Hausa Da Rassanta a Dunkule: Sabbin Kalmomi Na Ilimin Harshe Don Manyan Makarantu

‎Takaitaccen Bayani: ‎An rubuta wannan aiki da farko da harshen Ingilishi. Duk da haka, domin Hausawa da masu magana da Hausa, an fassara shi zuwa Hausa. Ko da yake taken Ingilishi na asali shi ne "Revolutionizing Hausa Linguistics: Coined Terms for Core Branches", mun canza shi zuwa "Hausa da Rassanta a Dunƙule: Sabbin Kalmomi na Ilimin Harshe don Manyan Makarantu" domin ya dace da fahimta ta Hausa da kuma jin daɗin mai karatu.

HAUSA DA RASSANTA A DUNƘULE: SABBIN KALMOMI NA ILIMIN HARSHE DON MANYAN MAKARANTU

Na

‎Dan Umaru Habibu

‎Mai Bincike Mai Zaman Kansa | Nijar, Maraɗi.

Tue, Apr 7, 2026.

‎Gabatarwa

‎Ilimin Harshe a al’adance ana amfani da kalmomi masu bayani da yawaita ɗafa macidar (kalmar) "ilimin" ( "the study of"), a kowane sunan darasi. Misali ilimin ginin jumla (syntax) da ilimin tsarin sautuka (phonology). Sai dai wasu na ganin cigaba da maimaita kalmar "ilimin" ga sunan kowane darasi dake ƙarƙashin Ilimin Harshe (subfields), na iya ruɗa ɗaliban ilimi. Dalili da girman ma'ana da macidar ke ɗauke da ita. A ra'ayin su manazarta darusa kamar:  Ilimin Ginin Kalma, "Ilimin Fitowar Sauti" da "ilimin Tsarin Sauti" da sauran su, tun da ƙarƙashin Ilimin Harshe suke, ba su da "yancin jingina da macidar "ilimin", don kar a yi zaton wani ilimi ne mai zaman kansa, wanda bai da alaƙa da ilimin harshe.

‎Duk da haka, waɗannan sunayen darusa suna da tasiri sosai a fannin koyarwa, musamman a matakan farko na ilimi, inda bayyanawa ko fayyacewa suke da muhimmanci.

‎yayin da Hausa ke ƙara zama hanyar sadarwa don tattaunawa ta ilimi mai zurfi, buƙata ta taso ga kalmomi waɗanda ba kawai na bayani ba, sai dai gajeru a tsare, daidai a fahimta, kuma masu alaƙa da juna. Wannan buƙata na cikin  manyan taruka na ilimin harsunan Afirka game da haɓaka kalmomin gargajiya waɗanda za su iya tallafawa ilimin zamani (Yakubu & Lawal, 2017; Heine, 2017).

‎Masana irin su Abdalla Uba Adamu sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga zamanantar da kalmomin ilimin Hausa, musamman a fannin rubutu (Orthography) da fasahar harshe, suna nuna mahimmancin daidaita harshe da buƙatun ilimi da fasaha na zamani. Haka nan, gudummawar da masana kamar Ibrahim Aliyu Malumfashi da Aliyu Mu’azu suka bayar tana nuna ci gaba da ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa ƙarfin ilimin Hausa a fannoni daban-daban.

‎Amfani Da Ka'ida na Binciken

‎Wannan bincike ya ɗauki tsarin dual-register (matakai biyu) ga kalmomin ilimi, ya kuma bambance tsakanin:

‎Kalmomin koyarwa (pedagogical terminology) – masu bayyanawa, da fayyacewa, kuma masu sauƙin fahimta

‎Kalmomin fasaha (technical terminology) – gajeru, masu tsari, kuma masu dacewa da kalmomin na ƙamus.

‎Wannan bambance-bambancen ya yi daidai da abubuwan da aka lura a cikin nazarin haɓaka kalmomi (terminology development), inda kalmomi masu bayani sukan yi amfani da manufar ilmantarwa, yayin da gajerun macidanni (kalmomi) sukan fito a fannonin ilimi na musamman.

‎A cikin wannan tsarin, kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su kamar "ilimin harshe" da "ilimin ma'ana" ana fahimtar su a matsayin masu tasiri a fannin koyarwa, yayin da kalmomin da aka gabatar ke aiki a matsayin saskiya (synonyms) na fasaha don nazarin ilimi mai zurfi.

‎Maimakon maye gurbin kalmomin da aka saba da su, sai binciken ya ba da damar kalmomin ilimin Harshe su yi aiki a matakai daban-daban na hulɗar ilimi.

‎Sabbin Kalmomin Ilimin Harshe.

‎1.Harshenci //Haarshencii/an gabatar da shi a matsayin gajeriyar hanya maimakon ilimin harshe. An samo shi daga harshe da kari -nci, yana ɗaukar ma’anar ilimin harshe, har wa yau kalmar na da wata ma’anar dake nufin fagen (register).

‎Harshenci yana ƙunshe da dukkan rassan da ke nazarin harshe.

‎2. Hangirwa //Hangirwaa/ (Semantics – Ilimin Ma’ana). Asalin Kalmar: Daga "hange" aka samar da ita, wannan kalma ta shimfiɗa ma’anar yau da kullum zuwa fagen fasaha da ke nazarin ma’ana a cikin harshe. Haka zalika, kalmar an faɗaɗa ta tana nufin "ma'ana" a yare na yau da kullum.

‎Misali: Hangirwar kalmomi tana da muhimmanci sosai a fahimtar ma’ana.

‎3. Hangigiya //Hangiigiyaa / (Pragmatics – Ilimin Amfani da Mahalli). Asalin Kalmar: An ƙirƙire ta ne ta hanyar "Arbitrariness Of the Sign" (an kawo cikakken bayani kan wannan ka'ida cikin aikin mu mai taken Kidayar Hausa Sabon Tsari). Wannan kalma tana ɗaukar rawar da mahalli (context) ke takawa wajen fayyace ma’anar kalma. Misali: Masana suna nazarin hangīgiya don fahimtar yadda mahalli ke canza ma’ana.

‎4. Nahawu (Grammar – Ilimin Ka’idojin Harshe). Babu buƙatar kawo wata sabuwar macida, saboda dadewar da tayi ana amfani da ita a cikin ilimin Harshe kuma kalma ce dunƙulalliya.

‎5. Zangirwa //Zangirwaa/ (Phonetics – Ilimin Fitowar Sauti). Asalin Kalmar: Daga zangi (“sauti mai kaifi”), wannan kalma tana nufin nazarin yadda ake fitar da saututtukan magana. Misali: Zangirwa reshe ne da ke bincike kan yadda ake fitar da sautuka a harshe.

‎6. Zagegewa //Zagegeewaa / (Phonology – Ilimin Tsarin Sauti). Asalin Kalmar: Ta samu ne daga ka'idar Arbitrariness Of the Sign. Wata sabuwar kalma ce dake ɗaukar ilimin tsarin sauti a dunƙule.  Misali: Zagegewa fanni ne na nazarin tsarin sauti da yadda ake amfani da su.

‎7. Kagarwā //Kagaarwaa / (Syntax – Ilimin Ginin Jumla), Asalin Kalma: Daga kagare (“tsarawa, jera” a Hausar gobarci), wannan kalma tana nufin ilimin yadda tsara jumla.

‎Misali: Kagarwa tana koyar da yadda ake haɗa kalmomi don ƙirƙirar jumla.

‎8. Katankarniya (Morphology – Ilimin Ginin Kalmomi) Asalin Kalma: Daga katankarni (morpheme) wannan kalma tana nufin nazarin tsarin ginin kalma da yadda ake ƙirƙirarta.

‎Misali: Katankarniya tana nazarin yadda ake haɗa sassa daban-daban na kalma.

‎Kammalawa

‎Wannan aiki ya yi ƙoƙarin gabatar da sabbin kalmomi na ilimin harshe cikin Hausa, ta hanyar gina su bisa tsarin da ya dace da fahimtar harshen da kuma ka’idojin ilimin zamani. An nuna yadda za a iya rage yawaitar amfani da macidar “ilimin” ba tare da rage ingancin bayani ba, ta hanyar samar da kalmomi gajeru, tsararru, kuma masu alaƙa da juna.

‎Wasu daga sabbin kalmomin da aka gabatar, kamar: Hangīgiya, Zangirwā, Zagegewā, Katankarniyā, sun nuna cewa Hausa na da ikon ƙirƙirar kalmomi masu ɗaukar ma’ana mai zurfi, ba tare da dogaro da aro daga wasu harsuna ba.

‎Taƙaitaccen Bayani kan Arbitrariness of the Sign.

‎A ilimin harshe, akwai wata muhimmiyar ka’ida da ake kira Arbitrariness of the Sign (wato rashin alaƙar dole tsakanin kalma da ma’anarta).‎Ma’anar wannan ka’ida ita ce:

‎babu wata alaƙa ta halitta ko ta dole tsakanin kalma (sauti ko rubutu) da abin da take nufi. Misali, babu wani dalili na dabi’a da ya sa ake kiran abu “ruwa” a Hausa, ko “water” a Turanci—duk yarjejeniya ce ta al’umma.

‎Saboda haka: ‎kalma na iya sauyawa daga wata zuwa wata‎kuma ana iya ƙirƙirar sabuwar kalma domin sabuwar ma’ana wannan ka’ida ce ta bai wa masana damar ƙirƙirar sabbin kalmomi cikin harshe, muddin suna da tsari kuma ana iya fahimtarsu a cikin al’umma.

‎A cikin wannan aiki, an yi amfani da wannan ka’ida wajen ƙirƙirar kalmomi kamar Zangirwa da Zagegewā, inda aka samar da su ba tare da dogaro kai tsaye da tsofaffin kalmomi ba, amma cikin tsarin da ya dace da Hausa.

‎Madogara:

‎Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (6th ed.). Blackwell.

‎Heine, B. (2017). African languages as media of instruction. A cikin Oxford Handbook of African Languages.

‎Yakubu, A., & Lawal, A. (2017). Terminology development in African languages. Journal of West African Linguistics, 44(2), 55–73.