Na
Yusuf Hamidu
Gabatarwa
Na raba wannan aiki gida uku wato
gabatarwa da gundarin aiki da kammalawa. Inda a gundarin aikin zan kawo asalin
waƙa da ma'anar waƙa
ta gabaɗai
da ta iri da abubuwan da waƙar ta ƙunsa da nau'o'in waƙar
baka da sigoginta da hanyoyin nazarin waƙar
baka.
To asalin waƙa dai wasu suna ganin
daga wani sahabin Annabi ne wato Hassanu bini Sabit. Wasu kuma suna ganin daga
daulolin Afrika ne wato Mali da Sanigal da Gana. Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin waƙa daga farauta ne. Domin a cinkinta an samu
kirari da take da kiɗa,kuma ana samun jama'a
daban-daban a cikinta. Kuma wannan shi ne ra'ayin Gusau.
Ma'anar waƙa tagabaɗaya
kamar yadda Yahya(1997). Ya ce"waƙa
tsararriyar maganar hikima ce da ta ƙunshi
saƙo cikin zaƂaƂƂun kalmomi da aka auna don maganar ta reru ba faɗuwa
kurum ba".
Ma'ana ta iri: kuma kamar yadda Gusau, (2003). Ya faɗa cewa:"waƙar baka wani zance ne shiryayye cikin hikima da azanci da yake zawa gaƂa-gaƂa bisa ƙa'idojin tsari da daidaitawa a rere cikin sautin murya da amsa amo kari da kiɗa da amshi".(shafi na ɗiii).
Abubuwan da waƙar baka ta ƙunsa sun haɗa da : saƙo da magana da tsari da zaƂen kalmomi da azanci da fasaha (salo) da rerawa.
Nau'o'in waƙar baka: sun haɗa da waƙoƙin yara maza da mata da waƙor baka ta manyan mata, kamar ta daka da reno da daƂe da niƙa, sai waƙoƙin cikin tatsuniya da labaru. Sai masu tafiya da kiɗa kamar na jama'a da na maza da na sana'a da na fada da na ban dariya da na sha'awa da na tashe da na cikin fina-finai da na soyayya da na malamai da siyasa da na addini da na bege da na samartaka da na fiyano da na kiɗan disko.
Sigogin waƙar baka:
1 Rashin wata ƙa'ida
ta musamman
2 Rashin daidaiton layuka
3 Rashin ƙafiya ko amsa amo
4 Tana zuwa da kiɗa
5 Tana da amshi da kirari
6 Tana da jagora.
Sannan jagora iri-iri ne, akwai cikakken jagora akwai mai
mataimaka akwai jagora wanda yake baje kolinsa shi kaɗai
wato shi ne wuƙa shi ne nama, kamar ɗanmaraya
jos, wanda kuma shi ne zan yi nazarin waƙarsa
ta haƙuri.
Hanyoyin nazarin waƙar
baka muhimmai:
1) Turke
2) Tubali
3) Zubi da tsari
4) Salo
Sai waɗanda ba dole ne a fito da
su ba, amma idan an yi to ba matsala:
1) Tarihin makaɗi
2) Yawan ɗiyan cikin waƙar
3) Lokaci da wurin da aka yi waƙar
Bari na fara da tarihin makaɗin
An haifi Adamu wayya wanda aka fi sani da ɗanmaraya
Jos a (1946) inda yake nufin cewa ya rasu yana da shekara (69) kenan, sai dai
waɗansu
na kusa da shi suna bayyana cewa ya kai shekara(80).Mahaifin ɗanmaraya
mawaƙi ne asalinsa daga sakkwato. Inda bayan ya zo Ƃukur jihar falato ne ya yi waƙa a fadar sarkin Ƃukur,
inda sarki ya buƙaci ya zama mawaƙinsa a lokacin an zo da shi yana yaro. Mahaifinsa
ya rasu, sai sarkin Ƃukur na wannan lokaci
yariƙe shi a wajensa kamar ɗansa.
Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu tun yana ƙarami hakan ya sanya ake
kiransa da suna ɗanmaraya.
Bayan ya tasa ne ya fara sha'awar kiɗan
kurtugi bayan ya ga makaɗansu a lokacin da suke
hanyar wata tafaya zuwa maiduguri. Marigayin ya fara da waƙar karen mota ne, sannan a lokacin yaƙin basasa ya riƙa
yiwa sojojin Najeriya waƙoƙin ƙarfafa
guiwa a fagen daga, sannan waƙoƙin marigayin sun haɗa da waƙar Auren dole da duniya da waƙar gulma da malalaci da talaka da falmara da yan
kamasho.
A dalilin waƙa marigayin ya ziyarci ƙasashe irin su Amurika da Jamaika da baharam da
brazil da banezuela da bahrain da bulgeriya da rumaniya da ingila da jamus da
makamantansu.
Majalisar ɗinkin duniya ta taƂa ba shi lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya a sakamakon
waƙoƙin da ya yi na kiran a
zauna lafiya. Sannan ya samu lambobin yabo daba-daban a ƙasashen da ya yi waƙa.Jami'ar
Jos ta taƂa ba shi Doctorin
girmamawa. Shi ya sa ake kiransa da suna Docta ɗanmaraya Jos. Yarasu ya
bar iyali.
Wannan waƙa ta Haƙuri tana da yawan ƙiya
guda goma sha shida (16). Sannan ya yi waƙarsa
a kan haƙuri, kasancewarsa ɗai daga cikin makaɗansha'awa.
Domin ya yiwa kwalara waƙa da lebara da ɗan
Adam da sojoji da sisi legas da ɗan amalanke da tica da
mai akwai da babu kuma duk waɗannan na sha'awane. Don
haka yana cikin makaɗan sha'awa.
Turke a ƙa'idar masu nazarin waƙar baka na nufin saƙon
da waƙa ta ƙunsa,
inda anan kuma ana magana kan munufar da ta ratsa waƙar tun daga farko har zuwa ƙarshe , ba tare da karkacewa ba.
Matakan fitar da turke :
1 Muhallin turke
2 Taƙaita turke
3 Warwara da tsattsafewar tuke
4 Tubalan ginin turke
Muhallin turke wuri ne a cikin ɗiyan waƙainda makaɗi yake bayyana babban saƙonsa a waƙa.
Wasu alamun da ake gane muhallin turke a waƙa
sun haɗa
da :
1) Bayyana turke Ƃaro-Ƃaro a farkon waƙa
2) Faɗin turke a gindin waƙa
3) Amfani da wata ƙarina.
Amma mine ne haƙuri?
Haƙuri na nufi baiwa wanihaƙuri, ayayinda aka cuce shi ko aka yi masa ba
daidai ba, kuma yana da ikon ya rama amma ya haƙura.
Ire-iren haƙuri
1 Haƙuri wajen cutarwa.
2 Haƙiri wajen neman wani abu
da ka ke son samu.
To anan ɗanmaraya ya bayyana
turken waƙarsa ta haƙuri tun a farko, wato ya fito da shi Ƃaro-Ƃaro,
ga abunda yake cewa:
"Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah"
Taƙaita turke: wuri ne inda
ake son a fito da bayani a taƙaice musamman ta ɗaukar
ɗiyan
waƙa ɗaya bayan ɗaya
ana faɗin
ƙananan saƙonnin
da suke ƙunshe a cikinsu.
Hasara: na nufin rashin wani abu da mutum ya yi.
To ɗanmaraya Jos a cin wannan
waƙa tasa ta haƙuri
ya nuna cewa duk wanda ya yi haƙuri to ba zai yi hasar ba
kuma hakuri halin manzon Allah ne, ga abunda ya ce:
"Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
Haƙuri baya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah"
A gaba kuma ya ce:
"Abinda du yac cuce ka
Abinda du yac cuce ka
Abinda du yad dame ka
In kai haƙuri ai zai ƙare"
Sakayya: na nufin jiran sakamakon wani aiki da mutum ya yi.
A gaba ya ce idan mutum ya cuce ka ko ya zage ka to kabar shi
da Allah shi zai maka sakayya don ya san ka ya san shi, ga abunda ya ce:
"Ko mutum ya doke ka
Ko mutum ya doke ka
Ko mutum ya zage ka
Ko mutum ya cuce ka
Ka bar shi da ya Allah
Tun da Allah ya san ka
Kuma Allah ya san shi"
TaƂewa: na nufin hasara.
A gaba kuma ya nuna cewa in an yi haƙuri to komi zai yi daidai, kuma ya gyaru sannan
mai haƙuri ya dace marar haƙuri ya taƂe.
"In an Haƙuri
malam
Ka ga komai zai daidai
Komai zai gyaru
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
Mai haƙuri shi yad dace
Marar Haƙuri kuma yat taƂe"
Dacewa: na nufin nasara.
A gaba kuma ya ce mai haƙuri
ya dace kuma rashin haƙuri baida kyau.
"Abin duk yac cuɗe
In kai haƙuri malam
To wata ran gyara zai zo"
Warwara da tsattsafewar turke: fage ne dayake neman mai
nazarin waƙa ya warware dukkan saƙon da waƙa
ta ƙunsa yana yi yana tsatysafewa.
To wannan waƙa dai babbar manufarta
shi ne haƙuri. ɗannaraya
ya yi kira ga mutane cewa su riƙa yin haƙuri domin shi hakuri hali ne ko ɗabi'a
ce ta manzon Allah har ma da annabawa baki ɗaya.
Allah na cewa "idan an cutar da ku to ku cutar
kwatankwacin yadda aka cuce ku amma da kun yi haƙuri
da shi ne ya fi zama alheri agare ku". Annabi na cewa "kuma haƙuri haske ne". Wato kamar hasken rana, ga
haske kuma ga zafi.
Masu iya magana na cewa haƙuri
kamar maɗacci
ne saboda ɗaci, amma a ƙarshensa
ya fi zuma daɗi.
Kuma Bahaushe yana cewa:
Mahaƙurci mawadaci!
Mai hanƙuri yana dafa dutsi har
ya sha romonsa!
Ko ma ya ce ai wane ya ɗau na annabawa, wato ya
yi haƙuri. Ga dai abunda yake cewa a ɗiya
na farko:
"Haƙuri baya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah"
A ɗiya na biyu kuwa yana
cewa shi dai haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci kuma hali ne na manzon Allah.
"Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
Haƙuri baya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah"
A na uku kuwa yana nuna cewa abinda duk ya cuce ka ko yadame
ka to idan kayi haƙuri abunnan zai zo ya
wuce. Ga abunda ya ce:
"Abinda du yac cuce ka
Abinda du yac cuce ka
Abinda du yad dame ka
In kai haƙuri ai zai ƙare"
A na huɗu kuma ya ƙara cewa shi dai haƙuri
ba ya Ƃaci kuma hali ne na manzo, ga abunda ya ce:
"Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah"
A nabiyar kuwa ya nuna cewa idan ma mutum ya cuce ka ko ya
doke ka ko ya zage ka to kabar shi da Allah, ga abunda ya ce:
"Ko mutum ya doke ka
Ko mutum ya doke ka
Ko mutum ya zage ka
Ko mutum ya cuce ka
Ka bar shi da ya Allah
Tun da Allah ya san ka
Kuma Allah ya san shi"
A na shida kuwa ya nuna cewa mutum ya sani cewa Allah shi ya
yi mai cuta da wanda ake cuta kuma ya hana ayi cuta to wanda duk ya yi cuta to
sakayya na gun sa, ya ce:
"Allah shi yay yi ka
Kana Allah shi yay yi shi
Sakayya na gun Allah"
A na bakwai kuwa ya maimaita cewa haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
to a yi haƙuri :
"Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah"
A na takwas kuma yana nuna cewa komai ya dame ko ya Ƃace to a yi haƙuri
:
"Komai yad dame
A a komai yaƂ Ƃaci
Haƙuri ko ai ya zo"
A na tara kuwaya nuna cewa komai ya Ƃaci ko ya dame to idan an yi haƙuri to ana ganin ƙarshensa.
Kasancewar anbaiwa mawaƙi damar karya kalmomi don
ya samu waƙarsa ta tashi, ga abunda
ya ce:
"A a komai yaƂ
Ƃaci
A a komai yad dame
Haƙuri ya kawo shi"
A na goma kuwa ya nuna cewa idan an yi haƙuri komai zai yi daidai, komai zai gyaru kuma a
dace idan ba a yi ba,a taƂe,ya ce:
"In an Haƙuri
malam
Ka ga komai zai daidai
Komai zai gyaru
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
Mai haƙuri shi yad dace
Marar Haƙuri kuma yat taƂe"
A na sha ɗaya ya maimaita cewa haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
kuma halin manzo ne, ya ce:
"Haƙuri ba ya Ƃace
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah"
A na sha biyu kuwa ya ce shi fa haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
domin idan mutum ya cuce ka ko ya zage ka idam kai haƙuri za ka ga sakayya tunda Allah yana sonmasu haƙuri kuma ya umurci a yi haƙuri sannan annabi yayi haƙuri ya ce:
"Ko mutum ya cuce ka
In kai haƙuri ka ga sakayya
Ko mutum ya zage ka
In kai haƙuri ka ga sakayya
Ko mutu ya Ƃace ka
In kai haƙuri ka ga sakayya
Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci tunda Allah ya so shi
Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci tunda Annabi ya yi shi
Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci haƙuri
abin manzon Allah"
A na sha uku kuwa ya nuna cewa idan an yi haƙuri sai a adace rashinsa kuma baida kyau ya ce:
"In kai haƙugri
ai ka dace
Rashin Haƙuri ai ba kyawu
Kowa haƙuri ai ya dace
Haƙuri ai ya dace
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah"
A na sha huɗu kuwa ya nuna cewa duk
abunda ka ga ya yi maka nisa idan ka yi haƙuri
sai ka same shi ya ce:
"Abin da du yai ma nisa
In kai haƙuri wallai Allah
Wataran ka same shi"
A na sha biyar kuwa nuna ya yi cewa abinda duk ya cuɗe
idan kai haƙiri to wata rana zai zan
tarihi:
"Abin duk yac cuɗe
In kai haƙuri malam
To wata ran gyara zai zo"
A na ƙarshe kuma ya nuna cewa
abunda duk ya dame ka ko ya cuɗe ma to idan kai haƙiri to wata ran abun zai gyaru har da rantsuwa.
Ga abunda ya ce:
"Abinda du yad dame ma
Abin du yac cude ma
In kai Haƙuri wallai Allah
Ka san Haƙuri to zai gyara"
Tubalan ginin turke: tubali shi ne ƙananan turakun da ke cikin waƙar ƙanana.
To a nan kalma haƙuri ita ce babban tuken
wannan waƙa, kuma shi ne ƙananan tubalan da aka gina wannan waƙar, domin kusan babu ɗiyan
da ba wannan kalma ta haƙuri don haka wannan waƙa ta ci sunan ta waƙar
haƙuri. Duk da yake ba a rasa wasu kalmomin da suke
nuni a kan tubalin kamar yadda na faɗa can baya, wato irin
kalmar hasara da sakayya da taƂewa da dacewa.
Zubi da tsari: ya shafi bayani kan yadda ɗiyan
waƙar ta ƙunsa
da kuna ɗangayenta,
haka kuma ya ƙunshi bayyana waƙar tana da amshi ko ba ta da shi.
To ɗiyan wannan waƙa dai goma sha shida ne. A dangane da ɗango
kuwa to wannan waƙa ta ci sunanta na waƙar baka, dimin ba ta da daidaiton layuka, haka ba
ta da amsa amo da daidaiton ɗiya, domin tana iya
canzawa daga yanda take, ko dai ta ƙara
ko ta rage. Sannan babu mabuɗi da marufi.
Salo: Salo shi ne wata dubara da mawaƙi ko marubuci ke yin amfani da ita domin isar da
sakonsa. A nan mai nazari zai yi bayanidalla-dalla kan ire-iren salon da waƙar ta ƙunsa.
Salon sarrafa nassi: shi ne abunda aka ciro daga ƙur'ani ko Hadisi ko ijma'i ko ƙiyasi. Ana yin isha ga nassi ko gutsuro nassi ko
fassara shi ko lugudensa ko ma karanro shi daga farko har ƙarshe. To a nan ɗanmaraya ya yi amfani da
salon ishara ga nassi. Gaabunda ya ce a ɗiyan waƙar ta biyar da na shida.
"Ko mutum ya doke ka
Ko mutum ya doke ka
Ko mutum ya zage ka
Ko mutum ya cuce ka
Ka barshi da ya Allah
Tun da Allah ya san ka
Kuma Allah ya san shi
Allah shi yay yi ka
Kana Allah shi yay yi shi
Sakayya na gun Allah"
An samu Hadisi cewa idan wani ya cuce wani Allah na cewa ina
rantsuwa da ɗaukaka ta da buwaya ta, sai na taimake ka koda
bayan wani lokaci ne. Kuma Allah ya san kowa. Sannan manzon Allah ya hana idan
an zage ka ka rama.
A ɗiya na takwas ya yi
amfani da salon karin harshen sakwatanci. Ga abunda ya ce:
"Komai yad dame
A a komai yaƂ Ƃaci
Haƙuri ko ai ya zo"
A ɗiya na goma sha biyu ma
ya yi amfani da salon karin harshe: kuma salon karin harshe na nufin amfani da
wasu kulmomi a cikin harshe bayan waɗanda suke daidaitatu.
Inda ya faɗi kalmar "Ƃaci"a
madadin kalmar zagi. Kuma ya yi amfani da salonsarrafa nassi, a inda ya ce
Allah nason haƙuri ma'ana Allah na son
masu haƙuri, kuma an samu Annabi ya yi haƙuri da jama'arsa, kuma ya yi haƙuri a wurin yaƙi.
Ga abunda ya ce:
Ko mutum ya cuce ka
In kai haƙuri ka ga sakayya
Ko mutum ya zage ka
In kai haƙuri ka ga sakayya
Ko mutu ya Ƃace ka
In kai haƙuri ka ga sakayya
Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci tunda Allah ya so shi
Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci tunda Annabi ya yi shi
Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci haƙuri
abin manzon Allah
Ratayen waƙar haƙuri ta ɗanmaraya Jos.
1. Haƙuri baya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
2. Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
Haƙuri baya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
3. Abinda du yac cuce ka
Abinda du yac cuce ka
Abinda du yad dame ka
In kai haƙuri ai zai ƙare
4. Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
5. Abin duk yac cuɗe
In kai haƙuri malam
To wata ran gyara zai zo
7. Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
8. Komai yad dame
A a komai yaƂ Ƃaci
Haƙuri ko ai ya zo
9. A a komai yaƂ
Ƃaci
A a komai yad dame
Haƙuri ya kawo shi
10. In anHaƙuri malam
Ka ga komai zai daidai
Komai zai gyaru
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
Mai haƙuri shi yad dace
Marar Haƙuri kuma yat taƂe
11. Haƙuri ba ya Ƃace
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
12. Ko mutum ya cuce ka
In kai haƙuri ka ga sakayya
Ko mutum ya zage ka
In kai haƙuri ka ga sakayya
Ko mutu ya Ƃace ka
In kai haƙuri ka ga sakayya
Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci tunda Allah ya so shi
Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci tunda Annabi ya yi shi
Haƙuri ba ya Ƃaci haƙuri
abin manzon Allah
13. In kai haƙugri ai ka dace
Rashin Haƙuri ai ba kyawu
Kowa haƙuri ai ya dace
Haƙuri ai ya dace
Haƙuri abin manzon Allah
14. Abin da du yai ma nisa
In kai haƙuri wallai Allah
Wataran ka same shi
15. Abin duk yac cuɗe
In kai haƙuri malam
To wata ran gyara zai zo
16. Abinda du yad dame ma
Abin du yac cude ma
In kai Haƙuri wallai Allah
Ka san Haƙuri to zai gyara.
Kammalawa: da farko na yi gabatarwa, sannan na yi gundarin
aiki,inda a cikinsa ne na kawo asalin waƙa
da ma'anar waƙa ta gaba ɗaya
da ta iri da abubuwan da waƙar ta ƙunsa da nau'o'inta da sigoginta da hanyar
nazarinta wato turke da tubali da zubi da tsari da salo da makamantansuda
ratayen waƙar haƙuri ta ɗanmaraya Jos, wadda a
kayi sharhinta.
Manazarta:
Gusau, S.M. (1996). Makaɗa da Mawaƙan Hausa: Usman Al-Amin Publishis Company Kano.
Nigeria.
Gusau, S.M. (2014). Diwani Waƙoƙin Baka Juzu'i na Biyu,(century Research and
Publishing Limited Kano-Nigeria.
Idris, Y. Darasin ALH 204 da ALH 412 2017.
Yahya, A.B. (2001) Salo Asirin Waƙa: Fisbas Media ServiceKaduna.
Zaruƙ da wasu, (2005). sabuwar
hanya nazarin hausa: maɗaba’ar
university press plc Ibadan.
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