Aron Kalmomi Daga Wasu Sassan Harsuna: Nazarin Hausar ‘Yan-Tashar Mota a Garin Sakkwato

Citation: Umar, M. M. and Sharu, Y. (2025). “Aron Kalmomi daga wasu Sassan Harsuna: Nazarin Hausar ‘Yan-tashar Mota a Garin Sakkwato.” in Ɗunɗaye Journal of Hausa Studies, Vol. 03, No. 02, Pp. 20– 27. www.doi.org/10.36349/djhs.2025.v03i02.003.

ARON KALMOMI DAGA WASU SASSAN HARSUNA: NAZARIN HAUSAR ‘YAN-TASHAR MOTA A GARIN SAKKWATO

Na

Muhammad Mustapha Umar

Department of Nigerian Languages, Usman Danfodiyo University, Sokoto

And

Yusuf Sharu

Goɓernment Day Secondary School Wamakko, Sokoto State Teachers Serɓice Board, Sokoto

Tsakure:

Manufar wannan takardar ita ce, a aiwatar da nazarin kalmomin aro a Hausar ‘yan-tashar mota a garin Sakkwato. Haka kuma, takardar ta yi amfani da ra’in da ya shafi yadda mutane suke amfani da harshe ta fuskar ma’anar kalmomi, wato Ra’in Fiɗar Zantuttuka (Discourse Analysis Theory)’ wanda Harris (1952) ya assasa. Sannan, an yi amfani da hanyoyi biyu wajen tattara bayanai waɗanda suka haɗa da tattaunawa da kuma lura ta kai-tsaye. Takardar ta gano ‘yan-tashar mota a garin Sakkwato suna sarrafa kalmomin aro wajen ambaton direbobi da yaran mota da ‘yan kamasho da ‘yan dako da fasinja da tashar mota da motoci da jami’an tsaro, ko kuma don su bayyana wani hali da suka tsinci kan su a cikin tasha ko a halin tafiya.

Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi: Aron Kalmomi; Hausar ‘Yan-tashar Mota; Harsuna; Sabuwar Ma’ana; Sakkwato

Gabatarwa

Babbar manufar wannan takarda ita ce, fito da sabbin ma’anonin kalmomin aro da ‘yan-tashar motar garin Sakkwato suke amfani da su a cikin sadarwarsu, tare da fayyace alaƙar da ake samu tsakanin ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana.Daga cikin muhimmancin harshe ga al’umma akwai sadarwa, wadda ita ce ƙashin bayan aiwatar da kowace irin hulɗa. Tasirin zamantakewa da hulɗa a tsakanin wasu jama’a yakan haifar da taimakon juna da wayar da kai da haɓakar arziki da kuma bunƙasar sadarwa. Yakasai (2020:26) na ganin, ai wannan ne ma dalilin da ya sa ake samun wata rajista wadda ta keɓanta ga wani rukunin jama’a, wadda ba kowa yake iya fahimta ba daga cikin masu magana da harshe ɗaya. Irin wannan tasiri ya bayyana a cikin rukunin jama’ar tashar mota a garin Sakkwato.

Farfajiyar wannan bincike ta taƙaita ne ga wasu tashoshi na cikin garin Sakkwato; waɗanda suka haɗa da Babbar Tashar Motar Sakkwato da Tashar Alu da Tashar Filayi-oba da Tashar Bafarawa da Tashar ‘Yan Lemu da kuma Tashar Кwannawa ta shigowa cikin garin Sakkwato.

Hanyoyin da a ka bi don tattara bayanai sun haɗa da hira da waɗanda bincike ya shafa (‘yan-tashar mota) da lura ta-kaitsaye da ziyarar tashoshin mota da kuma tattaunawa da malamai don samun dalilai na ilimi. Haka kuma, an yi amfani da hanyar tace bayanai wajen zaɓar sumfarin da aka buga misalai da su.

A wannan maƙala, an yi amfani da ra’in fiɗar zantuttuka, wanda ake kira ‘Discourse Analysis Theory. Ra’in yana da manufar nuna yadda mutane suke amfani da harshe wajen fito da ma’anar zantuka ta la’akari da ayyukansu. Haka kuma, ra’in ya samu karɓuwa tun a farko-farkon shekarun ‘1960s’ da ‘1970s’. Daga cikin masana da manazarta da suka fara aiki da shi domin bayyana yanayin zamantakewa sun haɗa da: Janos (1971) da Teun (1972) da Teun (1977) da Joseph (1975) da kuma Tom (1979). Ra’in ya yi fice sosai musamman ta fuskar fiɗar zantuttuka. Saboda haka ne ma ko a baya-bayan nan Isah (2018) da Zailani (2019) da Sharu (2023) da kuma Mode (2024) A ra’ayin Knapp da Daly (2002) “Discourse Analysis is the systematic study of naturally occurring communication in the broadest sense, at the leɓel of meaning”. Fassarar marubuci: Ra’in fiɗar zantuttuka, wani tsararren fannin ilimi ne da yake nazarin zantuka ta fuskar ma’ana. James (1991) kuwa cewa ya yi: the Discourse Analysis analyses spoken and written language as it is used to enact social and cultural perspectiɓes and identities”. Fassarar marubuci: Ra’in fiɗar zantuttuka, yana nazarin harshe a magance da rubuce, musamman wajen bayyana fahimtar al’adu da ɗabi’u ko halayyar mutane.

Hausar ‘Yan Tashar Mota

Tashar mota wani fitaccen wuri ne na sufari da mutane daban-daban suke haɗuwa domin gudanar da harkokinsu mabambanta; babban aikinsu shi ne sufarin al’umma da kayansu (Abdu, 1991:2; Abubakar, 2023:16; Abraham, 1977:856; Bargery, 1934:1002; CNHN, 2006:431; Manir, 2010:16; Newman da Newman, 2020:235; Yero, 2017:3).

Hausar tashar mota wata rajista ce ta daban, wadda ba kowa yake iya fahimta ba. Ma’anar kalmominta da sassan jumla ko jumlolinta sun bambanta da na sauran rukunan al’umma. Hausar ta ƙunshi faɗaɗa ma’ana da sarrafa kalmomin aro da ƙirƙira sababbin kalmomi. Hausar ta ƙunshi maganganun azanci da sarrafa harshe iri-iri, da uwa uba samar da wata nau’in Hausa ta musamman a huldar zamantakewa da sauran ma’amaloli a tashar mota a garin Sakkwato.

Aron Kalmomi

Masana da dama sun bayyana ra’ayoyinsu a kan abin da ake nufi da aro a harshe. Daga cikinsu akwai Sapir (1921:23) da Bargery (1934:34) da Garba (1977:33) da Imam (1978:27) da Rufa’i (1979:33) da Kabir (2004:65) da Yakasai (2005: 2, 3) da CNHN (2006:18-19) da Chamo (2011:27) da Umar da Shehu (2017:13) da Umar (2019:62) da Rufa’i (2021:3) da kuma Yakasai (2023:280). La’akari da ma’anonin masanan za a iya cewa, ana aron kalma ta ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi uku; ko dai ta fuskar cikakken aro (wato aro kalma tare da lafazinta da ma’anarta) ko ta fuskar yi mata kwaskwarima ko kuma a aro lafazin kawai.

Aro daga wasu Sassan Harsuna a Hausar ‘Yan-tashar Sakkwato

‘Yan-tashar Sakkwato suna amfani da dabarar aron kalmomi daga wasu Harsuna da suka haɗa da harshen Larabci da Ingilishi da Fulatanci da Zabarmanci da kuma harshen Yarbanci.

1. Aron Kalmomi daga Harshen Larabci

Harshen Larabci yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna iyalan Afro-Asiya wanda ya ƙunshi harshen Larabci da Hibru da Aramaik da Ƙurdish da Berber da dai sauransu. Fagge (2004:25) ya nuna tun a shekara ta 1194-1294 Larabawa suka zo ƙasar Hausa domin kasuwanci da yaɗa addinin Musulunci. Sakamakon haka, ya haifar da cuɗanya mai yawa ta hanyar koyon addini da saye da sayarwa tsakanin Larabawa da Hausawa. Harshen Larabci ya yi tasiri har a cikin Hausar tashar mota a garin Sakkwato. Daga cikin ire-iren waɗannan kalmomin Larabci da ‘yan rukunin suka aro akwai:

Jadawali na 1. Misalan Kalmomin Aro Daga Larabci

m	Kalma	Ajin Kalma	Tushen Kalma	Sabuwar Ma’ana a Hausar Tashar Mota
1.	Sáahíbúl-sáfár	Suna	مسافر	Fasinja wanda ya zo cikin tasha za ya yi tafiya
2.	Láabá’ásà	Suna	لابئس	Direban mota na cikin tasha wanda ba ya kulawa da wasu ‘yan gyare-gyare ƙanana, waɗanda kan iya haifar da babbar matsala ga motarsa
3.	Háràamún	Sifa	الحرام	Kuɗin balas waɗanda direba yake bayar wa ga mai mota bayan kowane wata. Wato waɗanda ake kula da mota ko sake saya ma direba wata motar idan ta tsufa ko lokacin inshora ya ƙare da su
4.	Káulàasân	Suna	الكاف	Rashin tsaya wa da wasu direbobi suke yi a cikin daji, domin su taimaka wa wani direba da matarsa ta samu matsala
5.	Mádíinà	Suna	المدينة	Arewacin Nijeriya, inda ake bin tafarkin addinin musulunci

 

Háràamún: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da subuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu. Wato samun hukunci mai taɓa zuciya.

Mádíinà: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ma’anonin sun yi maganar gari ko muhalli ko wurin zama.

Sáahíbúl-sáfár: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, duk suna bayyana wasu mutane da za yi tafiya.

2. Aro daga Harshen Ingilishi

Harshe.3n Ingilishi yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna iyalin gidan Indo-European. Kalmar Ingilishi kwaskwarima ce daga kalmar Turanci ta ‘English’ kuma harshe ne na Turawan Ingila (Hornby, 2000:206). Turawan yamma sun shigo ƙasar Hausa a lokuta mabambanta domin cim ma wasu manufofi. Sidi (2023:27-37) ya bayyana Turawa sun shigo ƙasar Hausa a karon farko domin leƙen asiri da manufar gano irin tarin arzikin ma’adanai da Allah ya azurta yankin da shi. Akwai kuma waɗanda suka shigo domin yaɗa addinin Kirista da kuma waɗanda suka shigo da nufin mulkin mallaka. Daga cikin ire-iren kalmomin Ingilishi da ‘yan rukunin tashar mota suke amfani da su akwai:

Jadawali na 2. Misalan Kalmomin Aro Daga Ingilishi

	Kalma	Ajin Kalma	Tushen Kalma	Sabuwar Ma’ana a Hausar Tasha
6.	Àláabúkúu	Suna		Yaron mota mai shaye-shaye
7.	Ângùul	Suna	Angle	Ƙarhen sama da ake yi a saman mota domin ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi sosai, (wato babban lodi)
8.	Búkîn	Suna ɗan aikatau	Bucking	Sa mota layin lodi a cikin lis tun kafin ta iso (Wannan kuma wata cuwa-cuwa ce da ake ƙulluwa tsakanin direba da ɗankamisho mai wannan aiki)
9.	Câmbàa	Suna	Chamber	Ofishin ƙungiyar direbobin cikin tasha
10.	Dáawùn	Suna	Down	Kuɗin fita daga tasha, waɗanda ake bayar wa ga ƙungiya mai kula da tsaftar cikin tasha
11.	Dísfíláa	Suna	Discipler	Alƙalin tasha, wanda ake kai wa koken wata matsala domin a warware
12.	Dóojìn	Suna ɗan aikatau	Dodging	Fasinja da ba ya biyan kuɗinsa na tafiya sai mota ta cika, don ka da a ɓata masa lokaci. Da zarar ya fahimci babu fasinja, sai ya wuce zuwa wata tashar, ko kuma ya tsaya a kan hanya ya jira direbobi ‘yan haɗa-haɗa
13	Dìròs	Suna	Drugs	Jami’an hana sha da fataucin ƙwayoyi, waɗanda suke tsaya wa a hanya
14	Ésbîn	Suna ɗan aikatau	Eɗ being	Saƙo mai hatsari, wanda kan iya saka masu ajiyar kaya cikin wata babbar matsala. Kamar ƙwaya ko hodar ibilis
15	Éskút	Suna ɗan aikatau	Escort	Rakiyar da ɗan kamisho yake yi domin ya karɓi sallama daga direba
16	Fàatìròl	Suna ɗan aikatau	Patrol	Yawon da shugabannin ƙungiyar yuniyon suke yi, don hana direbobin da ba su bin layi a tasha ɗaukar mutane a kan hanya
17	Fíi’è	Suna	P. A	Yaron mota mai zama a ƙofar mota domin kula da shige-da-ficen fasinja
18	Fúlóogùu	Suna	Floogoo	Jigon tasha, dattijo mai shekaru wanda ake girmama wa a cikin tasha
19	Hózíláa	Suna	Hosler	Direban da ba ya hutu, wanda kodayaushe yana kan hanyar tafiya
20	Káagòo	Suna	Cargo	Lodin da ake yi wa mota na kayayyaki a sama da ƙasanta
21	Kwámándáa	Suna	Commandant	Shugaban ‘yan kamisho
22	Kófúràa	Suna	Corpral	Mai tsaron mashina na ƙofar tasha
23	Léebúr	Suna	Lebel	Direba mai gudu sosai, wanda kan haddasa hatsari a hanya
24	Máakàa	Suna	Marker	Ɗan kamisho mai rubuta sunan direbobi a layin lodi
25	Máajàa	Suna ɗan aikatau	Marger	Haɗe fasinja na mota biyu a cikin mota ɗaya, musamman idan wata ta samu matsala a hanya
26	Mís	Suna sifantau	Miɗ	Tsohuwar mota, akwala wadda ba ta da ƙarfi ko lafiyar yin doguwar tafiya
27	Nétìwòk	Suna	Network	Direban da ke yawace ƙasa baki ɗaya, wato kowace jiha yana tafiya (Bisa al’adar direbobin mota, kowane direba da irin garuruwan da yake tafiya waɗanda ya yi sabo da su har ake alaƙanta shi da sunansu kamar Ɗan kano ko Ɗan Kaduna)

 

Ângùul: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, bayyana wani bagire ko muhalli.

Búkîn: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato kama layi ko shiga layin jiran wani abu.

Dísfíláa: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ladabtarwa da tabbatar da bin doka da oda.

Dóojìn: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu.

Éskút: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato daga rakiya.

Fàatìròl: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato daga zagaye don kama mai laifi.

Fíi’è (P.A): dagantakar ma’anonin ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu. Wato hidimar da wani yake yi don taimakawa wani mutaum.

Fúlóogùu: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato daga tasiri a kan wani abu.

Hózíláa: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato daga neman na kai wurjanjan.

Káagòo: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato daga ƙarfin iya ɗaukar kaya masu yawa.

Kwámándáa: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato jagoranci ko ikon sa wa da hana wa.

Kófúràa: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato daga tsaron kayan al’umma.

Máakàa: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato daga rubutu..

Nétìwók: dangantakar ma’anonin ita ce, kamar yadda kimiya ta netiwok na sadarwa yake game ko’ina, haka direban yake zagaye ƙasar nan domin kai fasinjoji garuruwansu.

3. Aro daga Harshen Fulatanci

Harshen Fulatanci harshe ne iyalin gidan Niger-Congo. Masu magana da shi ake kira Fulah a ƙasashe irin su Mali da Senigal da Gambiya da Guinea da Guinea-Bissau. Ana kuma kiran su Fulani a Nijeriya da Nijar. Duk da yake harshen Hausa shi ne harshe mafi girma da ake magana da shi a cikin garin Sakkwato, harshen Fulatanci ya zama na biyu (Kokoshe, U. 07/01/2025). Fagge (2004:20) yana da fahimtar lokacin da Haɓe suke mulkin ƙasar Hausa Fulani suna zaune a rugogi, sai dai ba su cusa kansu cikin harakokin mutanen wurin ba. A kwana a tashi sai addinin Musulunci da ƙasaitar sarakunan Hausa ta sanya cuɗanya tsakanin waɗannan mutane da Hausawa. A dalilin haka ne Hausawa suka samu damar aro waɗansu kalmomin Fulatanci suka mayar da su na Hausa. Ga wasu misali, akwai:

Jadawali na 3.  Misalan Kalmomin Aro Daga Fulatanci

	Kalma	Ajin Kalma	Tushen Kalma	Sabuwar ma’ana a Hausar Tasha
28.	Árɗóo	Suna	Arɗo	Shugaban ƙungiyar direbobin cikin tasha
29	Dèesá	Suna ɗan aikatau	Deysa	Ajiyar kaya a cikin tasha
30	Fíllèrí	Suna	Feelire	Sunan tashar mota
31	Jáhò	Suna ɗan aikatau	Jahoo	Tafiya mai nisa wadda ta kai zuwa wata jaha
32	Ján Héeɗí	Suna	Jaheeɗi	Masu satar mutane a hanya
33	Jéháiɗò	Suna	Jahoo	Fasinja mai jiran mota a hanya
34	Jífìnò	Suna ɗan aikatau	Jifinol	Aikin dako da wasu suke yi a cikin tashar mota domin neman abinci
35	Lílál	Suna	Lilall	Saƙon kaya waɗanda ba su da yawa da za a tafi da su zuwa ga wani wuri
36	Sírbáajóo	Suna	Surbajo	Fasinja ƙaramar yarinya

 

Árɗóo: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato jagoranci.

Dèesá: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, ta fuskar aikinsu, wato ajiye wani abu. 

Jéháiɗó: dangantakar ma’anonin ita ce, duk suna nufin mutumin da ya zo tashar mota da nufin tafiya zuwa wani wuri. Ma’ana ta gama-gari tana nufin kowane irin matafiyi, ba tare da bambance wa ba.

Lílál: dagantakar ita ce, dukkan ma’anonin sun shafi aike daga tashar mota ko kasuwa zuwa wani wuri. Ma’anarta wadda sauran jama’a Fulani suke ba ta ita ce, tana nufin bayar da sautun wani abu a kasuwa (Mayanci, B.M. 06/09/2024).

4. Aro daga Harshen Zabarmanci

Harshen Zabarmanci shi ne ake kira Zarma. Harshen yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan kudancin Songhai a cikin iyalin gidan Nilo-Sahara. Zarma harshe ne da aka samu masu magana da shi sosai a wasu ƙasashen Arewa masu yammacin Afirika kamar Nijeriya da Nijar. Jamhuriyar Nijar ƙasa ce da ta yi iyaka da jahar Sakkwato da take Nijeriya, ta garuruwan Illela da Tangaza da Gudu da kuma Gada. Bugu da ƙari, Sadiƙ (2019:13) yana ganin tasirin hulɗar kasuwanci da auratayya da take aukuwa tsakanin al’ummomi biyu takan haifar da aron wasu kalmomi domin ambaton wasu baƙin abubuwa da suka ci karo da su. Daga cikin waɗanda ake amfani da su a tashar motar garin Sakkwato akwai:

Jadawali na 4.  Misalan Kalmomin Aro Daga Zabarmanci

	Kalma	Ajin Kalma	Tushen Kalma	Sabuwar Ma’ana a Hausar Tasha
37.	Báazùm	Suna	Báazùm	Direban Nijar
38.	Màtánóo	Suna	Màtánóo	Mai ajiyar kaya na cikin tashar mota
39.	Tìisámbèeríi	Suna	Tìisámbèeríi	Gama-garin sunan tashar mota
40.	Tíyáanìi	Suna	Tíyáanìi	Gma-garin fasinja

 

Tìisámbèeríi: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, duk suna nuni ga wurin ajiye motocin hawa, don haya ko jigila.

Tíyáanìi: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, dukansu sunaye ne da ake kiran wani mutum da shi.

5. Aro daga Harshen Yarbanci

Yarbanci harshe ne na ɓangaren Volta-Niger iyalan harsunan Niger-Congo. Al’ummar Yarbawa suna daga cikin baƙin mutane mazauna babban birnin Sakkwato. Cuɗanya tsakaninsu da al’ummar Hausawa a garin ta yi tasiri matuƙa. Fagge (2004:22) ya bayyana Yarbanci wani harshe ne da ake amfani da shi wajen hulɗa tsakanin mutane kuma waɗanda suke magana da shi su ake kira Yarbawa. Ga misalan wasu daga cikin kalmomin da ake amfani da su a tashar motar garin Sakkwato kamar haka:

Jadawali na 5.  Misalan Kalmomin Aro Daga Yarbanci

	Kalma	Ajin  Kalma	Tushen Kalma	Sabuwar Ma’ana a Hausar Tasha
41.	Áríirí-áajóo	Harɗaɗɗen suna	Áríirí-áajóo	Fasinja
42.	Áwáakòo	Suna	Áawáakòo	Direban mota na cikin tasha
43.	Fíifíifáanóo	Suna	Fíifíifáanóo	Masu ajiyar kaya na cikin tasha
44.	Íbúutíi	Suna	Íbúutíi-ókóo	Sunan tashar mota
45	Ísérírán	Sifa	Ísérírán	Saƙon kaya waɗanda ba su da yawa da za a tafi da su zuwa ga wani
46	Tíníbù	Suna	Tùníbù	Man fetur

 

Íbúutíi: dangantakar ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, duk suna nuni ga wurin ajiye motocin hawa, don haya ko jigila.

Tíníbù: dangantakar ma’anar kalmar asali da sabuwar ma’ana ita ce, cire tallafin man fetur da tsadar rayuwa.

Kammalawa

A wannan takarda an yi nazari tare da fito da irin yadda rukunin jama’ar tashar motar garin Sakkwato suke sarrafa kalmomin aro a cikin sadarwarsu. Inda aka fito da wasu kalmomi daga wasu harsuna a cikin jadawali, aka kawo ma’ana ta asali da sabuwa, sannan daga bisani aka yi fashin baƙin wasu daga cikinsu don a nuna alaƙar da ake samu tsakanin ma’anonin biyu.

Daga cikin da sakamakon da takardar ta gano sun haɗa da:

1.   Takardar ta gano cewa, ‘yan rukunin suna amfani da wasu kalmomi a cikin Hausarsu, waɗanda ba kowa yake iya fahimtar ma’anoninsu ba kai-tsaye.

2.   Haka kuma, takardar ta gano cewa, ‘yan rukunin suna sarrafa kalmomin aro daga wasu baƙin harsuna a cikin sadarwarsu.

3.   Bugu da ƙari, takardar ta gano ‘yan rukunin suna amfani da dabarar sarrafa kalmomin aro  don ambaton direbobi da yaran mota da ‘yan kamasho da ‘yan dako da fasinja da tashar mota da motoci da jami’an tsaro, ko kuma don bayyana wani hali da suka tsinci kansu a cikin tasha ko a halin tafiya.

Manazarta

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