Nau’o’in Kama-Dafì (Clitics) Da Ayyukansa a Harshen Hausa (The Types of Clitics and their Functions in Hausa Language)

Cite this article as: Bashir, A., & Muhammad, I. A. (2025). Nau’o’in kàmà-Ɗáfì (clitics) da ayyukansa a harshen Hausa (The types of clitics and their functions in Hausa language). Sokoto Journal of Linguistics and Communication Studies (SOJOLICS), 1(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.36349/sojolics.2025.v01i02.001

NAU’O’IN KÀMÀ-ƊÁFÌ (CLITICS) DA AYYUKANSA A HARSHEN HAUSA (THE TYPES OF CLITICS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN HAUSA LANGUAGE)

By:

Abdullahi Bashir

abdullahi.bashir@fugusau.edu.ng

Department of Languages and Cultures

Faculty of Humanities, Federal University Gusau

&

Professor Isah Abdullahi Muhammad

amisah2007@yahoo.com

Department of Nigerian Languages

Faculty of Arts, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto

Abstract

This article analyses the various types and functions of clitics in Hausa grammar. It has been observed that there are different types of clitics in the world’s languages. However, some students and researchers could not identify them in Hausa. That is why this article focuses on tracing such categories and their examples from the Hausa language, to understand them. The model of Spencer & Lius (2012) was adopted in this research, as it studies the rules of language and differentiates between the grammatical categories of the world’s languages that are related to each other. Similarly, this model was used to categorize types of clitics in certain languages. This research focuses on investigating some types of clitics in the Hausa language, such as proclitics, interclitics, enclitics, and special clitics. The article also gives some examples of enclitics that can be found in some Hausa dialects, particularly in the Kano dialect,as kawas from kawar, mas from masa, and kasai from kashe shi, tasai from tashe shi in the Sokoto dialect,etc.Finally, the paper finds the importance of clitics in word formation and meaning extension in Hausa grammar, such as in pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, possessives, negation, numerals, etc. It also differentiates between gender and number morphologically.

Keywords: Morphology, Clitics,Hausa Language, Grammar

Tsakure

Wannan maƙala ta yi nazari ne a kan nau’o’in kama-ɗafi da ayyukansa a nahawun Hausa. An lura da cewa, akwai nau’o’in kama-ɗafi mabambanta da ake samu a harsunan duniya. Sai dai ba kasafai ne ɗalibai da masu nazari suke iya tantance su a Hausa ba. Wannan dalili ne ya sa, wannan maƙala ta mayar da hankali wajen tsamo irin waɗannan nau’o’i da suka shafi harshen Hausa tare da misalai, ta yadda za a fahimci tsarin nau’o’in kama-ɗafi da ayyukansa a Hausa. An yi amfani da hanyar tattara bincike ta ƙananan hanyoyi, inda aka nazarci wasu littattafai da kundayen bincike da kuma wasu maƙalu da suka shafi wannan maƙala kai tsaye ko kaikaice. An ɗora wannan aikin bincike a kan hanyar ɗora aiki ta (Spencer da Lius, 2012), wadda take nazarin dokokin harshe, da bambance tsakanin wasu ɓangarorin nahawu masu alaƙa da juna, a harsunan duniya. Sannan, an yi amfani da ita wajen rarrabe nau’o’in kama-ɗafi (Clitics) a wasu harsunan duniya. Wannan bincike, ya yi hasashen gano wasu nau’o’in kama-ɗafi da ake da su a Hausa. Kamar; kama-ɗafin goshi, kama-ɗafin tsakiya, kama-ɗafin ƙeya da kuma kama-ɗafi na musamman. Har ila yau, an zayyano wasu misalai, a nau’o’in kama-ɗafin ƙeya da ake samu a wasu kare-karen harsuna na Hausa, musamman a cikin kalmomin karin harshen Kananci, kamar; kwanas daga kwanar da kasai daga kashe shi, a karin harshen Sakkwatanci da sauransu. Daga ƙarshe, maƙalar ta fito da muhimmancin kama-ɗafi, watau ta fuskar samar da kalmomi da kuma faɗaɗa ma’ana a nahawun Hausa, Misali; yakan yi tasiri a cikin kalmomin suna da wakilin suna da aikatau da sifa da bayanau da nasaba da mallaka da korewa da ƙirgau. Sannan yakan bambance tsakanin jinsi da adadi da sauransu.

Muhimman Kalmomi: Ilimin ƙirarkalma, Kama-ɗafi, Harshen Hausa, Nahawu

 

1. Gabatarwa

A cikin ilimin ƙirar kalma, akan sami wasu rukunin kalmomi waɗanda suka yi kama da cikkakiyar kalma, sai dai ba su iya cin gashin-kansu. A maimakon haka, sukan rataya ne da wasu kalmomi masu maƙwabtaka da su, kuma irin waɗanan su ake kira da kàmàa-ɗáfìi^[1], kuma akan same su ne a mafi yawan harsunan duniya (Spencer da Lius, 2012). Misali, a harshen Ingilishi, akwai; I’m, she’s, your’s, didn’t, shouldn’t (Zwicky, 1977) da (Anderson, 2005) da (Spencer da Lius, 2012). Sai a Fulfulde; ka, ki, kol, ɗe (Ahmed, 2019 da Umar, 2019). Sai a Hausa, akwai; wa, s, ja, je, daèmȉda makamantansuwaɗanda (Bature, 1992) da (Yalwa, 2016) da (Gwammaja, 2019) da (Gladday,2024) suka kawo a cikin ayyukansu.

Bayani a kan kama-ɗafi yana ɗaya daga cikin bayanan da suke ƙunshe a cikin ilimin nahawu, kuma lamarinsa ya shafi ilimin ƙirar kalma a harshe. Sai dai an lura cewa, akwai ƙarancin ayyukan da suka yi bayani a wannan fanni, musamman a harshen Hausa. Kama-ɗafi ya kasance wata kalma wadda a da akan yi la’akari da ita a matsayin ɗafi cikin taron kalmomi (Sugayama da Hudson, 2006). Saboda haka, za a iya bayyana kama-ɗafi  a matsayin wata ƙwayar ma’ana, wadda take aiki a tsakanin kalmomi da jumloli wajen faɗaɗa ma’anar kalma ko yankin jumla ko ita kanta jumla.

Kama-ɗafi yana zuwa ne liƙe a gefen hagu na kalma duk da cewa, a wasu lokutan yana canzawa, inda yakan iya bayyana a gefenta na dama ko kuma a tsakiya. Har ila yau, a wasu lokuta, kama-ɗafi yakan jingina ne a jikin kalmomi, watau, inda yakan dogara da wata kalma a cikin jumla ko wani yanki nata, da nufin samar da ƙarin ma’ana. A nan, kama-ɗafin goshi ‘proclitic’ yana samuwa ne a sakamakon zuwan wata kalma ko yankin jumla a gabansa domin samar da ma’ana, a yayin da kama-ɗafin tsakiya (Inter Clitic) yakan bayyana ne a tsakiyar wata kalma ko a tsakanin gaɓoɓinta.

Shi kuwa, kama-ɗafin ƙeya ‘enclitics’ yana zuwa ne a lokacin da wata kalma ko ƙwayar ma’ana ta gabace shi, kamar a cikin kalmomin suna da sifa da aikatau da kuma bayanau da sauransu.Sannan akwai, kama-ɗafi na musamman (SpecialClitics) wanda yake zuwa da wata halayya ta musamman, a dalilin datsewar kalma (clipping), da kuma inda yake aiki da matsayi irin na ɗafi, sannan a wasu wurare ya yi aiki a matsayin kalma.Watau dai, kama-ɗafi na musamman yakan iya zuwa da hallaya iri biyu ke nan.Kasancewar kama-ɗafi a matsayin wata ƙwayar ma’ana wadda akan samu liƙe ko jingine a jikin kalmomi ko gurbin kalma, inda takan yi aiki a tsakanin kalmomi da jumloli a harshen Hausa, don fito da cikakkiyar ma’ana a nahawu. Za a iya cewa, kama-ɗafi yakan taimaka wajen bunƙasa harshe ta hanyar samar da ƙarin baƙin kalmomi a rumbun kalmomin Hausa.

2. Ma’anar Kama-Ɗafi (Clitics)

Mabambantan masana sun bayyana ra’ayoyinsu dangane da ma’anar kama-ɗafi a fahimtarsu daban-daban, musamman a fagen nazarin ilimin kimiyyar harshe da kuma ilimin ƙirar kalma. Irin waɗannan ra’ayoyi da masanan suka bayar, sun haɗa da:Aronoff da Fudeman (2005, sh. 388) littafi ne da aka bayyana ma’anar kama-ɗafi kamar haka:

“Clitics are morphemes that behave syntactically as words, but unlike words, cannot stand alone phonologically and must be incorporated into the prosodic structure of an adjacent word.”

Fassarar Marubuci:

Kama-Ɗafi wasu ƙwayoyin ma’ana ne da sukan yi aiki a cikin jumla tamkar kalmomi, sai dai ba su iya cin gashin-kansu ta fuskar furuci, har sai sun dogara da wata kalma da take kusa da su.

Haspelmath da Sims (2010, sh. 322) bincike ne da aka bayar da ma’anar kama-ɗafi a cikinsa kamar haka:

“Clitic is a bound word-form, i.e, a word form that is prosodically dependent on a host”.

Fassarar Marubuci:

Kama-ɗafi, wani abu ne turkakke, mai zuwa da sigar gaɓa-gaɓa irin na kalma. Kuma yakan dogara ne da gurbin wata kalma da take kusa da shi.

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin Bauer (2004, sh. 30-31), an fassara kalmar kama-ɗafi a matsayin:

“A Clitic is an element that has some of the features of a word and some of an inflectional affix”.

Fassarar Marubuci:

Kama-ɗafi wani abu ne da yake ɗauke da wasu siffofi irin na kalma da kuma wasu siffofi masu kama da na ɗafi.

Har ila yau, Bauer (2004, sh. 326-327), aiki ne da aka bayyana ma’anar kama-ɗafi a harshen Ingilishi, kamar haka:

“A Clitic is an obligatoryboundmorpheme which is intermediate between an affix and a word.”

Fassarar Marubuci:

Kamaa-Ɗafi wata turkakkiyar ƙwayar ma’ana ce, wadda ta kasance a tsakanin ɗafi da kalma.

Sannan kuma, Haspelmath (2023, sh. 2), littafi ne da aka bayyana ma’anar kama-ɗafí da cewa:

“A clitic is a bound morpheme that is neither an affix nor a root.”

Fassarar Marubuci:

Kama-ɗafi wata turkakkiyar ƙwayar ma’ana ce da ta kasance, ita ba ɗafi ba kuma ba saiwar kalma ba.

Saboda haka, idan aka lura da kyau a nan, za a ga yadda kama-ɗafi ya ɗauki wani matsayi na daban, inda ya kasance a tsakanin ɗafi da saiwar kalma ta fuskar ma’ana, watau dai bai kasance ɗaya daga cikinsu ba, kamar yadda aka yi bayani a cikin Haspelmath (2023, sh. 2).

Dangane da waɗannan ma’anoni da masana suka bayar, za a iya cewa, kama-ɗafi wata ƙwayar ma’ana ce turkakkiya mai zuwa liƙe a jikin kalma, ko ta jingina da ita. Domin kuwa, ko a harshen Hausa, kama-ɗafi yakan dogara ne da wata kalma ko kalmomi wajen samar da ƙarin ma’ana.

Sannan kuma, kama-ɗafi yakan zo ne a tsakanin kalmomi ta fuskar tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla, wani lokaci ma har a fagen ilimin ma’ana. Haka kuma, akan sami kama-ɗafi ne liƙe ko jingine a jikin gurbin kalma ko kalmomi, (host) a farko, ko a tsakiya, ko kuma a ƙarshe.

2.1  Nau’o’in Kama-Ɗafi a Hausa

Kama-ɗafi yana da nau’o’i dangane da muhallin da yakan bayyana a tsakanin kalmomi, watau ko dai ya zo a farko, ko a tsakiya, ko kuma a ƙarshen kalma. Duk da cewa, za a iya samun kama-ɗafin a cikin jumla ta fuskar ayyukansa a nahawu. Ga ire-iren kama-ɗafi  kamar haka:

2.1.1 Kama-Ɗafin Goshi (Proclitic)

Kama-Ɗafin-Goshi (ProClitics) yana nufin kama-ɗafin da yake zuwa a farko, watau a gefen hagu na kalma, inda yakan kasance liƙe a jikin tushen kalma, ko kuma ya jingina da ita. Watau ta yadda yakan dogara ga kalmar da take gabansa ko bayansa. Bugu da ƙari, wannan wani nau’i ne na kama-ɗafi, wanda yakan zo a gefen hagu na kalma, inda yakan kasance liƙe a jikinta ko kuma raɓe a gefenta ta yadda sai ya dogara da ita wajen fitar da ma’ana, ko yankin jumla ko kuma jumlar ita kanta. Ga jerin wasu misalai kamar haka:

Jadawali Na I

Lamba	Kama-Ɗafi	Kalma	Ajin Kalma
1.	na-	nà’allah	suna
2.	ta-	tàsallah	Suna
3.	ɗan-	ɗángambo	suna
4.	‘yar-	‘yár’aduwa	suna
5.	mai-	máikano	suna
6.	ci-	cîwake	suna
7.	sa-	sâɗaka	suna
8.	ƙi-	ƙîgudu	suna
9.	ba-	bâduhu	suna
10.	ta-	tà taga	bayanau
11.	da-	dàsafe	bayanau
12.	na-	nà goma	ƙirgau
13.	sau-	sâu biyu	ƙirgau
14.	na-	náwa	mallaka

Waɗannan su ne misalan da suke ɗauke da kama-ɗafin goshi, wanda yake zuwa a farkon gurbin kalma ko kuma ya dogara a gare ta wajen samar da ma’ana a harshe, watau gurbinta na gefen hagu kamar yadda aka gani a wannan jaddawali da yake sama.

2.1.2  Kama-Ɗafin Tsakiya (Inter Clitic)

Wannan shi ne wanda yakan zo a tsakiyar kalma ko a tsakanin kalmomi biyu da nufin bayar da ma’ana ɗaya cikakkiya. Wannan nau’i na kama-ɗafi yana iya zuwa a mtsayin tilon ƙwayar ma’ana (-r, -n,) ko kuma ya zo da sigar gaɓa ɗaya kamar; (-na-, -ta-, -da- da sauransu). Sannan kuma, shi wannan nau’i yana zuwa ne a tsakiyar kalma ko kuma a tsakanin kalmomi biyu na cikin jumla ko yankin jumla. Ga misalai a cikin wannan jaddawali kamar haka:

Jadawali Na II

Lamba	Kama-Ɗafin Tsakiya	Kalma	Ajin Kalma
1.	-ɗan-	waɗánsu	mafayyaci
2.	-ɗan-	waɗàncan	nunau
3.	-da-	Kaudàbara	suna
4.	-da-	koko dàƙosai	harɗaɗɗen suna
5.	-na-	keke nà Audu	doguwar mallaka
6.	-ta-	Riga tà Audu	doguwar mallaka
7.	-sha-	góoma shâ uku	Ƙirga
8.	-da-	talatin dà ɗaya	Ƙirgau
9.	-da-	Komai-dà-ruwanka	Suna

A nan, an kawo misalan kama-ɗafin tsakiya ne, wanda ake samu a tsakiyar kalma ko kuma a tsakanin kalma da kalma, a cikin jumla ko yankin jumla. Watau, yakan dogara ne da waɗannan kalmomi ko ƙwayoyin ma’ana biyu da suke a gefensa na hagu da kuma dama.

2.1.3  Kama-Ɗafin Ƙeya (Enclitic)

Kama-ɗafin-Ƙeya (EnClitics) wani nau’in kama-ɗafi ne da yakan zo a ƙarshen kalma, watau akan taras da shi ne liƙe a jikin kalma ko kuma ya raɓu da ita. Sannan, ƙwayar ma’ana ce turkakkiya wadda takan dogara da wata kalma, da nufin fito da wata cikakkiyar ma’ana, ta hanyar ƙirar kalma. Har ila yau, Kama-ɗafin ƙeya shi ne, wanda yake zuwa a gefen dama na kalma, watau zai iya zuwa liƙe ko jingine a ƙarshenta. Sai dai duk da haka, yakan dogara ne da ita wajen fitar da ma’ana. Ga wasu misalan kama-ɗafin ƙeya kamar haka:

Jadawali Na III

Lamba	Kama-Ɗafi	Kalma	Ajin Kalma
1.	-da	zubar dà	aikatau
2.	-wa	zaunawá	suna-aikatau
3.	-je	majé	suna
4.	-ja	Abujà	suna
5.	-ja	Sulejà	suna
6.	-ni	Uwanì	suna

Su kuwa waɗannan misalai da suke sama, su ne suke nuna kama-ɗafin ƙeya a jikin kalmomin Hausa. Kuma shi ne wanda yake zuwa a ƙarshen kalma, watau a gurbinta na gefen dama. Kamar yadda aka gani a wannan jaddawali da aka kawo a sama.

2.2.  Kama-Ɗafi na Musamman (Special Clitic)

Kama-Ɗafi na musamman shi ne wanda yakan zo shi kaɗai, watau ta hanyar liƙa shi ko jingina shi jikin wani tushen kalma. Haka kuma, yakan iya dogara da wata kalma. Sannan, yawancin kama-ɗafi na musamman, yakan zo ne a dalilin yankewar wata gaɓa ta kalma don a taƙaita tsawonta, watau dai ta hanyar gutsure kalma (clipping). Ga wasu misalai kamar haka:

Jadawali Na IV

Lamba	Kama-Ɗafi	Kalma	Ajin Kalma
1.	je	tafi	aikatau
2.	ba	babu	korewa
3.	mai (da)	mayar da	aikatau
4.	san (da)	sa’ar da	bayanau
5.	ran (da)	ranar da	bayanau
6.	sha	Sa	ƙirgau
7.	da	a tara da	ƙirgau
8.	-r	Ta	wakilin suna
9.	-n	Na	wakilin Suna

 

Haka kuma, an kawo misalan kama-ɗafi na musamman a wannan jaddawali da yake sama, watau wanda akan samu a dalilin datse-kalma ko kuma taƙaita kalma dangane da ilimin ƙirar kalma. Duk da cewa, ba kasafai akan yi amfani da su, a cikin rubutun yau-da-kullum ba, sai dai ta fuskar furuci a harshen Hausa.

Sannan, wani babban abin lura dangane da kama-ɗafi na musamman shi ne, yadda yake aiki da matsayi irin na ɗafi, sannan wasu wurare ya yi aiki a matsayin kalma. Misali;

Rigar Ali ce (a nan, kama-ɗafì ya yi aiki irin na ɗafi, domin kuwa ya zo liƙe a jikin kalma).

Riga ta Ali ce (a nan kuwa, ya yi aiki irin na kalma, ya zo a ware, tsakanin kalmomi biyu).

Sai dai duk da haka, bai iya cin gashin kansa, sai ya dogara da wata kalma da take gefensa na hagu ko dama domin fitar da ma’ana. Wannan wata halayya ce ta musamman ga kama-ɗafi.

3. AyyukanKama-Ɗafia Hausa

Haƙiƙa, idan aka yi la’akari da ra’ayoyin masana kamar; Zwicky (1977) da Bature(2001) da Bauer (2004, sh.326-327) da Anderson (2005) da Aronoff da Fudeman (2005, sh. 388) daHaspelmath da Sims (2010, sh.322)da(Spencer da Lius, 2012)da Yalwa(2016)daAhmed (2019) da Gwammaja (2019)da Gladday (2024)duk za a ga yadda suka yi bayani a kan ma’anar kama-ɗafi (clitics). Duk da cewa, ita wannan maƙala tana bayani ne a kan nau’o’in kama-ɗafi da ayyukansa. Sai dai bitar ayyukan nasu ya ba da haske wajen gano nau’o’in kama-ɗafi a Hausa, inda za a iya danganta ayyukan kama-ɗafiga tasirin da ƙwayoyin ma’ana (morphemes) suke yi a jikin kalma ko cikin jumla. Watau, muhimmancin da waɗannan ƙwayoyin ma’ana suke da shi, wajen gina kalma ko jumla a nahawun harsunan duniya, musamman inda kama-ɗafi yakan haɗu da wata ƙwayar ma’ana ko kuma tushen kalma wajen samar da wata cikakkiyar kalma mai ma’ana a harshe. Haka kuma, yakan sadar da kalmomi biyu da nufin haifar da wata sabuwar ma’ana, musamman a cikin jumla ko wani yanki na jumla.

A ƙarƙashin wannan, za a iya cewa, kama-ɗafi yakan yi tasiri a tsakanin kalmomi, kamar yadda aka yi bayani cewa, wani lokaci ma sukan bayyana ne a cikin wasu jumloli na Hausa, a matsayin ƙwayar ma’ana ko kuma cikakkiyar kalma. Misali;

i.                    Saɗaka (Kama-ɗafin goshi, matsayin aikatau, liƙe a farkon kalmar suna)

ii.                  dàsafe (Kama-ɗafin goshi, matsayin mahaɗi, jingine a farkon kalmar bayanau)

iii.                nà goma (Kama-ɗafin goshi, matsayin suna, liƙe a farkon kalmar ƙirgau)

iv.                Auren fa ya yi ƙarko (Kama-ɗafin tsakiya cikin jumla, mai nuna ƙarfafawa ga Aikau)

v.                   Waɗancan yaran sun kwashe kayan (Kama-ɗafin ƙeya, nunau a jikin kalmar mafayyaci, a cikin yankin suna na jumla)

vi.                Riga ta Lado (Kama-ɗafin tsakiya, mai nuna mallaka a cikin jumla)

vii.              Uwani ta tafi garinsu (Kama-ɗafin ƙeya, matsayin wakilin suna, liƙe a kalmar suna)

viii.            Koko da ƙosai (Kama-ɗafin tsakiya, mai nuna mahaɗi a cikin yankin jumla).

Akan yi amfani da irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin ma’ana a matsayin kama-ɗafi, ta hanyar liƙawa ko jingina su a jikin kalma, ko a tsakanin kalmomi. Kuma hakan, yakan taimaka wajen samar da ƙarin ma’anar kalmomi a nahawun Hausa.

Ayyuka da kuma tasirin kama-ɗafi suna da yawa a nahawu, sai dai sukan bambanta ne ta fuskar tsarin ƙirar kalma da kuma ginin jumla. Domin kuwa, kama-ɗafi yakan yi tasiri sosai, wajen danganta tsarin ƙirar kalma da kuma ginin jumla ta hanyar fito da ma’ana cikakkiya. Misali a nan shi ne, inda akan sami fasalin kalma ya fito ta hanyar saƙala wa tushen kalma wata ƙwayar ma’ana da aka tanada a matsayin kama-ɗafi , watau a farko ko a tsakiya ko kuma a ƙarshe. Misali; nàgoma, magátakarda, wanì da sauransu.

Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta, kama-ɗafi yakan yi aiki, a kalmomin suna da wakilin suna da sifa da aikatau da bayanau da sauransu, kamar dai yadda aka yi bayani a misalan da suka gabata a wannan maƙala. Sannan akan sami wani yanayi da kama-ɗafi yakan yi aiki a jikin kalma, musamman ta fuskar nahawu don ya taimaka wajen fito da ma’ana da kuma sigar kalma cikakkiya. A irin wannan yanayi ne, akan samu kama-ɗafi a farkon gurbin kalma ko tsakiyarta ko kuma a ƙarshenta. Waɗannan dalilai su ne akan yi la’akari da su wajen gane sigogin kalma daga ma’anarta ta sarari zuwa ta ɓoye, domin kuwa yakan iya bayyana a liƙe ko a jingine da kalmomin suna ko sifa ko bayanau ko mafayyaci ko mahaɗi ko nunau da sauran makamantansu. Misali;

Jadawali Na V

Lamba	Kalma	Ajin Kalma	Kàmá-Ɗàfí	Nau’in KMƊF
1.	bibango	suna	bi-	kama-ɗafin goshi
2.	nawa	mallaka	na-	kama-ɗafin goshi
3.	waɗannan	mafayyaci	-ɗan-	kama-ɗafin tsakiya
4.	koko da ƙosai	suna	- da -	kama-ɗafin tsakiya
5.	Uwani	suna	-ni	kama-ɗafin ƙeya
6.	wannan	nunau	-nan	kama-ɗafin ƙeya

 

A nan, an gano cewa, daga cikin ayyukan kama-ɗafia Hausa akwai; taimakawa wajen samar da kalmomin jinsi da adadi da nasaba da mallaka. Domin kuwa, sukan taimaka wajen bambancewa tare da fito da ma’ana ta harshe. Har ila yau, kama-ɗafì yana aiki a cikin kalmomin aikatau da korewa da wakilin suna, musamman wajen fito da ma’ana ta nahawu. Misali;(i) Audu ya…. (ii) Audu ya sayi…. da sauransu.A nan, an nuna wakilin suna da aikatau a matsayin kama-ɗafi, domin kuwa ba za su iya bayar da ma’ana ba, har sai sun dogara da wata kalma da take gabansu ko bayansu.

4.  Sakamakon Bincike

Wannan bincike, ya gano wasu nau’o’in kama-ɗafi a Hausa daga cikin nau’o’in kama-ɗafi da ake da su a tsakanin harsunan duniya. Daga cikinsu akwai, kama-ɗafi mai zuwa a farkon kalma, watau a gefenta na hagu (kàmáa-ɗàfin goshi ‘proclitic’). Misali; nawa, saɗaka Na’Allah da makamantansu.

Haka kuma, kama-ɗàfi mai zuwa a tsakiyar kalma, (kama-ɗàfin tsakiya ‘endoclitic’). Misali; waɗancan, kaudabara, riga ta Audu, gida na Binta, bugu da ƙari da sauransu. Sannan an gano kama-ɗafi mai zuwa a ƙarshen kalma, watau a gefenta na dama (kama-ɗafin ƙeya ‘enclitic’). Misali; zubar da, Maje, Suleja, Uwani a sauransu.

Har ila yau, binciken ya gano yadda ake samun kama-ɗafi na Musamman (Special Clitics)a Hausa. Watau, yawanci yakan zo ne a cikin wani yanki na jumla, musamman ta hanyar gutsure kalma a ilimin ƙirar kalma na Hausa (clipping). Misali; bá, a maimakon babu (korewa), jé a maimakon tafi (aikatau), mâi da, a maimakon mayar da (aikatau), rán, a maimakon ranar da (aikatau), sán da, a maimakon sa’ar da (aikatau), da sauransu. Waɗannan da ma wasu nau’o’in ƙwayar ma’ana, duk sun kasance a matsayin kama-ɗafi na musamman a harshen Hausa, idan aka yi la’akari da sauran dangoginsu na kama-ɗafin goshi, kama-ɗafin tsakiya da kama-ɗafin ƙeya a harshen Hausa. 

Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan nau’o’in ƙwayar ma’ana sukan yi tasiri ne ba tare da an jingina su da wata kalma ba, watau inda sukan a dalilin zuwan wata kalma don yin ƙarin bayani ko kuma wajen fito da wata ɓoyayyar ma’ana ta jumla. Misali, akwai inda ‘wa’ takan fito cikin jumla a matsayin kama-ɗafi, duk da cewa, wasu masana kamar su; Newman (2000) da Jaggar (2001) da Munkaila (2006) da wasunsu, suna yi mata kallon tana yin aiki ne a matsayin ‘wa jakadiya’^[2] kaɗai (dative).

Bayan haka, an ga yadda kama-ɗafi ya kasance a matsayin ƙwayar ma’ana turkakkiya mai aiki a tsakanin kalmomi da ma wasu jumloli a harshen Hausa. Inda wani lokaci, yakan yi aiki a matsayin mahaɗi wajen haɗa kalmomi biyu don su bayar da ma’ana ɗaya a yayin ƙirar kalma (harɗaɗɗiya). Misali; ƙato-dà-gora, shiga-dà-alwalarka, agwagwa dà buje, doki nà Ali ne, mota tà Ladi ce, da sauransu.

5.  Kammalawa

Wannan bincike ya yi ƙoƙarin gano nau’o’in kama-ɗafi, musamman a harshen Hausa, inda aka zayyano su tare da yin bayanai a kansu. Sannan, binciken ya gano cewa, akwai rukunai aƙalla guda biyu dangane da nau’o’in kama-ɗafi, watau waɗanda za a iya kallonsu ta fuskar sigar ɗafi da kalma, tare da wani ƙarin rukuni da za a iya kallon kama-ɗafi, ta fuskar ayyukansa. Hakan yana faruwa ne dangane da tsari da kuma wasu dokoki na nahawu.

Haka kuma, wannan maƙala ta fito da wasu muhimman misalai na ma’anoni da nau’o’in kama-ɗafi a harshen Hausa. Har ila yau, a cikin maƙalaran tattauna dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi kama-ɗafi ta fuskar karin harshe, kamar yadda aka kawo misalan kama-ɗafi a karin harsunan Sakkwatanci daKananci. Duk da cewa, za iya samun ƙarin wasu misalai a wasu kare-karen harsuna na Hausa, kamar niya, shiya, muwa, kaiya da kuma keya a karin harshen Zamfarci da sauransu.

Daga ƙarshe, binciken ya gano cewa, ana samun kama-ɗafi a cikin azuzuwan kalmomin nahawu daban-daban na Hausa, waɗanda suka haɗa da; suna, wakilin suna, aikatau, sifa, bayanau, mallaka, mafayyaci, nunau, korewa, ƙarfafawa da ƙirgau da sauransu. Domin kuwa, hakan yana taimakawa wajen samar da ƙarin kalmomi da faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmomi da kuma bunƙasa harshen Hausa.

 

Manazarta

Ahmed, Y.M. (2019). A Morphosyntactic Study of Fulfulde Pronouns. Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Bayero UniversityKano.

Anderson, S.R. (2005). Aspects of the Theory of Clitics. University Press.

Aronoff, M. A. Fudeman, K. (2005). What is Morphology? Blackwell Publishing.

Bature, A. (2001, sh. 11–25). Morphophonological Status of –wà in Hausa. In Harsunan Nijeriya, Vol. XIX. Centre for the Study of Nigerian Languages. Bayero UniversityKano.

Bauer, L. (2004). A Glossary of Morphology. Georgetown University Press.

Gladday, A.E. (2024, October). Cliticization in the Obolo Language.  Implementation Strategies for the National Language Policy in Nigeria: The 35th Conference of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria (CLAN). Al-Qalam University, Katsina.

Gwammaja, D.B. (2019). Post-Syntactic Morphology Specific Operations in Hausa: A Distributed Morphology Approach. Unpublished PhD Thesis,Bayero University Kano.

Haspelmath, M. & Sims, A.D. (2010). Understanding Morphology, 2nd edition. Hodder Education, A Hachette UK Company.

Haspelmath, M. (2023, sh. 1-59). Types of Clitics in the World’s Languages. In Linguistics Typology at the Crossroads. Anthropology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary. 3(2) ISSN: 2785-0943.

Jaggar, P. (2001). Hausa. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

JapenSarage, M.A., Kasiyarno, M.H. (2015, sh. 33–41). Arabic Personal Pronouns as Word, Clitic, and Affix. In the International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL). ISSN: Print 2347-3126, ISSN: Online 2347-3134, Vol. 3 (2). www.arcjournals.org

Junju, M.H. (1986). Rayayyen Nahawun Hausa. Northern Nigeria Publishing Company.

Munkaila, M.M. (2006). The Morpho-Syntax and Semantics of the Hausa Indirect Object Constructions. University of Maiduguri Occasional Publication.

Newman, P. (2000). The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar, Yale University Press.

Spencer, A. & Luis, A.R. (2012). Clitics: An Introduction. University Press.

Sugayama, K. & Hudson, R. (2006). Word Grammar: New Perspectives on a Theory of Language Structure.MPG Books Limited.

Yalwa, D.L. (2016). The Interface between Phonology & Syntax: A Case of Stability of Tones of Hausa Direct & Indirect Object Clitic Pronouns.  In Language, Literature and Culture in a Multilingual Society: A Festschrift for Abubakar Rasheed, Linguistics Edition, Vol. II, LINCOM GmbH.

Zwicky, A.M. (1977). On Clitics. Indiana University Linguistics Club.

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[1] Bayanin Mai Bincike: Kàmàa-ɗáfìiwata ƙwayar ma’ana ce turkakkiya (bound morpheme) da take liƙe ko kuma jingine a jikin tushen kalma. Haka kuma, abu ne wanda ya yi kama da ɗáfìta fuskar siga da kuma aikin da yake yi a nahawu. Babbar siffar kama-ɗafi ita ce, ba ya iya bayar da ciakkiyar ma’ana har sai ya dogara da wata kalma.

[2]A duba waɗannan ayyuka domin neman ƙarin bayanikamar haka:

Junju (1986) Rayayyen Nahawun Hausa.Zaria: Northern Nigeria Publishing Company.

Newman (2000). The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar.

Jaggar (2001). Hausa. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.