Kurakuran Tsarin Sauti a Harshen Wasu Hausawa Masu Raunin Kwakwalwa

Citation: Abba, S. A. and Ata, M. I. (2025). “Kurakuran Tsarin Sauti a Harshen Wasu Hausawa Masu Raunin Ƙwaƙwalwa.” in Ɗunɗaye Journal of Hausa Studies, Vol. 03, No. 02, Pp. 58– 63. www.doi.org/10.36349/djhs.2025.v03i02.007.

KURAKURAN TSARIN SAUTI A HARSHEN WASU HAUSAWA MASU RAUNIN ƘWAƘWALWA

Na

Abba, Sagir Abubakar

Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Jihar Nasarawa, Keffi, Nasarawa

Da

Maryam Ibrahim Ata

Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Northwest, Kano

Tsakure:

Wannan takarda ta yi nazarin kurakuran tsarin sautin yankin Hausawa guda biyu (2) masu rauni a ɓagaren Buroka daga Asibitin Koyarwa na Malam Aminu Kano. An tattara kalamansu ne ta hanyar ɗauka a rikoda, inda daga bisani aka saurara domin gano kurakuran. An yi amfani da binciken siffantawa wajen tsattsefe bayanan da aka tattara. Haka kuma, an yi amfani da hotunan dabbobin gida da sassan jiki da kuma ayyukan yau da kullum wajen tattara bayanan marasa lafiyar. Hakazalika, an yi amfani da ƙididdigar lissafi domin gano sautin da kurakuran suka fi shafa da kuma muhallin kalmar da hakan ya fi faruwa. Binciken ya gano cewa, kurakuran da suka fi yi a matakin tsarin sautin yanki sun haɗa da mayewa da shafewa. Har ila yau, binciken ya gano marasa lafiyar sun fi mayewa, yayin da hakan ke faruwa a farkon kalma da ƙarshen kalma. Haka kuma sautin da abin ya fi shafa shi ne sautin baƙi. Sautukan da abin ya fi shafa su ne tsayau. Muƙalar tana ba da shawara ga masu jinyar harshe da su su lura da sautukan da aka fi mayewa ko shafewa da kuma siffofinsu. Domin hakan zai taimaka matuƙa gaya wajen farfaɗo musu da harshensu. 

Muhimman Kalmomi: Raunin ƙwaƙwalwa; Ɓangaren buroka, Kurakurai; Tsarin Sauti

Gabatarwa

Amfani da furuci wajen sadarwa ya keɓanta ne ga ɗan-adam. Don haka, duk lokacin da harshe ya sami tangarɗa ko lahani, ba ƙaramin tasiri yake yi ba a kan mutumin da ya gamu da wannan matsala da kuma iyalansa. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suke tagayyara mutum shi ne raunin ƙwaƙwalwa.

Raunin ƙwaƙwalwa shi ne samun rauni a ɓangaren da yake da ruwa da tsaki da harshe ba ƙwaƙwalwar gaba ɗaya ba. Ma’ana wannan rauni na taƙaita ne ga cibiyar harshe ta ƙwaƙwalwa, wadda aka yi ittifaƙin tana ɓangaren hagu na ƙwaƙwalwa (Awoniyi, 2009). Wannan matsala tana faruwa rana-tsaka, inda take shafar ƙwarewar fahimtar furuci da kuma aiwatar da shi da karatu da kuma rubutu (Mikola, 2010).

Raunin ƙwaƙwalwa kan shafi ɓangren Buroka, wanda aka yi ittifaƙi shi ne cibiyar autar da furuci ta ƙwaƙwalwa. Alamomin masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka sun haɗa da kasa bayani da motsa gaɓoɓin furuci, al’amarin da yake shafar ƙwarewar furuci (Wardhough, 1993). Masu matsalar suna siffantuwa da gajeriyar magana mai ma’ana, sannan kuma furucinsu yana kama da na yara (Steinberg, 1993).

Don haka, manufar wannan bincike ita ce gano sautukan da masu wannan larura suke kasa furtawa da nufin ba da shawarwari a kan yadda za a farfaɗo musu da harshensu.

Dalilin Bincike

Bincike a kan Hausawa masu raunin ƙwaƙwalwa sakamakon shanyewar wani ɓarin jiki bai samu kulawar da ta dace ba, duk kuwa da yawan masu wannan larura a cikin al’ummar Hausawa. Hakan na haifar da tsaiko wajen warkewar masu wannan larura, saboda an taƙaita kulawa da su da farfaɗo musu da harshensu ga jami’an lafiya.

Muhimmancin Bincike

Duba matsalar masu raunin ƙwaƙwalwa ta mahangar ilimin harshe zai taimaka matuƙa gaya wajen ƙara fahimtar sassan ƙwaƙwalwa da suke da ruwa da tsaki da harshe da sanin irin kurakuran harshen da masu wannan larura suke yi da kuma lalubo hanyoyin da za a farfaɗo masu da harshensu.

Bitar Ayyukan da Suka Gabata

Masana da dama sun yi taƙaddama a kan bambancin da ke tsakanin kurakuran furuci  da kuma na tsarin sauti  duk da cewa ana iya danganta kurakuran ne ga raunin ƙwaƙawalwa mabambanta. Wasu suna ganin bambancin da ke tsakanin kurakuran tsarin sauti da na furuci ya dogara ne a kan bambanci da ke tsakanin matakan aiwatar da furucin sautin nan guda biyu. A akasarin ra’o’in sarrafa furuci sun yi iƙirarin wanzuwar matakin farko na sarrafa furuci, wanda yake tabbatar da zaɓar sigar sautin kalma da kuma tsara yadda za a gudanar da furucinsa. Wannan shi ne matakin tsarin sauti. A mataki na gaba wato matakin furuci ake fayyace yadda za a sarrafa furuci da kuma kula da yadda za a gudanar da shi. Don haka, wasu suna ganin kurakuran furuci a matsayin yin furuci ba daidai ba. A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma wasu suna kallon kurakuran furuci da baddala furuci (Brown, 1975, 1972; Dell da wasu., 2014). Luria (1976) yana ganin cewa kurakuran tsarin sauti suna aukuwa ne a sakamakon ɗimuwa a yayin furucin ƙwayar sauti, don haka kamata ya yi a kira su da kurakuran furuci.

Wannan ya ƙunshi furta ƙwayar sauti ba daidai ba, amma duk da haka ana iya ganewa (Ardila, 2014). Marasa lafiya da dama sukan yi kurakuran furuci a sakamakon kasa sarrafa furuci, duk da cewa ragowar matakan zaƙulo kalma  sun cika (Goodglass da Wingfield, 1997). Ash da wasu (2006) sun bayyana kurakuran furuci ne da furta sautin da ke iya haifar da samuwar kalmar da ta saɓa wa tsarin sautin mai magana. Haka kuma irin wannan kuskure na haifar da furta sautin da babu shi a harshen. Wannan al’amari yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasa sarrafa motsin gaɓoɓin furuci.

Baya ga kurakuran tsarin sauti, ana kiran su da kurakuran ƙwayar sauti. Waɗannan kurakurai sun ƙunshi maye kalmomi da wasun kalmomi, waɗanda suke ƙunshe da aƙalla rabin yankuna ko adadin gaɓoɓin kalmar da aka nufa. Hakan na haifar da kurakurai iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da sauya kalma da wadda take da alaƙa da ita ta fuskar tsarin sauti. Sauya kalma da wanin kalma da suke da nasaba ta fuskar tsarin sauti da kalmar da aka nufa (Biram, 2005; Berg, 2006). Wannan yana faruwa ne a dalilan: tsallake ƙwayoyin sauti da ƙara ƙwayoyin sauti da baddala ƙwayoyin sauti da kuma sauya ƙwayoyin sauti (Ardila, 2014). Haka kuma, ana danganta waɗannan kurakurai ga masu rauni a ɓangaren Wanike (Butterworth, 1979). Sai dai kuma wani bincike da aka gudanar a Jamusanci ya nuna cewa, kashi 30.8% na kurakuran tsarin sauti suna aukuwa ne a farkon kalma, a kalaman masu rauni a ɓangaren Wanike; sai kuma kashi 22.6% a kalaman masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka (Berg, 2006).

Har ila yau, kurakuran tsarin sauti za su iya kasancewa na sahu, inda kalmar da aka sauya da wadda aka nufa suke da kamanci dangane da yadda ake siganta sautinsu (baba- > tata) ko na ƙari wanda ya ƙunshi ƙara yankin da ba shi da nasaba da kalmar da aka nufa (buhu -> bulhu) ko na mayewa, inda ake maye wata ƙwayar sauti da wata daban (bargo -> talgo) ko na tsarmi da ake tsarma wani yanki a cikin kalmar da aka nufa (yaro -> yalro) ko na musayar gurbi, wanda ya ƙunshi musayar muhallin ƙwayoyin sauti (tsintsiya -> tsitsinya) (Buckingham, 1986; Corina, 2000).

Hanyoyin Tattara Bayanai

An gudanar da wannan bincike ne a kan marasa lafiyar da ƙwararren likitan ƙwaƙwalwa ya tabbatar da sun sami rauni a ɓangaren Buroka ko Wanike a sakamakon shanyewar ɓarin jiki. Haka kuma, wannan bincike ya gudana ne a Asibitin Koyar na Malam Aminu Kano. Dangane da jinsi da shekaru, binciken ya ƙunshi maza da mata waɗanda shekarunsu suka fara daga 30-80. An yi amfani da hotunan sassan jiki da hotunan dabbobin gida da kuma ayyukan yau da kullum wajen tattara bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. Hakazalika, an yi amfani da rikoda wajen ɗaukar amsoshin marasa lafiyar, inda daga bisani aka saurara domin fito da kurakuran da suka yi. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da ƙididdigar lissafi wajen gano nau’in kurakuran da suka fi yi. Dangane da ɗa’ar bincike, an taƙaita sunayen marasa lafiyar da aka yi amfani da su.

Tsattsefe Bayanai

A jadawalin da suke ƙasa, an taƙaita sunayen marasa lafiyar da aka yi amfani da su, waɗanda suka haɗa da namiji da mace. Haka kuma, jadawalin ya ƙunshi hannun marasa lafiyar da ɓangaren da suka samu rauni da kuma tsawon lokacin da suka shafe suna fama da wannan larura.

Lamba	Suna	Shekara	Jinsi	Rauni	Hannu	Tsawon Lokaci
1	BS	53	Namiji	Buroka	Badame	WT 18
2	SL	50	Mace	Buroka	Badamiya	WT 12

Jadawali na 1: Taƙaitaccen Bayanin Marasa Lafiya

Daga jadawali na 1, za a ga marasa lafiyar gaba ɗayansu badamai ne, inda shanyewar ɓarin jikin ta shafi ɓangaren hagu .

Kurakurai
	Mayewa							Tsarmawa							Shafewa
	Baƙi			Wasali				Baƙi			Wasali				Baƙi			Wasali
	far	tsa	ƙar	Far	Tsa	ƙar	Jim	far	tsa	ƙar	far	Tsa	ƙar	Jim	far	Tsa	Ƙar	far	tsa	ƙar	Jim
ada	7	02	11	01	01	0	22	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	03
%	31.8	9.09	50	4.54	4.54	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	33.33	33.33	33.33	0	0	0	100

Jadawali na 2: Taƙaitaccen bayanin matakan tsarin masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka

Kamar yadda jadawali na 2 ya nuna, an samu wurare 22 da aka maye sauti. A cikin wannan adadi, 7 ya shafi baƙi a farkon kalma, 2 a tsakiyar kalma, yayin da aka samu 11 a ƙarshen kalma. Shi kuwa sautin wasali an samu 1 a farkon kalma, 1 a tsakiyar kalma, sai dai ba a samu ba a ƙarshen kalma.  Dangane da tsarma sauti, ba samu ko guda ba a sautin baƙi ko wasali. An samu wure uku da aka shafe sautin baƙi, inda 1 ta faru a farkon kalma, 1 tsakiyar kalma, sai kuma 1 a ƙarshen kalma. Shi kuwa wasali ba a samu wuri ko da guda ba da aka shafe shi.

Don haka, maye sautin baƙi ya fi mamaye kalaman marasa lafiyar, musamman a ƙarshen kalma (11 a cikin 22). Babban dalilin da ya sa hakan shi ne, masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka ba sa iya kaiwa ga sautin da suka ƙudiri aniyar furtawa. Don haka, sai furta makamancin sautin baƙin da suka nufa da suka yi tarayya ko dai ta fuskar gurbin furuci ko yanayin furuci. Idan kuwa wasali ne, sai maye shi da wanda bai kai shi wahalar furuci ba.

Wasali kuwa wuri biyu kacal aka samu da marasa lafiyar suka maye shi, kasancewar ba shi da wahalar furuci, domin kuwa matuƙatar mutum yana iya yin numfashi, to zai iya furta wasali, saboda iska ba ta fuskantar wata tangarɗa (Jones, 1975).

Shi kuwa tsarma sauti ba a samu ko ɗaya ba, a cikin kalaman waɗannan marasa lafiyar.

Dangane da shafe sauti, a nan za a ga abin ya shafi sautin baƙi ne kawai, duk da cewa ba a wani samu da yawa ba. A farkon kalma an samu ɗaya, haka ma tsakiya da ƙarshen kalma. Furuci aiki ne na son-rai ko ganin-dama da ke buƙatar gaɓoɓin furuci su kasance a wani takamaiman wuri ko motsa su ta wasu fayyatattun hanyoyi (Jones, 1975). Don haka, kasancewar suna da rauni a maɗiga , wadda aka yi imanin aikinta shi ne aiwatar da furuci. Saboda haka, wannan aikin son-rai ana wahala wajen farar da shi. Abin da yake haifar da shafe sauti, musamman a farkon kalma ba zai rasa nasaba ba da ynuƙurin masu rauni lafiyar na farar da furucin kalma ta ƙarfi, Sunday (2010) ya kwatanta wannan al’amari da batirin mota. A kalaman masu lafiya baitirin a cike yake kuma yana aiki sosai. Don haka, babu matsala wajen tayar da mota da kuma tuƙa ta. A ɗaya ɓangaren kuwa raunin ƙwaƙwalwar da mara lafiyar suke da shi, shi yake cinye musu batiri ya sa shi ya yi rauni. Saboda haka, ƙoƙarin yin furuci ta ƙarfi tamkar tayar da mota ne da batiri mara caji. To haka abun yake musammna a wajen masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka, inda a ƙoƙarinsu na yin furuci suke maye baƙi da wanda bai kai shi tsauri ba ko ma su shafe shi a ƙarshen kalma ko farko, saboda jijiyoyin da suke kai saƙon bayanan ba su da kuzarin da za su taimaka wa gaɓoɓin furucin da abin ya shafa kaiwa ƙarshen kalma ko kuma farar da furuci. Wannan shi ne haƙiƙanin abin da ya faru a kalaman waɗannan marasa lafiya

Baƙi	Adadi	%
Tsayau  Ra-gare da Ra-kaɗe Ɗan atishawa Kinin wasali Ɗa hanci	9 7 6 2 1	36 28 24 8 4
Jimilla	25	100

Jadawali na 3: Sautukan da kurakuran masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka ya fi shafa

Jadawali na 3 ya nuna a cikin wurare 25 da aka samu kurakurai, 9 daga ciki (36%) sun shafi sautuka tsayau. Wannan ba zai rasa nasaba ba da kasancewar sautuka tsayau sun fi kowane sauti wahalar furuci (Abercrombie, 1967). Mafurtan da suke da ruwa da tsaki da furta sautuka tsayau suna haɗewa ne, sannan sautin ya fita da sauri, tamkar fitar harsashi.

Haka kuma, jadawalin ya nuna an samu wurare 7 (28%) da kurakuran suka shafi ra-gare da ra-kaɗe. A yayin furta waɗannan sauti, harshen yana garawa ko kaɗawa ya riƙa taɓa mafurta maras motsi. Wannan garawar ko kaɗawar takan yi wa masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka wahala, lamarin da ke haifar da mayewa ko ma shafewa.

Hakazalika, jadawalin ya nuna an samu wurare 6 (24%) lamarin ya safi sautuka ‘yan atishawa. A yayin furta sautuka ‘yan atishawa, mafurta mai motsi da maras motsi sukan toshe hanyar isk na ɗan lokaci, inda ake jin zuwa maimakon ƙara (Sani, 1999). Wannan rage ƙarfin iskar zai iya kasancewa shi ne yake sabbaba maye su ko shafe su.

Kinin wasali /j/ na cikin sautukan da kurakuran yanki suka shafa, inda aka samu wurare 2 (8%). Kinin wasali sautuka da suke da sauƙin furuci tamkar wasula, amma duk da haka masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka kan maye su ko shafe su.

Sautuka na ƙarshe a jadawali a 3 su ne ‘yan hanci. A yayin furta sautuka ‘yan hanci, mafurta mai motsi da maras motsi sukan rage hanyar iska, inda take karkatawa ta fita ta hanci, Duk da cewa sautuka ‘yan hanci ba sa buƙatar wani yunƙuri wajen furucinsa, amma duk da haka masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka suka maye su ko shafe su.

Shawarwari

Ɗaya daga cikin kurakuran da sakamakon wannan bincike ya gano shi ne mayewa da shafe sauti. Don haka, ya kamata masu jinyar harshe su lura da sautukan da aka fi mayewa ko shafewa da kuma siffofinsu. Domin cimma nasara wajen farfaɗo da harshen masu rauni a ɓangren Buroka, ya kamata a yi amfani da tsarin sautin marasa lafiyar kafin su samu raunin ƙwaƙwalwa wajen kimanta furucinsu. Wannan zai taimaka wajen gane gwajin da za a yi musu. Domin kuwa idan aka yi amfani tsarin sauti daban, bai zama dole ba kwalliya ta biya kuɗin sabulu wajen farfaɗo da harshen marasa lafiyar.

Kammalawa

Daga bayanan da suka gabata, kurakuran tsarin sautin masu rauni a ɓangaren Buroka ya fi shafar sautin baƙi abin ya fi shafa a kan sautin wasali. Wannan ba zai rasa nasaba ba da irin yunƙurin da ake buƙata wajen furta sautin baƙi, inda ake maye shi ko shafe shi fite da wasali. Maye sauti ta fi faruwa a ƙarshe da farkon kalma a kan tsakiyar kalma.

Sakamakon binciken ya gano cewa, kurakuran da suka fi yi a matakin tsarin sautin yanki sun haɗa da mayewa da shafewa. Har ila yau, binciken ya gano marasa lafiyar sun fi maye sauti a farkon kalma da ƙarshen kalma. Haka kuma sautin da abin ya fi shafa shi ne sautin baƙi. Hakazalika, sautukan da abin ya fi shafa su ne tsayau.

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