Nazarin Kan Kalmomin Lissafi: Duba Zuwa Ga Hausar Masu Sana’ar Sayar Da Shanu A Garin Azare

Citation: Bappha BABANGIDA, Mannir SHEHU &Muhammad Sani USMAN (2025). Nazarin Kan Kalmomin Lissafi: Duba Zuwa Ga Hausar Masu Sana’ar Sayar Da Shanu A Garin Azare. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 13, Number 1. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

NAZARIN KAN KALMOMIN LISSAFI: DUBA ZUWA GA HAUSAR MASU SANA’AR SAYAR DA SHANU A GARIN AZARE

NA

BAPPHA BABANGIDA

MANNIR SHEHU

MUHAMMAD SANI USMAN

Tsakure

Wannan takarda ta ƙunshi bincike a kan sauyawar ma’anar kalmomin lisssafi a bakin masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a garin Azare ta jihar Bauchi. A cikin wannan takarda an fito da irin kalmomin da masu wannan sana’ar suke amfani da su, wajen lissafin kasuwancinsu. An yi amfani da ra’in Sauyi wanda wani Bature mai suna Robins R.H (1964) ya ɗabbaƙa (Transfers of Meaning). Sannan an bi hanyoyin da suka dace, domin neman bayanai waɗanda suka haɗa da hira/tattaunawa da kuma lura. Takardar ta gano wasu daga cikin kalmomin lissafin da suke samun sauyin ma’ana. Daga cikin kalmomin akwai irinsu: riɗa (ɗari), shiri (ashirin), linta, ɗauri, kwasta (takwas), murhu (uku) da kuma ma (goma). Sannan yawancin kalmomin an samu tasirin ɓangarorin da suka shafi kimiyyar harshe kamar shafewa da musaya da sauransu.

1.0 Gabatarwa

Masana da manazarta harshen Hausa da dama musamman waɗanda suka shafin ilmin walwawalar harshe da ma’ana, sun gudanar da rubuce-rubuce dangane da Hausar rukuni, musamman ta masu sana’a wasu daga cikinsu akwai; Yola (2021) da Asiru (2000) da Fagge (2004) Muktar (2002) da Fage (2002) da Wurma (2002) da Zage (2002) da Adamu (2004) da Gandu (2004) da Shafa’atu Usamatu Mahmud (2012) da Maigari (2017) da Yakasai (2004) da Aisha Adamu Umar (2008) da Salima Ahmad (2008) da Aujara (2012) da Yahaya (2012) da Abubakar (2023) da Babangida (2023) da kuma Ramadan 2017. Karin harshen rukuni ya samu ne sanadiyyar banbancin aji da matsayi ko jinsi da muƙami ko kuma sana’o’in da ake samu a cikin zamantakewar al’umma. Kuma ƙarƙashin wannan nau’i na karin harshe ake samun nau’o’i da dama, musamman abin da ya shafi Hausar rukunin jama’a. Wannan takardar ta yi nazarin sauyawar ma’anar kalmomin lissafi a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu ne amma na garin Azare. Takardar ta yi bayani ne bisa yadda waɗannan masu sana’a suke furta kalmominsu na lissafin kuɗi a lokutan sana’ar su. Sa’annan kuma takardar ta yi nazarin irin kalmomin lissafin da suke amfani da su tare da fito da ma’anar su ta asali da kuma sabuwar ma’anar da aka samo.

1.1 Ma’anar Sauyawar Ma’ana

Babangida (2023), ya bayyana sauyawar ma’anar kalmomi da cewa “ta shafi yadda ake samun sabbin kalmomi a harshe, domin kai-tsaye yake shafar rayuwar al’umma. Dalili kuwa shi ne ma’ana ita ce ginshiƙin kowane irin saƙo da ake son isarwa al’umma aba tare da samun wata tangarɗa ko matsala ba, don haka, ana samun sauyin ma’ana a yawancin harsuna”.

Aujaura (2023, sh. 7), bayayana ma’anar ma’ana da cewa “nazarin ma’ana a harshe shi ne yadda za a fahimci dangantakar kalma da abin da take nufi. A duk lokacin da aka ambaci ɗaya daga ciki, dole ne tunanin ɗayan ya zo zuciyar mai magana ko mai sauraro”.

Ɗanzaki (2015:450) na da ra’ayin cewa “sauyin ma’ana hanya ce ta sauyawar ma’anar asali ta kalma inda ake samun sabuwar ma’ana daga tsohuwar ma’ana ta kalma”.

Aujara (2012:77) ya ƙara da cewa “sauyin ma’ana shi ya fi tasiri cikin tsarin rayuwar harshe domin kai tsaye yake shafar rayuwar al’umma. Saboda ma’ana ita ce ginshiƙin kowane irin saƙon da ake son isarwa”.

2.1 Hanyoyin Tattaro Bayanai da Ra’in da aka Ɗora Aikin

Kowane bincike irin na ilimi, ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar bin wasu matakai ayyanannu waɗanda zasu tabbatar da wanzuwarsa, a kuma ɗora shi a kai (Dornyei, 2011, Muhammad, 2017). A wannan bincike an yi amfani da hanyar bincike sharhantau (ƙualitatiɓe research) wajen aiwatar da wannan takarda da ke ƙoƙarin bayyana sauyawar ma’anonin kalmomin lisaafi a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a garin Azare, ta fito da ƙirƙirarrun kalmomi tare da ƙalailaice ma’anarsu. Irin wannan dabara masana irinsu Creswell (2009), Dornyei (2011), Taɓakoli (2012) da Muhammad (2017) sun gudanar da mabambanta bincike ta hanyar ɗora wannan dabara (sharhantau), sun haƙiƙance tare da turjewa a kan wannan dabara. Saboda haka, wannan bincike an ɗora ta ne akan hanyar bincike sharhantau wajen aiwatar da ita.

2.2 Tattaunawa

Na nufin zanatawa ko maganganu tsakanin mai gudanar da bincike da kuma wanda ake bincike akan sa. Hanya ce wadda ake amfani da ita wajen tambayar ma’abocin bincike yana kuma ba da amsa akan abin da aka tambaye shi gwargwadon hali. A wannan bincike da aka gudanar an yi amfani da wannan hanya ta tattaunawa domin neman sahihan bayanai daga wurin nasu gudanar da wannan sana’a ta sayar da shanu a garin Azare, wadda yayin aiwatar da wannan tattaunawa an tambayi waɗanda binciken ya shafa akan yadda suke furta kalmominsu na lissafi, tare da sani da dalilin da ya sa suke amfani da su. An kuma yi tambayoyin ne baki-da-baki ana naɗa a wayar hannu daga baya an mai da shi zuwa takarda, a wasu lokutan kuma akan rubuta da kuma naɗa a tare, domin tabbatr da ingancin ta.

2.3 Lura

Wannan ma dabara ce ta hanyar gudanar da bincike wadda ake yinta ta hanyar kallon ko kiyaye al’amuran da suka shafi bincike kai-tsaye ta hanyar duban majikirta bincike nan take. A wannan takarda an yi amfani da lura, a wasu lukuta domin fahimtar wasu kalmomin lissafi da masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a garin Azare, suke furtawa domin sanin ma’anoninsu.

 3.1 Ra’in Bincike

Wannan bincike da aka gudanar an ɗora shi kan ra’in Sauyin Ma’ana (Transfers of Meaning) wanda wani Bature ɗan ƙasar Amurka mai suna Robins R.H (1964) ya ɗabbaƙa, wanda ra’in yake bayani a kan yadda ake samun sauye-sauye a cikin harshe waɗanda suke faruwa ta la’akari da irin ci gaban da harshe yake samu ta ɓanagren ƙare-ƙere. Haka kuma, sauyarwar ma’anar ta shafi yadda kalmomin harshe ne suke sauyawa da nufin samar da sababbin ma’anoni daga wani rukuni na wata al’umma da take amafni da harshe ɗaya. Takan samu kuma ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kalmar da babu ita, ko kuma faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmar daga tsohuwar kalmar zuwa sabuwar da samar.

3.2 Dangantakar Ra’i da Bincike

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin wannan ra’in da bincike ita ce, binciken an gudanar da shi ne a kan nazarin ma’ana da ƙirƙirar kalmomi, ra’in shi ma yana magana ne a kan yadda ake samun sauyin ma’ana ta hanyar faɗaɗa da ƙirƙirar kalma, wanda Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu suna amfani da waɗannan hanyoyi.

4.0 Kalmomin Lissafi a Hausar Masu Sana’ar Sayar da Shanu a Garin Azare

Kalmomin lissafi, kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su domin aiwatar da kasuwanci musamman ɓangaren da shafi cinikayya ta kuɗi. Masu sana’ar sayar da shan u kamar sauran sana’o’i suna amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomi. Sai dai nasu kalmomin ma’anarsu ta sha bamban da na daidaitacciyar Hausa, wasu kuma an samu canje-canje da suka shafi kimiyyar harshe, irinsu musaya da sharewa da naso da sauransu.

4.1 Ma’anar Lisssafi

Ƙamusun Hausa (2006, sh. 280), ya bayyana ma’anar lissafi da cewa “kalma ce da take bayani akan ƙidaya ko lissafi na adadin wani abu, kamar kuɗi ko tufafi da sauransu.

Lissafi ya shafi yadda ake iya auna ko mizanin abu, wanda yake iya tantance yawa ko adadin abin da ake son ƙidaya wa. Bisa irin wannan dalili ya sa Bahaushe kan ce mutum yana da lissafi. Wato kenan lissafi abu ne mai kyau da yake tabbatar da gaskiya ko sahihancin abu.

4.2 Kalmomin Da Suka Shafi Lissafin Kuɗi

Kalmomin da suka shafi lissafin kuɗi a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a garin, kalmomi ne da suke zuwa a wakiltar kuɗi a Hausar yau da kullum. Suna amfani da kalmomin ne domin karya harshe a tsakaninsu, domin wanda baya cikinsu kar ya fahimci me suke nufi. Har ila yau, suna sadar da junansu a harƙoƙinsu na kasuwa kuma suna fahimtar me suke faɗa. Wasu daga cikin kamomin kamar yadda suke amfani da su ne kamar haka a jadawalin da ke biye a ƙasa:

4.3. Lissafin Ƙananan Kuɗi

Waɗannan kalmomi da ke ƙasa, kalmomi ne waɗanda masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a garin Azare suke amafani da su wajen bayyana ƙananan kuɗi daga naira ɗaya zuwa naira ɗari biyar.

 

Lamba	Ma’anar Hausar Masu Sana’ar Sayar Da Shanu a Garin Azare	Ma’anar Kalmomin a Daidaitacciyar Hausa
01.	Má	Naira goma
02.	Shíirí/ɗân-kánóo	Naira ashirin
03.	Líntàa	Naira talatin
04.	Yàríi/síhán	Naira biyar
05.	Kwái	Bakwai/naira bakwai
06.	Ráatá	Tara/naira tara
07.	Ríɗáa-yàríi	Naira ɗari biyar
08.	Fítá-dá- yàríi	Naira hamsin
09.	Búutà-dá-fítá-dá-yàríi	Naira ɗari biyu da hamsin
10.	Búutà	Naira ɗari biyu
11.	Támáa	Naira tamanin
12.	Cáasàa	Naira casa’in
13.	Ríɗáa	Naira ɗari
14.	Kwástà	Takwas/naira takwas
15.	Dáshì	Shida
16.	Ɗíhù	Huɗu
17.	Múrhù	Uku
18.	Yú	Biyu

 

4.3.2. Lissafin Dubu-dubu

A wannan waje an kawo lissafi ne wanda ya shafi dubu-dubu, ma’ana daga kan naira dubu ɗaya zuwa sama da haka, kamar yadda yake a ƙasa.

Lamba	Sunan Kuɗi a Hausar Masu Sana’ar Sayar Da Shanu a Garin Azare	Ma’anar Kalmomin a Daidaitaciyar Hausa
19.	Ɗáurí	Naira dubu
20.	Jákà-má	Naira dubu biyu
21.	Ríɗáa-yàríi	Naira dubu ɗari biyar
22.	Ríɗáa-múrhù	Naira dubu ɗari uku
23.	Dúbùu-má	Dubu goma
24.	Dúbùu-ráatá	Dubu tara
25.	Dúbùu-kwástà	Dubu takwas
26.	Dúbùu-kwái	Dubu bakwai
27.	Dúbùu-dáshì	Dubu shida
28.	Dúbùu-ɗíhù	Dubu huɗu
29.	Dúbùu-múrhù	Dubu uku
30.	Dúbùu-yú	Dubu biyu
31.	Dúbùu-támáa	Dubu tamanin
32.	Dúbùu-búutà	Naira dubu ɗari biyu.

 

33. Jákà-má: Jaka wata aba ce da ake amfani da ita wajen saka kaya ko wani abu domin suturta shi ma kuma bata da wata ma’ana a Hausa, amma masu sana’ar sayar da shanu sun sauya ma’anar kalmar da nufin naira dubu biyu domin ɓadda bami ga wanda baya cikin sana’ar.

 34. Ríɗáa-yàríi: Yari wani abu ne da ya shafi adon mata, riɗa kuwa bata da wata ma’ana. Amma masu sana’ar sayar da shanu suka ba ta ma’ana wajen lissafinsu na kuɗi da cewa dubu ɗari biyar.

a.  Dúbùu-má: Wannan kuma lissafi ne da suke yi mai ɗauke da ma’anar naira dubu goma, ya yin da suke yin wannan lissafi ba a fahimtar me suke nufi sai wanda yake cikin rukuninsu.

36. Dúbùu-ráatá: Wannan ma lissafin kuɗi ne da suke nufin naira dubu tara, wanda idan aka duba ma’anar kalmar rata tana nufin tazara da ake samu a tsakanin wani abu. Amma suka sauya mata ma’ana ta hanyar ɗauko gabar ƙarshe ta dawo farko domin amfaninsu.

37. Dúbùu-kwástà: Wannan kalma kuma tana nufin naira dubu takwas a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a ƙasar Katagum ta yadda suka mata kwaskwarima ta hanyar ɗauko gaɓar farko ta koma ƙarshe.

38. Dáurí: Ɗauri na nufin kulle wani abu da zare ko wata igiya, amma masu sana’ar sayar da shanu suka bata sabuwar ma’ana da nufin lissafin kuɗi mai ɗauke da ma’anar naira dubu.

39. Dúbùu-kwái: Kwai kalma ce da bata da wata ma’ana, amma masu sana’ar sayar da shanu suna amfani da ita wajen kiran naira dubu bakwai a ya yin gudanar da harƙoƙin ksuwancinsu.

40. Dúbùu-dáshì: Dashi kalma ce mai ɗauke da ma’anar adashe da ake yi ta hanyar tara kuɗin mutane a bawa wani duk sati ko wata, amma a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu tana nufin naira dubu shida. Sun samar da wannan kalma ce ta hanyar sauya gaɓar farko ta koma gaba domin biyan buƙatarsu ta kasuwanci. Sun kuma ɗauko gaɓar farko ta koma gaba wato musayar gurbi kenan.

41. Dúbùu-ɗíhù: Kalmar ɗihu kalma ce ƙirƙirarriya wanda bata da wata ma’ana, amma masu sana’ar sayar da shanu sun bata ma’ana da nufin huɗu idan aka haɗata da dubu kuma ta koma naira dubu huɗu ta lissafin kuɗi.

42. Dúbùu-yú: Wannan kalma ta dubu-yu, kalma ce wacce take da ma’anar naira dubu biyu a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu. Ya yin da suka yi amfani da dabarar shafewa domin samar da kalmar, yadda suka shafe ‘bi’ suka bar gaɓar ‘yu’.

43. Dúbùu-támáa: Dubu lissafin kuɗi ne, tama kuwa dabarar shafewa aka yi amfani da ita domin samar da wata kalma ta daban a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a ƙasar Katagum. Suna amfani da wannan kalma ce da nufin naira dubu tamanin na lissafin kuɗin a yayin gudanar da harƙoƙin kasuwancinsu.

44. Dúbùu-búutà: Wannan kalma kuma a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu tana nufin naira dubu ɗari biyu na lissafin kuɗi. Amma a daidaitacciyar Hausa dubu lissafin kuɗi kamar yadda yake, yayin da buta kuma take ɗauke da ma’anar abin da ake amfani da ita wajen alwala ko zagawa bayan gida domin wata buƙata.

45. Ráatá: Kalmar rata tana nufin tazara da ake samu tsakanin wani abu da wani. Amma a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a ƙasar Katagum tana nufin naira tara ta lissafin kuɗi.

46. báyi-tá-Állah: Bayi-ta-Allah wata nau’in tsuntsuwa ce da ake samu a daji ko a gida wadda ake iya cin namanta. Amma a wurin masu sana’ar sayar da shanu suna amafani da ita a matsayin naira biyar.

47. Fítá-dá-yàríi: Wannan kalma harɗaɗɗiya ce wadda take nufin naira hamsin a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a ƙasar Katagum. Wadda asalin fita tana nufin baro wani abu, yari kuma wani abin ado ne na mata.

48. Búutà: Buta kuwa wata a bace da ake amfani da ita wajen yin alwala. Amma masu sana’ar sayar da shanu sun bata ma’ana da nufin naira ɗari biyu na lissafin kuɗi.

4.4 Shafewa/Datsewa

Wasu kalmomin a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a garin Azare suna samuwa ne ta hanyar shafe wata gaɓa daga cikin wata kalma wadda take da ma’ana a Harshen Hausa. Shafewa wata dabara ce da ake amfani da ita domin samar da wata kalma ta hanyar datse wani ɓangaren gaɓar kalmar. Wasu daga cikin kalmomin da masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a ƙasar Katagum suke amfani da su waɗanda suka shafi datsewa sun haɗa da;

49. má: A wannan lissafi an samu datsewa ne na kalmar, asali kalmar tana nufin naira goma ne a harshen Hausa, sai masu sana’ar sayar da shanu suka datse gaɓa ta biyu domin samar da tasu kalmar, duk da cewa ma’anar bata canza ba.

50. gáná: A wannan kalma ta gana wadda a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu take ɗauke da ma’anar magana. Ita ma sun shafe gaɓar ‘ma’ ne mai ɗauke da ma’anar magana ta koma gana a wajensu domin sadar da junansu.

51. shíirí: Asalin wannan kalma tana nufin lissafi ne na ashirin. Har ila yau, a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu ma’anarta tana nan sai dai sun yi amfani da dabarar shafewa ne domin samar da tasu kalmar, ya yin da suka shafe baƙin ‘a’, ta koma shiri maimakon ashirin.

52. kwái: Masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a ƙasar Katagum sun samar da wannan kalma ce ta hanyar datse gaɓar farko domin samar da lissafin kuɗi na kalmar bakwai. Anan sun shafe ‘ba’ ne daga kalmar bakwai ta koma kwai, wadda kuma suka barta da ma’anar ta asali sai dai sun sauya mata tsari ne.

53. támáa: Kalmar tama ita ma lissafin kuɗi ce wadda take nufin tamanin a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu. Amma asalin kalmar sun datseta ne ta gaba, ta hanyar shafe ɗafin ‘nin’ dake gaban kalmar wadda take ɗauke da tama da nin ta ba da lissafin kuɗi na tamanin a Hausa, suma a wurinsu ma’anarta ta tamanin tana nan sai dai datseta da suka yi kawai.

54. cáasàa: Ita ma kalmar casa a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu tana nufin casa’in, wadda suka datse ɗafin ‘in’ domin samar da sabuwar ma’ana tasu ta daban. Asalin kalmar daman casa’in ce ta lissafin kuɗi sai suka datseta daga casa+in ta koma casa.

55. yú: Wannan kalmar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu sun shafe gaɓa ta farko ne, wadda asalinta daga kalmar lissafi ce mai ɗauke da ma’anar ‘biyu’ sai suka sauyata ta hanyar datse ‘bi’ ta koma ‘yu’ da kuma zaman ma’anar a matsayin biyu na lissafi.

4.5 Musayar Gurbi

Sani (2007) ya bayyana musayar gurbi da cewa “lamari ne yadda sautika biyu na kalma suke musaya muhalli a junansu ba tare da jirkita ma’anar wannan kalma ba. Ma’ana sautin wannan wuri ke komawa, na wancan wuri kuma ya komo nan”.

Musayar gurbi na nufin yadda ake samun sauyawar sautika ko wani baki ba tare da ma’anar kalma ta jirkita ba. A Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a ana samun irin wannan lamari, sai dai wanda baya cikinsu ba lalle ya fahimci abin da suke nufi ba. Suna ɗaukar gaɓar farko su mai da ta zuwa gaba ko ta ƙarshe ta koma ta farko, duk suna yi ne domin samar da ma’anar kalmomin da suke amfani da su a haƙarsu ta kasuwanci.

56. ráatá: Ita ma wannan kalma an yi amfani da musayar gurbi ne, wadda asalinta tana ɗauke da ma’anar tara ta lissafi sai masu sana’ar sayar da shanu suka sauya fasalinta ta hanyar ɗauko gaɓar ƙarshe ta dawo farko domin amfanin kansu. Amma ma’anarta ta na nan a matsayin tara ta lissafin kuɗi da aka santa.

Ta+ra=tara sai ta koma ra+ta=rata

57. rídáa: Har ila yau, wannan kalma an yi amfani da ilmin musayar gurbi ne domin samar da ita a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a ƙasar Katagum wadda take nufin ɗari a wajensu. Yayin da ma’anarta ta asali tana nufin reɗe fatar wani abu kamar dabba da sauransu.

Ɗa+ri=ɗari sai ta koma ri+ɗa=riɗa

58. dáshì: Kalmar dashi ma musayar gurbi aka samu na gaɓar ‘shi’ ta koma ƙarshe maimakon farko da take a asalinta a daidaitacciyar Hausa. Masu sana’ar sayar da shanu suna amfani da wannan dabara ce domin ɓadda-bami yayin gudanar da kasuwancinsu na yau da kullum.

Shi+da=shida sai ta koma da+shi=dashi

59. kwástà: Kwasta ma kalmar lissafin kuɗi ce wadda take ɗauke da ma’anar takwas a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu. An sauya gaɓar farko ‘ta’ ta koma gaba maimakon zamanta a farko yadda take domin samar da kalma tasu mai zaman kanta a cikin kalmomin da su ke amfani da su a yayin gudanar da sana’arsu ta sayar da shanu.

Ta+kwas=takwas sai ta koma kwas+ta=takwas

60. díhù: Wannan kalma ta ɗihu ita ma an yi amfani da ilmin musayar gurbi domin bata ma’ana a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu. Asalin kalmar ta lissafi ce wacce take nufin huɗu, ta yadda aka sauya gaɓar farko ta ‘hu’ ta koma gaba sannan ta biyu ‘ɗu’ aka mata musayar ‘u’ da ‘i’.

5.1 Kammalwa

Wannan takarda ta yi bayani ne dangane da abin da shafi kalmomin lissafi a Hausar masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a garin Azare, takardar ta gano cewa masu sana’ar sayar da shanu a garin Azare suna amfani da wata Hausa ta musamman, wadda suke sanar da junansu yayin gudanar da kasuwancinsu, wadda in mutum baya cikinsu ba lalle ya fahimci me suke nu fi ba. Sannan binciken da aka gudanar ya zama jagora ga mai nazarin harshe musamman Hausar rukuni ɓangaren walwalar harshe.

 

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