Tasirin Wakokin Baka Wajen Bayyana Tarihin Sarakunan Kasar Hausa

Citation: Musa Muhammed CHIROMARI, Hauwa MU’AZURI & Tijjani Muhammad BELLO (2025). Tasirin Waƙoƙin Baka Wajen Bayyana Tarihin Sarakunan Ƙasar Hausa. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 13, Number 1. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

TASIRIN WAƘOƘIN BAKA WAJEN BAYYANA TARIHIN SARAKUNAN ƘASAR HAUSA

MUSA MUHAMMED CHIROMARI

HAUWA MU’AZURI

TIJJANI MUHAMMAD BELLO

Tsakure

Wannan bincike ya duba muhimmiyar rawa da waƙoƙin gargajiya suke takawa wajen bayyanawa da adana tarihin sarakunan gargajiya a ƙasar Hausa. Makaɗan gargajiya sun kasance masu riƙe da tarihin mulki, nasaba, jarumtaka, da canje-canjen da suka faru a zamanin sarakuna daban-daban, ta hanyar amfani da waƙoƙi masu ɗauke da hikima, yabon halaye da ayyuka, da kuma adabin baka na musamman. Sannan binciken bi-bayani ne domin ya fayyace yadda waɗannan waƙoƙi ke zama tushe mai amfani ga masu binciken tarihi, musamman a matsayin madogara ta tarihi da al’ada. Haka zalika, binciken ya bayyana ƙalubalen da ke barazana ga wanzuwar wannan harka kamar rashin adanawa ta hanyar zamani, tasirin zamani da fasaha, da kuma raguwa ko ɓacewar sana’ar waƙa. A ƙarshe, an bayar da shawarwari da matakan da ya kamata a ɗauka domin kare wannan gado na ilimi da al’ada ga ƙarni masu zuwa.

1.0 Gabatarwa

A cikin al’ummar Hausawa, waƙa ba wai nishaɗi kawai take nufi ba, illa ma ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin wata hanya mai muhimmanci ta sadarwa da watsa ilimi. Sannan Gusau (2023, shf. ɗiɓ), ya bayyana waƙa da cewa, "wani zance ne shiryayye cikin hikima da azanci da yake zuwa gaba-gaba bisa ka'idojin tsari da daidaitawa a rere cikin sautin murya da amsa-amon kari da kida da amshi Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman fannoni da waka ta taka rawa shi ne ɓangaren adanawa da wanzuwar tarihi, musamman tarihin sarakunan gargajiya. Wannan takara na ɗauke da bayani da kuma misalai daga cikin wasu waƙoƙin baka kan yada mawaƙan ke bayyana tarihin sarakuna da kuma irin ƙalubalai da waƙoƙin gargajiya ke fuskanta a ƙasar Hausa sanadiyar ci gaban zamani da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi wajen magance su

2.0 Bitar Ayyukan a Suka Gabatas

Masana irinsu: Furniss (1996) da Usman (1998) da Abba da Zulyadaini (2000) da Yakubu (2002) da Gusau (2003) da Ahmad (2005) da kuma Muhammed (2011) da Gusau (2023) dawasu masana da dama sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da tarihin waƙar baka da ƙasar Hausa da ma irin sarakunan ƙasar Hausa. ashe kenan waƙar baka magana ce mai ayyananniyar manufa da ake ajiyewa a ka a kuma rera dab aka bisa wani daidaitaccen tsari.

2.1 Takaitaccen Tarihin Maƙadan Baka a Ƙasar Hausa

2.1.1 Asalin Maƙada

Maƙada a al’ummar Hausa sun samo asali tun zamanin daular gargajiya, inda ake da tsarin sarauta da fadar sarki, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan masu fada a ji, da masu raye-raye da kuma mawaƙa. Maƙadan gargajiya sun kasance ƙungiya ta musamman da ke da hurumin rerawa a lokuta na musamman, musamman a fadar sarki, don yabon sarauta, tuna jarumta, da kuma wanzar da tarihi (Furniss, 1996).

A wasu lokuta, maƙada suna da alaƙa da rukuni ko gandu na masu fasaha, inda sana’ar waka ke bin tsari da ladabi. A Misira da Sudan, masana sun danganta hakan da irin tsarin daular gargajiya inda masu waƙa ke zama kamar 'yan jaridana wancan zamani suna rera waƙa bisa abubuwan da suka faru a zamansu (Usman, 1998).

2.2.2 Matsayinsu a Cikin Al’umma

Maƙadan gargajiya suna da matuƙar daraja a cikin al’ummar Hausa, musamman a daular gargajiya. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin rumbun tarihi da masu ba da labari. Sannan waƙoƙin suna da tasiri sosai wajen gina tunanin jama’a game da shugabanni da tarihi. Haka kuma, suna taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa gwiwar sarki, ko kuma su zamo masu nasiha da tunatarwa ta hanyar waƙa.

Misali, a cikin gidan sarautana Kano ko Zazzau, ba a fara wani taron sarauta ko yanka sallah ba tare da waƙoƙin maƙada ba. Waƙoƙin nan suna ƙarfafa tsarin sarauta da ɗaukaka sarki tare da Ambato ayyukansa da tarihi (Ahmad, 2005). Wani lokaci ma, makaɗa suna amfani da waƙa wajen fallasa miyagun halaye da kuma faɗakar da al’umma.

2.2.3 Hanyoyin da Suka Gaji Sana’arsu

Sana’ar waƙa yawanci ana gadonta ne ta hanyar iyali. Wannan yana nufin cewa yaro zai taso yana koyo daga mahaifinsa ko wani na kusa da shi da ke sana’ar waƙa. Haka kuma, akwai matakai na horo da koyar da dabarun waƙa, kamar:

· Fara rera baitin yara,

· Koyon Karin magana,

· Koyon yadda ake zaƙulo tarihi daga labarai,

· Da kuma ƙwarewa wajen rera waƙa cikin girmamawa da fasaha.

Misali, a cikin iyalanmawaƙi a ƙasar Hausa ana samun iyalai da ake danganta su da waƙoƙin fada kamar Ɗankwairo da Natambaɗa da Aliyu Dandawo da sauransu da kumaNa-Gari a Kano, ko Iyalin Gogo a Katsina, sun shahara wajen rera waƙoƙin sarauta da suka shafi tarihin sarakuna (Yakubu, 2002).

Wasu kuma sun fara ne a matsayin ‘yan kallo ko masu wasa a wajen bikin sarauta, amma daga bisani suka samu horo, har suka zamo manyan maƙada.

3.0 Rawar da Waƙoƙin Makaɗan Gargajiya ke Takawa Wajen Adanawa da Watsa Tarihin Sarakunan Hausa

Waƙoƙin makaɗan gargajiya na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyi na adanawa da watsa tarihin sarakunan Hausa. Makaɗa ba kawai masu nishaɗi ba ne, su masu tarihin baka ne waɗanda ke rayar da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin sarakuna daban-daban, ta hanyar waƙoƙin yabo, faɗakarwa, da tunatarwa, ta hanyoyi jamar haka:

3.1 Bayyana Nasaba da Salsalar Sarauta

Waƙoƙin makaɗa suna bayani dalla-dalla kan nasaba da salsalar sarakuna, daga wanda suka gāje su, har zuwa tarihin zuriyarsu. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ingancin mallakar sarauta da asalin ikon mulki. Misali, a cikin waƙar da makaɗan fada ke rerawa a Daura ko Kano, ana Ambato sunayen sarakuna daga tushe, tare da alaƙantasu da shahararrun kakanninsu kamar Bayajidda, wanda ya kafa daular Hausa (Furniss, 1996).

Jagora :Ko can asalin sarauta Daura,

:Tun Kai’ana tun Lamarudu,

:Tung a Magajiya Daurama,

:Har Umarun Bagadaza da Mulka,

:Da Abdu tsohon sarki.

Y?Amshi :Kwana lafiya mai Daura,

:Jikan Abdu gwauron giwa.

(Mamman Shata. Waƙar Sarkin Daura M. Bashar)

Jagora :Ado san Kano ɗan Abdu,

:Jikan Shehu baban Shehu,

:Mai birnin Kano har daji.

(Mamman Shata. Waƙar Sarkin Kano Ado Bayero)

Waɗannan gunduwowin waƙa suna da muhimmanci ƙwarai wajen tabbatar da salsalar sarauta da kuma nasabar sarakuna r tare wanzuwar tarihin sarauta da sarkunan.

3.2 Bayyana Jarumtaka da Ayyukan Sarakuna

Waƙoƙin makaɗa suna rerawa masu ɗauke da jarumtar sarakuna, nasarorinsu a yaƙe-yaƙe, da abubuwan da suka yi wa jama’a. Wannan yana taimakawa al’umma su fahimci irin gudunmawar da Sarki ya bayar a zamaninsa. Waƙoƙin suna bayyana yadda a wasu lokutan sarakuna sukan fuskanci ƙalubalen mulki tare da kawo zaman lafiya da ci gaba (Ahmad, 2005).

Jagora :Mai nasara bai ɗau wargi ba,

:Toya matsafa uban Alkali,

Haɗeja ba a zuwanki da yaƙi,

:kwaj je Haɗeja inda faɗa ne,

:Mu mun san ajali na far mai.

Alh. Mohd Sarkin Tabshin Katsina. Waƙar Sarkin Haɗeja Haruna)

Jagora :Usman mujaddadi ya kawo addini,

:Cikin ƙasag ga shi,

Y?Amshi :Yah hore mu, muka gane hwarilla,

:Sannan mustahabi.

:Sai Musulmai ka ƙwarewa

:Sai albarka ka komawa.

(Abdu Inna Bakura. Waƙar Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar na III)

Jagora :Tanƙwafau na Mujaddadi Shehu

Y/Amshi :Ba a jam aka tsoro.

(Idi Ɗangiwa Zuru. Waƙar Sarkin Zazzau Alh. Shehu Idris)

Waɗannan gunduwowi da ke sama suna nuni da jarunta da kuma halayen sarakunan ƙasar Hausa. sun kuma ƙara tabbatar da rawar da raƙar da mawaƙan baka suke takawa wajen adana tarihin sarakuna da kuma masarautu.

3.3 Yabo da Kwatanta Halayen Sarakuna

Makaɗa suna amfani da kalaman yabo da kwatanta kyawawan halaye na sarakuna kamar adalci, sadaukarwa, hikima da gaskiya. Wannan yakan zama kamar tsarin nuni ga jama’a cewa sarki mai waɗannan halaye ne ya dace da mulki. Waƙoƙin sukan kwatanta sarki da dodanni, zakuna, ko rowan sama don nuna ƙarfin halinsa.

Jagora :Abdullahi shugaban Dabo,

:Imamuddina Dabon Kanoi,

Y/Amshi :Allah dais hi kyauta maka

Jagora :Dattijo mai halin karama

Y/Amshi :Allah dais hi kyauta maka

Jagora :In an yi batun sarakuna gabas,

:In an faɗi Dabo to ina wani.

(Salisu Jankiɗi. Waƙar Sarkin Kano Abdullahi Bayero)

Jagora :Mun taho Zazzau,

Y/Amshi :Ta yi kyau inda sabon sarki,

:Aminu amincinka nak kai ka ka zama sarki.

(Sarkin Tbshin Katsina Alh Mohd. Waƙar Sarkin Zazzau Aminu Mohd)

A waɗannan misalai ma an ga yadda mawaƙan suke yabon sarakuna kan wasu halayensu na kirki. Haka ya nuna yadda ake amfani da waƙa wajen ƙarfafa shugabanci na gari da bayyana bambancin halayen sarakuna.

3.4 Bayyana Canje-canjen Tarihi a Zamaninsu

Waƙoƙin makaɗa na dauke da labarai kan canje-canjen tarihi da suka faru a zamanin sarakuna, kamar zuwan Turawa, juyin siyasa, ƙaddamar da wasu manyan ayyuka, da sauye-sauyen al’adu. Misali, akwai waƙoƙi da suka bayyana lokacin da Turawa suka karɓi iko a Kano da yadda hakan ya shafi sarautar gargajiya (Usman, 1998).

Jagora :Baba baya ga zamanin, zamunna,

:Baicin zamani na Bature,

:Dubi na yamma baban Shehu,

:Yi nan gabas har teku,

:Mamman mulkinka ne ɗan Umaru,

:Baya ga zamanin Turawa.

Y/Amshi :Kwana lafiya mai Daura,

:Jikan Abdu gwauron giwa.

(Mamman Shata. Waƙar Sarkin Daura M. Bashar)

Wannan gunduwa na nuni ƙarara kan asalin ƙasar Daura da sauyin da zamani ya kawo dangane da wanzuwar mulki a ƙasar Daura da kuma irin sauye-sauyen da zamani ya kawo tun kafin zuwan wasu al’ummu ƙaƙsar Hausa.

4.0 Rawar da Waƙoƙin Makaɗan Gargajiya ke Takawa Wajen Bayyana Nasaba da Jaruntakar Sarakunan Hausa

Waƙoƙin makaɗan gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wanzar da tarihin sarakuna, musamman ta hanyar yabo, bayyana nasaba, jarumtaka, da kuma canje-canje a zamanin mulkinsu. Wannan waƙa ba wai kawai nishaɗi ba ce, illa ma kuwa babban madogara ce ta tarihin al’umma da ke da matuƙar amfani ga masana tarihi da masu adabin baka.

4.1 Bayyana Nasaba da Salsalar Sarauta

Makaɗan gargajiya suna amfani da waƙa wajen bayyana asalin zuriyar sarki, gado da dangantakar mulki daga kaka zuwa jika. Wannan yana taimakawa mutane su gane asalinsu da kuma halaccin sarautar sarki. Misali:

Jagora :Idrisu ya dawo..