Tsawon Wasali a Harshen Hausa Da Harshen Ga’anda: Kamanci Da Bambanci

Citation: Abbas, N. I. and Ibrahim, I. G. (2025). “Tsawon Wasali a Harshen Hausa da Harshen Ga’anda: Kamanci da Bambanci.” in Ɗunɗaye Journal of Hausa Studies, Vol. 03, No. 02, Pp. 50– 56. www.doi.org/10.36349/djhs.2025.v03i02.006.

TSAWON WASALI A HARSHEN HAUSA DA HARSHEN GA’ANDA: KAMANCI DA BAMBANCI

Na

Nazir Ibrahim Abbas

Department of Nigerian Languages, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto

Da

Ibrahim, Ismaila Girei

Department of Hausa, School of Languages, Adamawa State College of Education, Hong

Tsakure:

Tsawon wasali wani al’amari ne da ya danganci sauya ma’anar kalmomi a harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda. Manufar wannan bincike ita ce, ƙara bunƙasa nazarin kwatancen harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda da kuma ƙara faɗaɗa nazarin sauye-sauyen sautukan harsunan a cikin ilimin tsarin sauti. An yi amfani da manya da ƙananan hanyoyi a matsayin dabarun tattara bayanan da aka gudanar da wannan bincike da su. Haka kuma, an ɗora binciken a kan Ra’in kai tsaye na yankin tsarin sauti/Ra’in haɗakar ayyukan tsawon wasali da karin sauti a harshe (Autosegmental Phonology) na Goldsmith (1976) wajen gudanar da wannan bincike, wanda ya yi bayani a kan yadda tsawon wasali yake gudana a fagen ilimin tsarin sauti. Aikin ya fito da hanyar kwatanta tsawon wasali a harsunan biyu. A taƙaice, takardar ta yi ƙoƙarin fito da kamanci da bambancin da ke akwai a tsakanin harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda. Binciken ya gano cewa, tsawon wasali yana wanzuwa a cikin harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda. Haka kuma, duka harsunan biyu sun yi tarayya da juna ta fuskar ƙwayoyin sautuka da kuma wasu nau’o’in tsawon wasali. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya gano cewa, ba a bambanta rubutun kalma mai ɗauke da gajere ko dogon wasali a rubutun yau da kullum na harsunan Hausa da Ga’anda, bisa dalili a wani lokaci na saukaka wa waɗanda suke karatu su fahimta. 

Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi: Tsawon wasali da tsarin sauti da sauye-sauyen sautuka da ma’anar kalmomi da Hausa da Ga’anda

Gabatarwa

Fifikon da Ɗan’adam ya samu bisa sauran halittu yana ɗamfare ne da naƙaltar harshe domin sadarwa. Hasali ma, harshe shi ne linzami na tunani da cigaba, musamman ma da yake babu mutum biyu da za su yi mu’amala tare cikin manufa guda, ba tare da sanin halaye da martabar juna ba, ta wannan haujin harshe ya bambance mutum daga sauran halittu. Bugu da ƙari, al’umma sukan rayu ne kaɗai tare da amfani da harshe. Harshe yana taka muhimmiyar raya a cikin al’ummu mabambanta. Tsawon wasali yana wanzuwa a harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda. Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya (2006:454) ta bayyana tsawo da cewa, kishiyar gajarta ko dogontaka ko daɗewa ta lokaci. Wasali kuma, harafi ko alama da ake yi wa harafin baƙi don a sami lafazi daidai. Saboda haka, tsawon wasali babban jigo ne a fannin ilimin tsarin sauti wanda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa a al’amari da ya shafi sauye-sauyen sautuka tare da bambanta ma’anar kalmomi biyu idan suka wanzu a cikin harshe.

A ɗayan ɓangaren duk da cewa, harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda, harsuna ne mabambanta, amma akwai ƙyaƙƙyawar alaƙa da hulɗa tsakanin Hausawa da Ga’andawa. A ɓangaren ilimin kimiyyar harshe harsunan guda biyu duk harsuna ne na iyalan Chadi. Harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda suna da alaƙa a tsakaninsu, domin kuwa harsuna ne daga cikin iyalan harsunan Chadi (Harshen Hausa, Yammacin Chadic, harshen Ga’anda kuwa Biu-Mandara waɗanda suka fito daga tushe ɗaya masu haɗaka da harsunan Afirka da Asiya), (Greenberg (1963); Newman 1980, 2000; Newman 1971; da Al-Musawi 2022).

Edwards (2007:26) yana da ra’ayin cewa,

Ingilishi: One of the most observable ways to classify speech sounds is to divide them into vowels and consonants. Vowels are produced by a vocal tract that is more or less unobstructed, the only contact being made by the tongue with the upper and lower teeth and their corresponding gum ridges.

Fassara: Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyi da ake lura da su wajen rarraba sautukan magana ita ce, a raba sautukan magana zuwa sautukan wasula da baƙaƙe. Akan furta sautukan wasula a ƙwararon magana ba tare da wani samun cikas na iska ba, ko kuma a wani lokaci ƙarƙarwar ba ta da yawa, kawai dai akan samu haɗuwar harshe da hakoran sama da ƙasa da kuma shakuɗuwar yawu.

Prasad (2008:19-21) ya bayyana cewa:

Ingilishi: A vowel is a speech sound produced by the unimpeded passage by the breath (modified by the vocal cord into voice) through the mouth, different vowel sounds (are) being made by altering the form and position of the tongue and lips. Further says a vowel sound is of two types: monophthong and diphthong. A diphthong is a combined form of two vowels. Monophthongs are pure vowels and diphthongs are gliding vowels. A vowel that does not change in quality may be called a monophthong; and a vowel sound with a continually changing quality may be called a diphthong.

Fassara: Sautin wasali na nufin sautin magana wanda a lokacin furta shi ba a samun tangarɗa na numfashi ta hanyar baki, sautukan wasula mabambanta akan furta su ta wajen sauya matsayin harshe da leɓɓa. Masanin ya ci gaba da cewa, sautukan wasula sun rabu gida biyu; akwai tilon sauti da kuma ‘yar tagwai. Akan haɗa sautukan wasula biyu ne su haifar da ‘yar tagwan wasula, a yayin da kuma tilon wasula su ne asalin wasula.

Wannan bincike yana da fahimtar cewa, ana furta sautukan wasula ba tare da samun wani tangarɗa ko cikas na iska ba. Haƙiƙa, bunƙasa da wanzuwan harsuna mabambanta a cikin al’umma su suke haifar da yin nazari a kan harsuna biyu mabambanta a wannan fanni na ilimin tsarin sauti da ma wasu manyan ɓangarori na ilimin kimiyyar harshe.

Dabarun Bincike

Lura da cewa, wannan bincike ya yi ƙoƙarin bayyana yadda tsawon wasali yake gudana a harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda, wajen bunƙasa sauye-sauyen sautuka tare da samar da ɗimbin kalmomi. Daga cikin dabarun da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da:

(i) Tattaunawa da Hausawa da Ga’andawa domin samun ingantattun bayanai.

(ii) Tattaro bayanai daga bugaggun littattafai da maƙalu da mujallu.

(iii) Tattaro bayanai daga kafar sadarwa ta intanet.

Ra’in Bincike

Masana da Manazarta da dama sun yi ƙoƙarin samar da ra’i wanda zai dace da tsarin tsawon wasali a ɓangaren ilimin tsarin sauti. Wannan bincike ya yi amfani da Ra’in kai tsaye na yankin tsarin sauti/Ra’in haɗakar ayyukan tsawon wasali da karin sauti a harshe (Autosegmental Phonology) na Goldsmith (1976). Wannan ra’i da farko yana da’awa ne a kan yadda karin sauti yake gudana, amma daga baya masu ra’in sun faɗaɗa ra’in zuwa wasu al’amura da suka shafi ilimin tsarin sauti kamar, sautukan baƙaƙe da sautukan wasula. Wannan ra’i ya sami magoya baya irin su Rischel (1974)) da Hockett (1955) da Firth (1984). Haka kuma, akwai Yalwa (2002) da Bobda (2007) da Josiah da Soneye (2011) sun yi amfani da wannan ra’in a wasu ayyukansu a fannin ilimin tsarin sauti.

Tsarin Sauti

Tsarin sauti babban reshe ne, na ilimin kimiyyar harshe. Saura manyan rassan su ne; ilimin furuci da ilimin ƙirar kalma da ilimin ginin jimla da ɓangaren ma’ana a Ingilishi kamar haka:

Robins (1967:34) ya zayyana cewa:

Ingilishi: Tsarin sauti (phonology) is language specific.

Fassara: Tsarin sauti shi ne, yadda ake samun sauye-sauyen sautuka waɗanda suka shafi keɓaɓɓen harshe^[1].

Zarruk (1980:19) kuwa ya bayyana cewa:

Tsarin sauti shi ne siffofin da ke bambanta sauti, da kuma fasalin dangantakar ƙwayoyin sautin in sun jeru cikin magana mai ma’ana.

Sani (2011:3) kuwa a nasa ɓangare yana ganin:

Tsarin sauti fanni ne na ilimin harsuna da ya danganci yadda harshe yake tsara sautuka waje guda su samar da ma’ana. Ya ƙara da cewa, ƙwararre a tsarin sauti na wani harshe ana ce da shi masanin tsarin sauti na wannan harshe. Tsarin Sauti yana nazartar irin sauye-sauye da ake samu a dalilin haɗuwar sautuka a cikin kalma.

Dangane da abin da ya gabata daga bakin masana ilimin harshe, ana iya cewa, tsarin sauti ɓangare ne na ilimin kimiyyar harshe da ya danganci yadda harshe yake tsara sautuka cikin sahu domin bayar da ma’ana.

Tsawon Wasali

Tsawon wasali (vowel length) babban ginshiƙi ne wanda yake bambanta ma’anar kalma a cikin tsarin sauti. Dangane da ma’anar tsawon wasali ga abin da masana suke cewa:

Crystal (2008:273) ya bayyana tsawon wasali kamar haka:

Ingilishi: Vowel length, in phonetics is refer to the physical duration of sound or utterances and in phonology to refer to the relative durations of sounds and syllables when these are linguistically contrastive; also referred to as quality. Sometimes the term is restricted to phonological contexts, being referred to as duration. Phonologically long and short values are conventionally recognized, for both vowels and consonants.

Fassara: Tsawon wasali a ilimin furuci na nufin lokaci da sauti kan ɗauka ko furuci, a ilimin tsarin sauti ana magana ne kan dangantakar wannan lokaci da gaɓoɓin kalma, wannan al’amari ne a ilimin kimiyyar harshe da ya shafi bambanci. A wani lokaci tsawon wasali ya taƙaita a kan al’amari na ilimin tsarin sauti wanda ake bayyana shi da adadin lokaci. A al’amari na ilimin tsarin sauti ana la’akari da dogaye da gajerun sautukan wasula da baƙake^[2].

Matthews (2007:220) ya bayyana tsawon wasali da cewa:

Ingilishi: Vowel length is phonetic or phonological feature, especially vowels. The vowel may either be short or long and phonological distinction may be realized.

Fassara: Tsawon wasali na nufin nau’in furuci ko sifar sauyin sauti, musamman ma wasula. Wasali zai kasance gajere ko dogo, da kuma ta hanyarsa ana samun bambancin ma’ana^[3].

Wannan bincike yana da fahimtar cewa tsawon wasali babban reshe ne, na ilimin tsarin sauti wanda yake magana a kan tsawon daƙiƙoƙi da gaɓar kalma kan ɗauka a yayin furta kalma a harshe. Tsawon daƙiƙoƙin da gaɓar kalma yakan ɗauka a lokacin furuci yakan haddasa ma’anar kalma a harsuna mabambanta. Domin karin bayani a kan al’amari na tsawon wasali a dubi^[4] da^[5]. *

Tsawon Wasali a Harshen Hausa

Dangane da tsawon wasali a harshen Hausa kuwa, Newman (2000:400) da Bagari (1986:79) da Zarruk da Kafin Hausa da Al-Hassan (2005:87) da Sani (1989:28) da Amfani (2011:139) da (Yusuf (2011:3) da kuma Fagge (2012:23) suna da ra’ayin cewa; yana nufin yawan lokaci da ake ɗauka wajen furucin kalma ne, wanda kuma a sanadiyar haka yawan lokacin yakan haddasa sauya ma’anar kalmomi daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari ana samun wasula iri biyu ne; gajeru da dogaye, gajerun wasula a Hausa su ne: /i/ da /e/ da /a/ da /u/ da kuma /o/. Dogayen wasulan Hausa kuwa su ne: /ii/ da /ee/ da /aa/ da /uu/ da kuma /oo/. Wani abun lura kuwa shi ne tsawon wasali kan hau dukkan zubin waɗannan wasulan na Hausa.

Ga misalan yadda tsawon wasali yake gudana a harshen Hausa:

Kalma	Ma’ana a Ingilishi	Kalma	Ma’ana a Ingilishi
/daagaa/	struggle	/dagaa/	from
/Φaasa/	postpone	/Φasa/	disperse
/duuka/	blow	/duka/	all
/daawaa/	Guinea-corn	/dawaa/	the bush
/gaarii/	flour	/garii/	town
/ʤiimaa/	tanning	/ʤimaa/	spend sometime
/ʤaakaa/	stupid person	/ʤakaa/	any kind of bag
/s’aakii/	sucking noise	/s’akii/	coarse part of ground flour
/Φaarii/	beginning	/Φarii/	drought
/Φitoo/	whistling	/Φito/	ferrying
/baaƙoo/	guest	/Baaƙo/	nick name
/gadoo/	bed	/Gado/	name of a person
/saakee/	repeat	/sake/	slackness
/kuuree/	male hyena	/kuree/	makes a mistake
/taaree/	move to new dwelling	/taare/	gathered
/baabaa/	father	/baba/	indigo dye
/kaaraa/	finish completely	/kara/	increase
/raanaa/	day (emphatic/long)	/rana/	day
/taabaa/	touch repeatedly	/taba/	touch
/gaabaa/	front	/gaba/	front/forward
/saasaa/	custom/tradition	/sasa/	to settle
/zaaraa/	visit repeatedly	/zara/	thread beads
/faadaa/	fall flat	/fada/	palace
/haaraa/	new (emphatic)	/hara/	forbidden
/laabaa/	hide repeatedly	/laba/	story
/maasaa/	chew slowly	/masa/	him/her/it
/kaayaa/	goods/property	/kaya/	load/luggage
/raayaa/	life	/raya/	raise/bring up
/zaayaa/	waste away	/zaya/	choose

 

Wannan bincike ya fahimci cewa, a sanadiyar gajarta ko tsawaita sautukan wasula, kalmomi masu ɗauke da gajerun wasula suna ɗauke da ma’ana waɗanda suka bambanta da kalmomi masu ɗauke da dogayen wasula. Bugu da ƙari wani abin lura a nan shi ne, da gajeren wasali da dogon wasali kowannensu ƙwayar sauti ne na daban a harshen Hausa. Bambancin Tsawon wasalin nan yakan kawo bambanci a tsakaninsu. Shi kuwa bambancin ma’ana jigo ne a ɓangaren ma’ana da tsarin kalmomin nahawu (grammar) a harshen Hausa. Za a fahimci hakan kamar yadda aka bayyana cikin misalan da suka gabata. Duk da cewa binciken bai yi magana a kan ɓangaren tashin sauti ba, galibi wannan batun ya fi shafan harsunan Turanci, kalmomi ne masu nuna karfafawa. A harshen Hausa akwai Sani (2013) mai ra’ayin cewa, tashin sauti kan iya auku a Hausa.^[6]

Dangane da dokar tsawon wasali: Idan aka samu kalma sai a samu a cikin kowane gaɓar kalma, gajeren wasali ko dogon wasali ya gabaci sautin baƙi ko ya biyo bayansa. Misali: /f+a+a+s+a/ → /Φaasa/ da /f+a+s+a/ → /Φasa/.

Tsawon Wasali a Harshen Ga’anda

Tsawon wasali a harshen Ga’anda yana ba da gagarumar gudumawa wajen bambanta ma’anar kalma. Wasula nau’o’i shida ne a harshen Ga’anda. Waɗannan wasula sun haɗa da: /a/, /e/, /u/, /o/ /i/ da /ǝ/^[7].

Tsawon wasali a harshen Ga’anda, yakan auku ne a kan sautukan wasula guda uku kawai daga cikin shida kamar haka: /aa/, /ee/ da /ii/. Tsawon wasali ba ya hawa a kan sautukan wasulan /u/, /o/ da /ə/ a harshen Ga’anda bisa dalili na kalmomi ba sa ɗaukar tsawo a harshen Ga’anda a yayin furucin kalmonin^[8]. Misali: /kufa/ (kogi) da /ɓo/ (zo) da /tə/ zafi. Ga yadda tsawon wasali yake gudana a harshen Ga’anda.

Ga misalan tsawon wasali a kalmomi da ke biye da kuma kalmomin da suke ɗauke da gajerun wasula:

Kalma	Ma’ana	Kalma	Ma’ana
/waa/	yaro (boy)	/wa/	sai (except)
/yaanda/	faɗa (fight)	/yanda/	saƙa (weave)
/tǝltaa/	hawa (ride)	/tǝlta/	ɗauka (take)
/yeera/	ɓarawo (thief)	/yera/	ruwan sama (rainfall)
/wenichee/	idanu (eyes)	/weniche/	tabarma (mat)
/mii/	a bakin (in front of)	/mi/	mene ne (what?)
/wiita/	dare (night)	/wita/	tafiya (journey)

Kamancin Harshen Hausa da Harshen Ga’anda ta Fuskar Tsawon Wasali

Harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda duk sun yi tarayya ta fuskar tsawon wasali a cikin tsarin sautukansu. A dukkan harsunan biyu suna bambanta ma’anar kalmomi masu takwarorin rubutun samuwar tsawon wasali. Misali: /daawaa/ (guineacorn) da /dawaa/ (bush) da /gajeeree/ (short person) da /Gajeere/ (name of someone). A harshen Ga’anda /sǝrta/ (iyaka) (boundary) da /sǝrtaa/ (doka) (rule) da /fichee/ (biri) (monkey) da /fiche/ (toka) (ash).

Bambancin Harshen Hausa da Harshen Ga’anda ta Fuskar Tsawon Wasali

Harshen Ga’anda ya bambanta da harshen Hausa ta fuskar samuwar wani nau’in wasali na /ǝ/ a cikinsa wajen samar da wasu kalmomi a harshen. A harshen Hausa ana samun dogaye wasali a kan dukkan sautukan gajerun wasulan harshen. Misali: /aa/, /ii/, /ee/, /uu/ da /oo/ wanda hakan ya sa an ƙara samun wanzuwar kalmomi masu bambancin ma’ana da yawa a harshen. Al’amuran akasin haka yake a harshen Ga’anda, domin dogayen wasula a harshen Ga’anda kan auku ne, a kan uku daga cikin gajerun wasulan harshen kaɗai, wato /aa/ /ee/ da /ii/^[9].

Sakamakon Bincike

Wannan bincike ya gano cewa, tsawon wasali yana wanzuwa a harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda. Haka kuma, harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda sun yi tarayya ta fuskar samuwan ƙwayoyin sautukan wasula /a/ da /i/ da /e/ da /u/ da kuma /o/. Sannan, da kuma wasu al’amuran tsawon wasali. Misalan kamancin tsawon wasulan harsunan sun haɗa da: /aa/, /ee/ da /ii/, domin nau’o’in dogayen wasulan */uu/, */oo/ da */əə/ ba su wanzuwa a harshen Ga’anda. Bugu da ƙari, wannan binciken ya gano cewa, tsawon wasali yakan bambanta ma’anar takwarorin kalmomi a wajen rubutu a harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda.

Kammalawa

Wannan binciken ya yi ƙoƙarin bayyana yadda tsawon wasali yake gudana a harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda a ilimin tsarin sauti. A cikin binciken bayan da aka yi shimfiɗa, an kawo ma’anar tsarin sauti bisa fahimtar masana. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya kawo dabarun bincike da ra’in bincike da ma’anar tsawon wasali. Haka kuma, binciken ya bayyana yadda tsawon wasali yake gudana a harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda, tare da kawo kamanci da bambancin sauye-sauyen sautuka cikin tsawon wasali a harshen Hausa da harshen Ga’anda.

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Waɗanda aka yi hira da su

S/N	Suna	Shekaru da Jinsi	Rana	Wuri
1.	Luka Peter	60 (M)	12/01/2025	Gabun
2.	Lucy Jabas	53 (F)	15/01/2025	Ga’anda
3.	Alice Poga	30 (F)	20/01/2025	Boga
4.	Timothy Jonathan	55 (M)	27/01/2025	Ga’anda
5.	Sulaiman Ahmad	53 (M)	01/02/2025	Ga’anda

 

 

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[1] Fassarar mai bincike.

[2] Fassarar mai bincike.

[3] Fassarar mai bincike.

[4]Udoh, I. I. L. (2003:42). An Introduction to Phonemic Analysis. Uyo: Fruities Publications Limited.

[5]Skinner, N. (1977: 2-3). A Grammar of Hausa for Nigerian Secondary School and Colleges. Zaria: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company Limited.

[6]Sani, M. A. Z. (2013). Maraka Yanki a Tsarin Sautin Hausa. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.

[7] Wannan bincike ya ƙara tabbatar da cewa tsawon wasali da karin sauti suna wanzuwa a harshen Ga’anda, abun la’akari shi ne, a wannan harshe ba a sanya tsawon wasali da alama ta karin sauti a kan kalma da nufin bambanta kalma, kamar yadda wasu harsuna suke yi. Misali: harshen Yoruba da kuma harshen Igbo.

[8] Mai bincike ya yi hira da wasu majiya harshen Ga’anda a ranaku mabambanta, su suka tabbatar da wannan. Misali:12/01/2025 da 20/1/2025 da 27/1/2025 da 1/2/2025. Su ne: Luka Peter da Lucy Jabas da Alice Poga da Timothy Jonathan da Sulaiman Ahmad.

[9] Mai bincike ya yi hira da wasu majiya harshen Ga’anda a ranaku mabambanta, su suka tabbatar da wannan batun. Misali: 12/01/2025 da 15/01/2025 da 20/1/2025 da 27/1/2025 da 1/2/2025. Su ne: Luka Peter da Lucy Jabas da Alice Poga da Timothy Jonathan da Sulaiman Ahmad.