ALH 203: Hausa Phonology 1 (3 CU) (Manner of Articulation and State of the Glottis)

Saboda haka, bayanin siffofin sautukan Hausa a taƙaice zai kasance kamar haka:

 

Muhammad Arabi Umar

Department of Languages and Cultures

Federal University Gusau

MANNER OF ARTICULATION (YANAYIN FURUCI)

Manner of articulation (Yanayin furuci) Is One of the main parameters in the phonetic or phonological classification of speech sounds, referring to the kind of articulatory process used in a sound’s production. The manner of articulation, therefore, describes how the different speech organs are involved in producing a consonant sound, basically how the airflow is obstructed when there is a complete closure, partial closure, intermittent closure and narrowing without complete closure.

There are ten different manners of articulation in Hausa Language, namely Plosive/stop (Tsayau), Implosive (Haɗiyau), Ejective (Tunkuɗau), Nasal (Ɗan Hanci), Fricative (Zuzauy), Affricate (Ɗan Atishawa), Lateral (Ɗan Jirge), Trill (Ra-gare), Flap (Ra-kaɗe) and Approximant/Semi-vowel (Kusantau/Kinin Wasali)

Stop/plosive (Tsayau):---(Airestream: Pulmonic Egressive Airestream) It refers to a sound made when a complete closure in the vocal tract is suddenly released; the air pressure which had built up behind the closure rushes out with an explosive sound. Plosives of the Hausa Language are: /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /kw/, /kj/, /g/, /gw/, /gj/, /?/, and /?j/,

Implosive (Haɗiyau)---(Airestream: Glottalic Ingressive Airestream) A complete closure is made in the mouth, as with any plosive sound, but the air behind the closure is not compressed, ready for outwards release; instead, a downwards movement of the larynx takes place, and the air inside the mouth inclusion. Implosives of the Hausa Language are: /ɓ/ and /ɗ/.

Ejective (Tunkuɗau)---(Airestream: Glottalic Egressive Airestream) Air is compressed in the mouth or pharynx while the glottis remains closed, and then released. Ejectives of the Hausa Language are: /ƙ/, /ƙw/, /ƙj/ and /s’/.

Nasal (Ɗan Hanci)---(Airestream: Pulmonic Egressive Airestream) It refers to sounds produced while the velum (soft palate) is lowered blocking off the oral cavity. Air can only escape through the nose. Nasals of the Hausa Language are: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and /ɲ/.

Fricative(Zuzau)---(Airestream: Pulmonic Egressive Airestream) It refers to sounds made when air forces its way through a narrow gap between two articulators at a steady pace, thereby producing audible friction. Fricatives of the Hausa Language are: /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ϕ/, /ϕj/ and /h/

Affricate (Ɗan Atishawa)---(Airestream: Pulmonic Egressive Airestream) Like with plosives there is a complete blockage of the airstream in the oral cavity. But in contrast to said plosives, the blocked-off airstream is not released suddenly, but rather slowly causing audible friction. Affricates of the Hausa Language are: /ʧ/ and /ʤ/

Lateral (Ɗan Jirge)---(Airestream: Pulmonic Egressive Airestream) it refers to any sound where the air escapes around one or both sides of a closure made in the mouth, as in the /l/ sound of the Hausa Language. Air released around only one side of the tongue.

Trill (Ra-Gare)---(Airestream: Pulmonic Egressive Airestream) It refers to a sound made by the rapid tapping of the active articulator against the passive articulator. Trill of the Hausa Language is  /r/

Flap (Ra-Kaɗe)---(Airestream: Pulmonic Egressive Airestream) it refers to a sound produced by a single rapid contact between two organs of articulation. Flap of the Hausa Language is: /r/

Approximants (Kusantau/Kinin Wasali)---(Airestream: Pulmonic Egressive Airestream) refers to the fact that the articulators involved approaches another, but the degree of narrowing involved does not produce audible friction. Approximants of the Hausa Language are: /j/ and /w/. They are vowel-like in character. Such sounds as a result are often called ‘semivowels’ or semi-consonants.

                STATE OF GLOTTIS (MATSAYIN MAƘWALLATO)

Voiced (Mai ziza) Sounds are produced while the vocal folds are vibrating are voiced sounds, e.g. [b, z, d, m, n, g, l,]; those produced with no such vibration are voiceless (Maras ziza) e.g. [t, s, f, m,]

Description and Classification of Hausa Consonantal Sounds (Bayanin Siffofin Saututtukan Hausa (Baƙaƙe) a Taƙaice)

Idan za a bayyana sautin magana a taƙaice, ana lura da waɗannan abubuwa uku da suke wakana a wajen samar da sautin, kamar haka:

(i)               Wurin furuci (place of articulation)

(ii)             Yanayin furuci (manner of articulation)

(iii)          Matsayin Maƙwallato

Saboda haka, bayanin siffofin sautukan Hausa a taƙaice zai kasance kamar haka:

/b/      Baleɓe, Tsayau, Mai ziza,        (bilabial, plosive, voiced)

/m/    Baleɓe, Ɗan Hanci, Mai ziza,  (bilabial, nasal, voiced)   

/ϕ/      Baleɓe Zuzau, Maras ziza          (bilabial, fricative voiceless)

/ɓ/     Baleɓe, Haɗiyau, Mai ziza         (bilabial, implosive, voiced)

/d/     Bahanƙe, Tsayau Mai ziza,        (alveolar, plosive, voiced)

/t/       Bahanƙe, Tsayau, Maras ziza,   (alveolar, plosive, voiceless)

/n/     Bahanƙe, Ɗan Hanci, Mai ziza (alveolar, nasal, voiced)

/r/      Bahanƙe, Ra-Gare, Mai ziza      (alveolar, trill, voiced)

/z/      Bahanƙe, Zuzau, Mai ziza,        (alveolar, fricative, voiced)

/s/      Bahanƙe, Zuzau, Maras ziza     (alveolar, fricative, voiceless)

/l/       Bahanƙe, Ɗan Jirge, Mai ziza, (alveolar, lateral, voiced)

/s’/     Bahanƙe, Tunkuɗau, Maras ziza (alveolar, ejective, voiceless)

/ɗ/      Naɗe-Harshe, Haɗiyau, Mai ziza (Retroflex, Implosive, Voiced)

/ɽ/       Naɗe-Harshe, Ra-kaɗe, Mai ziza      (retroflex, flap, voiced)

/ʃ/     Ɗan Bayan Hanƙa, Zuzau, Maras ziza (post-alveolar, fricative, voiceless)

/ʤ/  Ɗan Bayan Hanƙa, Ɗan Atishawa, Mai ziza (post-alveolar, affricate, voiceless)

/ʧ/    Ɗan Bayan Hanƙa, Ɗan Atishawa, Maras ziza (post-alveolar, affricate, voiceless)

/ɲ/    Baganɗe, Ɗan Hanci, Mai ziza (palatal, nasal, voiced)

/j/     Baganɗe, Kusantau, Mai ziza (palatal, approximant, voiced)

/g/    Bahanɗe, Tsayau, Mai ziza (velar, plosive, Voiced)

/k/    Bahanɗe, Tsayau, Maras ziza (velar, plosive, voiceless)

/ŋ/    Bahanɗe, Ɗan Hanci, Mai ziza (velar, nasal, voiced)

/ƙ/    Bahanɗe, Tunkuɗau Maras ziza (velar, ejective, voiceless)

/w/   Bahanɗe, kusantau, Mai ziza (velar, approximant, voiced)

/ʔ/    Hamza, Tsayau-----               (glottal, plosive)                  

/h/     Hamza, Zuzau maras ziza (glottal, fricative, voiceless)

/g^w/    Leɓantaccen Bahanɗe, Tsayau, Mai ziza (labialized velar, plosive, voiced)

/k^w/    Leɓantaccen Bahanɗe, Tsayau, Maras ziza (labialized velar, plosive, voiceless)

/ƙ^w/    Leɓantaccen Bahanɗe, Tunkuɗau, Maras ziza (labialized velar, ejective, voiceless)

/g^j/     Ganɗantaccen Bahanɗe, Tsayau, Mai ziza (palatalized velar, plosive, voiced)

/k^j/     Ganɗantaccen Bahanɗe, Tsayau, Maras ziza (palatalized velar, plosive, voiceless)

/ƙ^j/     Ganɗantaccen Bahanɗe, Tunkuɗau, Maras ziza (palatalized velar, ejective, voiceless)

/ϕj/      Ganɗantaccen Baleɓe, Zuzau, Maras ziza  (palatalized bilabial, fricative, voiceless)

/?j/     Ganɗantacciyar Hamza------------------- (palatalized Glottal)