gogarman
Tudu jikan Sanda
: Maza
su ji tsoron ɗan mai Hausa.
Ai a nan, tarihi ne Narambaɗa ya laɓe da shi ya goga arashi.
[4] . Masanin da ya fara ba da haske a kan wannan shi ne, Farfesa
Abdullahi Smith na ABU a Sashen
Tarihi cikin aikinsa: Migration and
Stae Formation in Hausaland”. An kuma tsakuro a batun, a littafinsa A Little More Light. A dube su don ƙarin bayani.
[5] . Ina zaton kalmar “fada” ba bahaushiya ba ce, a al’ada muna ce
wa majalisar sarki, “dabi” ko “kan
wuri” ko “garka”. A Zamfara Radiyo suna wani shiri wai shi “Dabin Gogarma”
wato “Fadar Sarki”. Ana kuma kiransa “gida” ko “garka” in ji Narambaɗa.
Jagora : Kul na so kiɗi gidanka nikai
Yara : Can yaf fi
Jagora : Na Magajin Gari na Jekada
: Audu ga gidan Sarki ban zuwa
Yara : Gidan wani mai ‘yag garka,
Gindi : Gwarzon Shamaki na
Malam toron giwa
:
Baban Dodo ba a tammai da batun banza.
(Bakandamiya)
[6] . A wata hira da aka yi da Ɗanƙwairo ya nuna cewa, Narambaɗa yayansa ne, domin abokin
yayansa ne “Kurna”. Na taɓa jin haka ga bakin Farfesa
Sa’idu Gusua, kuma ya taɓa rubuta haka a cikin
rubuce-rubucensa ina jin a kundin PhD nasa ko littafin Makaɗa da Mawaƙan Hausa.
[7] . A cikin littafin “Tample” ya nuna cewa kalmar “Sarki” ba ta
Hausa ba ce, aro ta aka yi. Babu wai,
Farfesa Paul Newman ya taɓa nuna haka. Ga nawa bincike na gano a can da makaɗan fada na ce wa Sarki
“Gogarma” ai shi ya sa Gidan Rediyon Zamfara ke da “Dabin Gogarma”. Ashe
gaskiyar Narambaɗa da ya yi wa wata shahararriyar waƙarsa gindi:
Gindi : Gogarman
Tudu jikan Sanda
: Maza su ji tsoron ɗan mai hausa
Kalmar “Sarki” an aro ta daga harshen Buduma a Chadi ai daga harshensu ne
aka samo sunan “Nijeriya”. A hashensu “Ngeriya” yana nufin “dogon kogi”.
[8] . Wannan kashi Narambaɗa ya yi shi, ya ce:
Jagora : An ce mini
an yi kokuwa ban san kanta ba.
:Da na dac ciki da na daw wuri
Yara :Amma fa na
dac cikin ga
:Ya ka da na daw wuri
Gindi : Jikan
Mamman Tukur Maza ba mata ba ne,
:
Ɗan namijin duniya a gaishe ka Guraguri.
[9] . A
tarihanci gidan su Sarkin Musulmi Ibrahim Dasuƙi ya daɗe
bai yi sarauta ba. Allah Ya kawo
Dasuƙi
aka ba shi. A tarihin Zazzau, Sarkin da ke kai a yanzu shekaran gidansu (100)
ba su yi ba, yau ya hau. A Kano, Sarkin Sanusi na II, gidansu na “daw wuri” ne
in ji Narambaɗa,
sai da Allah Ya kawo shi gida ya zamo da “dac ciki”. Sarkin Gwandu Iliyasu
Bashar, suna waje, Allah Ya kawo su ciki.
[10] . Da
na yi bincike wajen ‘yan-mun-ji-mun-gani sun ce da “Hamza E.S” yake. Duk da
haka, tun da
bai furta
sunan ba, babu ruwanmu jifa ne bisa kan mai tsotsayi.
[11] . Na’am! Mun san Sa’idu Faru ya yi wata taɓasgara da babu makawa kuskure
ce a faɗarsa:
Jagora : Ɗan nema, ɗan banza (?)
: Ɗan maras abin wuya
Jagora/Yara: Ɗan karuwa dub ɓaci kaj jiya
: Da kai nike
Gindin : Ya riƙa da gaskiya
Muhammadun Muhammadu
: Karsanin gidan Maisaje shirinka ya
yi kyau.
Wannan ya yi nauyi sosai a
cikin waƙoƙin sarauta, da dai an sassanta kamar yadda Narambaɗa ya yi:
Jagora : Mijin maza! Mijin maza!
: Bai san tsoro ba zuciyatai ba ta
kanmai ba
Jagora/Yara : Yaro bai kai garai ba, ko ga Uwaye mata
(Bakandamiya).
0 Comments
ENGLISH: You are warmly invited to share your comments or ask questions regarding this post or related topics of interest. Your feedback serves as evidence of your appreciation for our hard work and ongoing efforts to sustain this extensive and informative blog. We value your input and engagement.
HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.