ABBAS MUSA
KUNDIN NEMAN DIGIRI NA D’AYA (B.A HAUSA) DA AKA GABATAR A SASHEN NAZARIN HARSUNAN NAJERIYA JAMI`AR USMANU D’ANFODIYO SAKKWATO
BABI NA D’AYA
GABATARWA
1.0 Shimfid’a
Ubangiji Allah ya halicci halittu daban-daban sannan ya ba su hikima da dabarar isar da wani sak’o don a fahimce su; dabbobi suna isar da sak’o ta hanyar kuka ko wani motsi da za su yi; domin fitar da wani sinadarin da d’an uwansa zai iya jin sak’onsa haka abin yake ga tsuntsaye da k’wari.
Kamar sauran halittu d’an adam yana da hanya irin tashi da yake amfani da ita don isar da nasa sak’on ga sauran abokan zamansa. Hanyar isar da sak’on na iya kasancewa a furuci ko rubutu ko ishara irin ta kurame. Bayan samun hanyar rubutun boko a k’asar Hausa an samu marubuta a farko-farko da suka shiga gasar rubuta k’agaggun labarai don isar da wani sak’o a cikin jama’arsu.
Bayan jihadin Shehu D’anfodiyo da kafa Daular musulunci da ya yagoranta, Turawan mulkin mallaka sun rusa ta a k’ark’ashin Gwamna Lugga bisa umurnin Sarauniyar Ingila a shekarar 1903 Turawan da aka kawo a K’asar Hausa da sunan mulkin mallaka suka koyi Hausa da k’warewa cikin rubutunta. Daga cikin Turawan akwai: Frank Edgar F. (1911) ya rubuta Tatsuniya ta Hausa. Fletcher R.S. (1912) ya wallafa Hausa Sayings and folkore.
Kamin haka an bud’e makaranta ta farko a jahar arewa a lardin Sokoto a 1905 Mr. Berden shi ne shugabanta sai dai an samu turjiya daga talakawa inda iyaye suka k’i kai 'ya'yansu. A shekarar 1909 Gwamnatin Lardin Arewa ta bud’e makaranta a kano sai aka nad’a Mr Hans ‘Bischer (D’an Hausa) a matsayin shugaba. Sai dai ba littafan karatu ga D’alibai, wannan ya sa Manjo Frank Edgar ya wallafa littafin Tatsuniyoyin Hausa a shekarar 1911, bayan buga shi a 1920 ana amfani da shi a makarantun Boko har zuwa 1929 lokacin da aka fara tunanin kafa hukumomin talifi.
Kafa Hukumomin Talifi Da Rubuce-Rubucen 'Yan K’asa
Hukamar fassara (Translation Brueu) k’ark’ashin jagorancin C.E.J Whitting bisa manufar kamar haka:
- Fassara littafai daga wad’ansu Harsuna kamar Larabci da Turanci zuwa Hausa.
- Wallafa littafai a cikin Hashen Hausa.
- Shirya littafai manya da k’anana domin karatu a makantu.
- Tallafawa 'yan k’asa don wallafa littafai na kansu.
A k’ark’ashin Hukumar an samu litattafai kamar:
- Dare dubu da D’aya
- Labaru na Da da na yanzu.
- Labaran Hausawa da Mak’wabtansu
- Sid’ Hausa plays
A 1933 an canza wa Hukumar fassara suna zuwa ta talifi sai dai an k’ara mata ayyuka zuwa wallafe-wallafe da ta samar da litattafai ta hanyar shirya gasa wanda hukumar ta shirya a k’ark’ashin gasar da aka shirya an samu litattafai irinsu:
- Ruwan Bagaja, na Abubakar Imam
- Gand’oki, na Malam Bello Kagara
- Shaihu Umar, na Abubakar Tafawa ‘Balewa
- Idon matambayi, na Muhammad Gwarzo
- Jiki magayi, na John Jatau Tafida da R.M East.
A 1978 aka k’addamar da gasar wallafe-wallafen gasa ta biyu a k’ark’ashin hukumar NNPC da ta samar da littafai kamar haka:
- So Aljannar Duniya, na Hafsatu Abdul Wahid
- Amadi na Malam Ama, na Magaji D’anbatta
- Mallakin Zuciyata, na Suleman Ibrahim Katsina
Bugu da k’ari A shekarar 1980 aka k’addamar da gasar rubuce-rubuce ta uku a k’ark’ashin ma'aikatar Al'adu ta k’asa. A gasar an samu litattafai irinsu:
- Turmin Danya, na Suleman Ibrahim Katsina
- Za’bi Naka, na Muhammad manir Katsina
- K’arshen Alewa K’asa, na Bature Gagare
- Soyayya ta fi kud’i, na Hadi Abdullahi Alkanci.
A cikin wad’annan jerin litattafai, na wasan kwaikwayo kad’an ne k’warai idan aka kwatanta da na zube, na wasan kwaikwayon su ne :
Sid’ Hausa plays
Soyayya ta fi kud’i
Zuwan Boko a k’asar Hausa a wannan zamani ya yi sanadiyyar samuwar k’agaggun labarai na Hausa musamman a ‘bangaren soyayya da aka sami mata sun k’ware wajen rubuta su wanda a yau ake kira Adabin kasuwar Kano.
A litattafan a kan samu marubata sun dage wajen fito da salailain soyayya daban-daban da irin matsalolin kishiyoyi, Uwayen Miji musamman Uwar Miji, K’annen Miji musamman Matan da saka suka samu rabuwa da mazajensu suka dawo suka zauna da matan ‘yannansu; duka irin wadanan marubutan su kan kawo matsaloli makamantan wad’annan da ire-irensu, da kuma a k’arshe abin da ke faruwa a k’arshen labarin na nadama ga wanda ya yi son kai da cuta da kuma cin nasara ga wanda aka zalunta kuma ya yi hak’uri.
Kamar haka ne Hajiya Kulu Muhammad Tambuwal ta yi amfani da salon tsarma kishi a cikin littafanta na wasan kwaikwayo don bayyana abin da ke faruwa ga ‘ya’ya da aka fita aka bar su ga kishiyar mahaifiyarsu na k’unci dawahala da damuwa.
1.1 Dalilin Bincike
Babbar Dalilin wannan bincike shi ne fad’akarwa musamman ga Mata don gudun aikin da ke janyo da-na–sani a lokacin da ba ya da amfani.
Haka kuma wata manufar wannan bincike itace fitowa da salon kishi da kashe-kashensa da dalilansa da kuma illoli wuce gona da iri a wajen yin sa a cikin littafin Kulu Muhammad Bello Tambuwal don fad’akarwa da ilmantarwa da nishad’antarwa.
1.2 Hasashen Bincike
Ana hasashen wannan binciken idan ya kammala zai iya zama mai matuk’ar amfani ga mutane da dama musamman ma dai mata da Gangarsu ta yi amo game da sha`anin kishi da kuma sauran d’aid’aikun jama`a musamman masu bincike a kan al`adu da adabin Hausa da ma duk wani mai sha`awar Harshen Hausa, kuma ya kasance yana sha`awar karanta abin da manazarta da masana za su rubuta a kan ita Hausa.
1.3 Manufar Bincike
Babbar manufa ga wannan bincike shi ne cike wani gi’bi na musamman a cikin bincike a k’ark’ashin adabin Hausa da kuma tabbatar da samun kammala karatun Digiri na farko a Sashen Nazatin Harsunan Najeriya.
1.4 Da`irar Bincike
A wannan binciken za a dubi littafai guda biyu ne da marubuciyar ta wallafa domin dacewa da abin da ake nema; litattafan kuwa su ne: “Rashin Uwa Hasara ne” da kuma “Gargadi ga Mata”.
1.5 Muhimmancin Bincike
Duk abin da aka ce za a nazarce shi to lallai yana da mahimmanci ga su Al’umma gaba d’aya ko d’aid’aikun Mutane ko ma a ce a ke’be ga mai binciken. Wannan binciken ana sa ran ya yi Amfani ko ya zamo mai muhimmanci ga ‘Bangarorin Jama’a da dama. Daga cikin wad’annan rukunin jama`a da wannan bincike aka sa ran ya zama muhimmi gare su su ne Mata domin su fahimci duk yadda aka yi da Zakaran da Allah ya nufe shi da ya yi cara to ko ana muzuru ana shaho sai ya yi, kuma lallai tun ran gini tun ran zane; saboda haka su kwantar da hankalinsu domin D’an da ke mutuwa Laya ba ta yi masa. Sannan wanda aka tauye musamman a ‘bangaren kishiyoyin Mahaifiyarsa to idan yana da gaskiya to shi ne za ya yi zarra wata rana.
Haka kuma wannan binciken zai yi amfani ko ya zamto mai muhimmanci ga masu nazari don ya yi musu jagora daga inda aka fito zuwa inda za a fuskanta; kana zai zama wani tsani ga D’alibai masu binciken adabin Hausa ko kuma Al’adar kishi dad’ad’d’iya; sauran Jama’a za su iya samun fa’ida a cikin binciken ta hanyar k’ara ganin tunanin Mata a fili a cikin rubuce-rubucensu.
1.6 Hanyoyin Gudanar da Bincike
Masu bincike daban-daban suna da hanyoyi ko dabaru ko salon da suke bi don cimma manufar bincikensu; a nan mai wannan nazari ya yi amfani da hanyoyi iri-iri don samun nasarar bincikensa. Daga cikin hanyoyin da aka bi wajen binciken wannan aiki sun had’a da ziyarar d’akin karatu na jami’a (Abdullahi Fodiyo Library) sai kuma d’akin karatu na sashe, wato (Departmental Library) haka kuma an tuntu’bi masana da abokai da ‘yan Uwa da ita kanta marubuciyar litattafan nazarin wato Hajiya Kulu Muhammad Bello Tambuwal da kuma jagora ga mai wannan binciken wato (project super’bisor).
1.7 Bitar Ayukkan Da Suka Gabata
Babu shakka an yi rubuce-rubuce da dama a kan nazarin litattafan zube a fagage daban-daban kama daga dubin salailai da litattafan suka k’unsa da kuma rubuta litattafai daban-daban da kuma inda aka samu tsattsafin kishi a cikinsu.
Imam, (1939) ya kawo laabarin D’andamau Dolo, Imam ya yi wa labarin take da “Kwad’ayi Mabud’in Wahala, Im ba Kwad’ayi ba Wulak’anci”.A labarin an nuna yadda Dandamau yake da samun sa’a har a ka nuna yadda sarkin fada yake kishi da hassadara.
Yayin da nake yin Nazarin kishi a cikin harkar musamman cikin litattafan kulu Tamnuwal shi kuma ya kafa labarinsa a kan yadda ake samun hassada a tsakanin fadawa.
Abu, (1985) a digirinsa na d’aya mai taken ‘Al’adun aure a Katsina da canje-canjen da aka samu’. A binciken Abu ya yi Magana a kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin Miji da Matarsa da kuma matsalolin da ke faruwa tsakanin Mata da Mak’wabtansu.
Abu ya yi dubi ne a kan matsalolin aure da suka danganci mata da miji wanda kishi na cik, ni kuma zan yi nazarin kishi ne a litattafan Kulu Tambuwal.
Bakura, (2003) a kundin dagirinsa na biyu ya yi Magana a kan gurbin kishi a adabin Hausa tsokaci kan zube da wak’ok’in baka.
A cikin binciken ya yi Magana a kan kishi da kashe-kashensa, abin da ke haddasa kishi, tarihin kishi. ya bayyana ma’anar kishi da mace ke yi wa mijinta ko neman ke’bancewa zuwa ga mijinta ko wanda take son ta aura, da k’auna da kyakkywar fata a gare shi, tare kuma da nuna kishi, da k’iyayyarta ga duk wata da ke sonsa da aure ko kuma shi yake sonta da aure.
Dukanmu mun yi Magana a kan kishi. Sai dai ni a litattafan Kulu Muhammada Tambuwal kawai zan yi Nazari. Shi kuma ya fad’ad’a zuwa k’asar Hausa.
Sheme, (2003) ya tsarma kishi a littafinsa na ‘Yartsana’ wanda aka bayyana yadda kishi ke gudana a tsakanin Karuwai.
“Asabe ba ta ta’ba ganin Sitiyari a fusace haka ba, ta sha jin labarai daga wurin Maijigida da sauran Mata cewa yana da zuciya kamar sabon Kuturu, wadda sanadinta dai matsanancin kishi”.
Yayin ni nake Nazarin kishi a litattafan kulu na abin da ke faruwa a gidajen matan aure. Sheme ya dubi kishi a ‘bangaren Karuwai. Wannan ya nuna cewa kishi ya wuce zamantakewar iyali ya shiga har a tsakanin Karuwai.
Bunza, (2006) a littafinsa na “Gadon Fed’e Al’ada” a k’ark’ashin babin da ke bayanin “tsananin k’iyayya” ya kawo labarin wasu kishiyoyi kamar haka: “wata rana wasu kishiyoyi su Hud’u suna labari, kowa na fad’in shekarunsa wannan ta ce ashirin da biyar, wannan talatin, sai amarya ta ce ashirin da Uku, don tsanannin kishi sai ‘yarbaranya ta ce, k’arya ki ke ba ki da shekara ko d’aya a duniyar nan”.
Yayin da ya tsarma kishi a littafinsa, ni kuma zan yi Magana ne a kan kishi a k’ark’ashin nazari cikin litattafan Kulu Muhammad Bello Tambuwal guda biyu; Rashin Uwa Hasara ne da kuma Gargad’i ga Mata.
Koko, (2009) a cikin littafinta mai suna ‘Jagoran nazarin tatsuniya’ ta kawo tatsuniyoyi a kan matsalolin kishi. A littafin ta kawo tatsuniyar wasu kishiyoyi guda biyu, inda ciki aka bayyana yadda kishi ya sanya d’aya kishiyar ta so ta hallaka abokiyar zamanta ta hanyar ba ta abin d’ibar ruwa ta d’ebo a madadin wanda ta ba d’anta lokacin yana tsananin jin k’ishirwa.
A wannan tatsuniya za a ga yadda matsanancin kishi ya sanya zuciyar wannan matar ta bushe ta kuma k’ek’ashe ta hanyar rashin tausayin k’aramin yaro aka ba ruwa a lokacin yana jin k’ishirwa da kuma yadda ta so ta halaka kishiyarta kuma mahaifiyar yaron inda ta saka ta d’ibar ruwa a wata rijiya duk da ta fahimci idan aka je d’ibar ruwa a rijiyar mutuwa ake yi.
Koko ta yi magana a kan kishi a littafinta na Tatsuniya don fad’akarwa yayin da ni kuma zan dubi kishin don nazari a litattafan kulu Tambuwal.
Usman, (2009) ya rubuta littafi mai suna ‘Muguwar kishiya’. A littafin, Usman ya yi bayan sosai a kan illar da matsalolin kishiyoyi ke jawowa musamman idan aka samu kissa da kisisinar da ke sa maigida ya fifita d’aya matarsa a kan d’ayar. Usman ya yi gargad’i game da halayen wasu kishiyoyi na k’eta da mugunta saboda kishinsu, Ni kuma zan yi Nazarin kishin a litattafai.
D’anyaya, (2012) a littafinsa mai suna rud’anin tunani, wanda a cikinsa ya yi maganar wani suruki da ya yi yunk’urin kashe manemin ‘yarsa saboda tsananin kishi. “Rashid na tsaye a waje koda ya ji motsin kawu Audu a zaure sai tunaninsa ya nuna masa Nafisa ce ke fitowa, sai kawai ya sa kai zaure yana cewa wai yaya aka yi kika jima ba ki fito ba? Tunanin kawu Audu ya nuna masa cewa tsohon mijin matarsa ne sai kawai ya kawo bugu da kulki yana cewa k’aryarka ta k’are munafikin Allah! Allah ya tsare bugun da kawu Audu ya kawo bai samu Rashid ba, dalilin wata tsohuwar fanka da ke reto a zaure.
D’anyaya ya tsarma kishi a littafinsa na Rud’anin Tunani, Ni kuma zan yi Magana a kan kishi da ke cikin litattafan kulu Tambuwal.
Zara’u, (2013) a littafinta na wasan kwaikwayo mai suna “Kishi ko ‘Bata” ta yi Maganar rayuwar wata mata wai ita Tarasulu da tun a lokacin amarcinta ta shiga tarkon kishiya wato tsigai, ta hanyar surkulle da asirai.
An karkasa littafin har gida shidda. A kashi na uku aka yi maganar Tarasulu sai rayuwar auren Tarasulu har zuwa cutar da aka jefa ta.
Yayin da dukanmu muna maganar kishi ne. Sai dai ita marubuciya ce, Ni kuma mai Nazari.
Jamila, (2014) ta yi Maganar kishi a littafinta na “Amanna” game da abin da ke haifar da kishi tun daga lokacin da Matar Gida ta fafimci lallai Mijinta ya kama hanyar k’ara mata abokiyar zama (Kishiya).
“Iziddin ya gyad’a kai ya ce Allah ya sa kasan halin mata ta inda aka zo maganar kishiya idanuwansu rufewa suke yi ba babba ba k’arama kishiya sunanta kishiya kawai”.
Jamila Tanko Marubuciya ce da ta yi maganar kishi cikin littafinta ni kuma mai Nazari ne a kan kishi.
Gidan Dabino, (2015) ya rubuta littafi mai suna ‘Dak’ik’a talatin’ wanda a ciki ya yi bayani sosai a kan rayuwar wani saurayi da `yan matan da yake soyayya da su, musamman wadda ke ganin itace ta cancanta a so fiye da d’ayar musamman saboda kasancewar ita lafiyayya ce yayin da abokiyar kishinta take da nak’asa ta gurgunta. A k’arshe saboda tsananin kishin Samira tayi yunk’urin kashe Zannira.
“K’arar taka birkin Mota ne kawai ya firgita D’anladi da Zannira, sannan kuma Mota ta ture Keken da Zannira take kai, har sai da ta fad’i daga kansa, mai Motar bai tsaya baya gudu”.
Dukanmu mun yi maganar kishi sai dai shi Gidan Dabino ya dubi na Mata ne a tsakaninsu Ni kuma zan dube kishin fiye da shi.
Basira, (2016) A digirinta na farko mai taken ‘Namiji K’anen Ajali’; tsokacin miyagun halayen Maza cikin littafin ‘Tuwon K’aya’. Abincikenta ta yi Magana sosai a kanhalayen Maza musamman na rashin kirki kamar irinsu k’auracewa iyali sabo da kissar Mata da ke sa Mazansu su fifita junansu a kan juna musamman a sha’anin aure.
Yayin da Basira ta yi maganar kishin da ke faruwa a littafin Tuwon k’aya. Ni kuma zan kalli litattafan kulu Tambuwal in yi Nazarin kishi a cikinsu.
D’anfajo, (Ba shekara) ta rubuta littafi mai suna “Allura ta tono Garma” a littafin ta yi bayanin yadda saboda tsananin kishin wata Mata, ta yi yunk’urin kashe abokiyar zamanta da wuk’a. “Najib ne ya yi kukan Kura ya angaje felisha ta fad’i zaune da gindinta, yayin da wuk’ar ta yi tsalle ta fad’i gefe D’aya. Daga nan kuma sai inda felisha ta kira Najib ta ke ce masa “ka ci amana ta Najib ‘yanuwana sun k’ini saboda na auri musulmi har ma sun lashi takobin sai sun kashe ni, amma yanzu abin da zaka saka min da shi, shi ne ka yi mini kishiya da ‘yar aikin Gidana?”.
D’anfajo ta yi maganar kishi a tsakanin matar gida `yar aikinta,ni kuma zan kalli kishin ne a ‘bangarori da dama na gida.
Ibn K’ayyim Al’jauziyya (ba shekara) a littafinsa mai suna Siffatus Safwa (fitattun fitattu) ya kawo labarin wasu kishiyoyi biyu masu ban mamaki da ake misali da su. “A garin Bagadaza a k’asar Irak’i wani mutun d’an kasuwa mai sayar da tufafi a garin Bagadaza wata rana yana zaune ashagonsa sai ya ga wata matashiyar mace ta zo wurinsa ta na son sayen kaya suna cikin ciniki sai, ta janye nik’abinta ta bud’e fuskarta sai ya ga mata kyakkyawa. Wanda hankalinsa ya tashi sai ta ce wallahi ba kaya na zo saya ba, na jima ina yawo kasuwa domin in samu namijin da zan aura kuma ba wanda na natsu da shi sai kai ni mace ce mai dukiya ko za ka aminta ka aure ni? Sai ya cegaskiya ina da aure kuma na yi mata alk’awalin ba zan k’ara mata kishiya ba, sai ta ce na aminta da duk sati kai min wuni biyu koda matarka ba ta sani ba, ni dai ina son ka aminta, sai mutumen ya amince aka d’aura aure a ‘boye, sai ya zama bayan sati duk yana cewa matarsa zai yi tafiya , ana haka har bayan wata takwas sai abin ya d’auki hankalin uwargidansa, sai ta ce wa mai aikinta ta yi mata binciken inda yake zuwa, ta kuwa bincika sai aka gaya mata ai ya yi wani aure ne a wata anguwa,bayan mai aikin ta fad’awa mai d’akinta, sai ta gargad’e ta da kar ta kuskura ta fad’awa kowa wannan labarin, ita kuwa uwar gidan ba ta nuna masa ta fahimci komai ba, bayan shekara d’aya da auren Allah ya yi wa mijin rasuwa a gidan uwargida, bayan an yi jana’iza a ka raba abinda ya bari, har da waccan matar, aka aika mata da nata kason, a nan sai ta fashe da kuka, sai ta ce ai tuni ya sake ta babu gado a tsakaninsu.
A yayin da Ibn K’ayyim ya kawo labarin don fad’akarwa ga mata masu zafin kishi don su yi koyi da wad’ancan matan musamman ma uwar gida, duk ko da alk’awarin da a kai mata na ba za a yi mata kishiya ba, amma bai hana ta yi wa matar nan adalcin bata rabon ta ba; ni kuwa aikina zai yi sharhi ne a kan lamarin kishi cikin littafan Hajiya Kulu Tambuwal
Ni kuma a nawa bincike na dubi kishi ne kacokam a cikin litattafan Kulu Muhammad Bello ta rubuta, don nazarin su da kuma sharhi don kammala aikin binciken da ya zama lallai kowane D’alibi ya yi kafin ya kammala digirin farko a jami’a.
1.8 Hujjar ci gaba da bincike
Masana da manazarta sun yi bincike akan nazarin litattafai da dama, amma sai na fahimci ba a samu wanda ya yi wani bincike da nazarin litattafan Kulu Muhammad Bello Tambuwal ba saboda haka nake ganin lallai akwai buk’atar a sami wani ya yi nazarin litattafanta, don kauce wa barin wani gi’bi da ba a cike ba, musamman idan aka yi la’akari da adabi tamkar kogi ne mai zurfi da ya k’unshi zube,wak’a da kuma wasan kwaikwayo.
1.9 Ra`i
A tawa fahimta kishi yanayi ne da mutum kan tsinci kansa a ciki na son mallakar wani abu ko zuciyar wani shi kad’ai ba tare da wani ya samu wannan abin ko kulawar wannan mutum ba.
1.10 kammalawa
Lamarin kishi abu ne mai matuk’ar fad’i domin a wannan babi bayan binciken litattafai da kundayen bincike an fahimci cewa lallai kishi ba a cikin sha`anin iyali kawai ya tsaya domin an fahinmci kishi ya shiga har a cikin mata masu zaman kansu wato (Karuwai) a Wannan Babi an tattauna an yi bayanin yadda aka yi Nazarin litattafai da kundayen bincike domin samun haske kan shiga aikin na bincike a kan kishi a litattafan kulu Muhammad Tambuwal.
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HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.