Adon Harshen Sabi-Zarce Da Na Kulle Bayani A Littafin Shaihu Umar

Citation: Jibrin Sani AYAGI PhD da Idris Ibrahim MUSA PhD (2024). Adon Harshen Saɓi-Zarce Da Na Ƙulle Bayani A Littafin Shaihu Umar. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 12, Number 1. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

ADON HARSHEN SAƁI-ZARCE DA NA ƘULLE BAYANI A LITTAFIN SHAIHU UMAR

Na

Jibrin Sani AYAGI PhD

Da

Idris Ibrahim Musa PhD

TSAKURE

 A wannan takarda, an yi nazarin Adon harshe ne a cikin littafin zube na Shaihu Umar. An ɗauki Adon harshe ƙwaya biyu, wato adon harshen saɓi-zarce da adon harshen ƙulle bayani, an fito da siffofin nahawu daga garesu. Daga cikin binciken, an gano cewa dukkanin Adon harshen suna ɗauke da siffar ganga da kuma ire-iren aikin da ganga take yi a cikin nahawu. Adon harshen saɓi-zarce, yana ɗauke da siffar ganga tsayayya, sai kaɗan daga cikinsa da suke ɗauke da siffar ganga dogarau. Shi kuwa adon harshen ƙulle bayani, yana ɗauke da siffar ganga dogarau a matsayin bayanau mai dangantuwa da lokaci da wuri. Dukkanin bayanan an samo su ne daga cikin littafin Shaihu Umar na Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa.

Keywords: Nahawu, Adon harshe, adon harshen saɓi- zarce, adon harshen ƙulle bayani, ganga.

1.0 Gabatarwa

 A wannan takarda an yi nazarin adon harshe ne guda biyu, wato Adon harshen Saɓi zarce da Adon harshen ƙulle bayani. An yi bitar su tare da fito da siffofin nahawu daga cikinsu, a cikin littafin zube na Shaihu Umar wanda Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa ya rubuta. Masana da masu gudanar da bincike da dama, sun yi rubuce-rubuce a harshen Hausa a kan wannan fage na Adon harshe. Daga ciki akwai Gusau, (2011), Ɗangambo (2007), Ahmad (1987), Maciɗo da wani (1991), Yaksai (2001), Mukhtar (2004) da kuma Ɗan’iya (1997).

An haifi Sir Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa a garin Tafawa Ɓaleawa da ke Jahar Bauchi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a shekara ta 1912. Ya kasance mutum mai ɗa a da kuma asali kasanccewar mahaifinsa ma’aikaci na ga hakimin garin. Ya yi karatu a makarantar horar da malamai ta Katsina a shekara ta1928 zuwa shekara ta 1933. Ya zamo malami kuma shugaban makarantar Bauchi middle school. Ya yi karatu a makarantar horar da malamai ta London a shekara ta 1945 zuwa 1946. Inda ya sami shaidar malanta. A lokacin yaƙin duniya na biyu.ya nuna sha’awarsa na shiga harkokin siyasa inda ya kafa zauren tattaunawa na Bauchi discussion cycle. Daga basini, ya shiga siyasar malamai inda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar malaman Arewa. A shekara ta 1952, ya zamo ministan Ayyuka na Najeriya, ya kuma zama ministan sufuri a shekara ta 1954, sannan ya zama jagoran jam’iyyar NPC a majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa. Ya zama Fira minista na farko na Najeriya bayan da ƙasar ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekara ta 1960 a shekara ta 1966, wasu sojoji suka yi ƙoƙarin juyin Mulki, inda a nan aka sace shi, kafin daga basan aka kashe shi. (BBC Hausa: 2014)

Littafin Shaihu Umar, an buga shi a shekara ta 1966, yana da Shafi arba’in da takwas. Wannan littafi na ɗaya daga cikin littattafai ƙagagggu da suka sami tagomashi a wajen gasar da hukumar tallafi ta shirya waɗanda ‘yan ƙasa suka samar a shekarara ta 1933 domin samun abin karantawa da samun littattafan hira na labaran rubutun zube. Yahaya (1988:92). Saboda haka. babbar manufar wannan takarda it ace domin fito da irin rawar da adon harshe yake takawa a rubutun zube na Hausa, duk da cewa an fi ganinsa a cikin waƙoƙin Hausa. Sannan an nuna irin dangantakar da ke tsakaninsu da ilimin harsuna

1.1 Ma’anar Adon Harshe

Masana da Marubuta daban-daban sun bayyana ma’anar adon harshe kamar yadda suka fahimce shi kamar haka.

Gusau, (2011:11) ya bayyana Adon harshe da dabara ce wadda ake yi wa harshen waƙar baka kwalliya a yayin isar da ƙanannan saƙonninta a cikin ɗiya.

Usman da wani (1991: 5) sun bayyana cewa “Adon Magana a Hausa ya ƙunshi duk wasu kalmomi biyu ko fiye da haka wanda ke haifar da ma’ana ta bambanta da ta su kalmomin in an kallesu ɗai-ɗai, wani lokaci ma a iske sabuwar ma’ana ba ta haɗa kome ba da su kalmomin.

Ita kuwa Ɗan’iya (1997:6) cewa ta yi “Adon harshe dabara ce ta yi wa magana kwalliya domin ƙara mata armashi da daɗi wanda shi ne ma’auni na gwada iya hikimar zance da balagar da ɗan adam ke da ita ga harshensa da kuma sauran abubuwa da ke kewaye da shi. Domin Hausawa suna cewa “Idan ka na da kyau ka ƙara da wanka”.

A Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 9:257) sun bayyana cewa Adon harshe dabaru ne na kaucewa miƙaƙƙiyar hanyar faɗar Magana a rubuce ko a baka.

Funtua, (2010 13) cewa ya yi Adon harshe na nufin kalmomin ko dabaru da ake bi wajen kaucewa miƙaƙƙiyar hanyar faɗar Magana a rubuce ko a baka.

A fahimtar wannan binciken, Adon harshe shi ne kalmomi masu yawa ko kaɗan mabanbanta juna, wanda ake gwama su wuri ɗaya domin fito da wata ma’ana da ta saɓa da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su.

1.1.2 Adon harshen Saɓi zarce

Masana da dama sun bayar da ma'anar wannan kalma kamar yadda suka fahimce ta, daga ciki akwai:

Francis da wani (2004:3) cewa suka yi Adon harshen saɓi zarce shi ne ƙarancin kalmomin ɗori a tsakanin yankin jimla ko ganguna ko kalmomi.

Shi kuwa Mathew (1997:9) cewa ya yi Adon harshen saɓi zarce shi ne ƙulla tsanin ganguna ko jimloli ba tare da amfani da kalmar ɗori ba.

A ganin wannan binciken, adon harshen saɓi zarce, shi ne tarin jimloli ko ganguna da ake ƙuƙƙullawa ba tare da amfani da kalmomin ɗori ba.

1.1.2 Adon harshen ƙulle bayani

Shi ma wannan Adon harshen na ƙulle bayani, kamar Adon harshen saɓi zarce, ma fi yawanci ayyukan da aka yi a kansa daga harshen turanci suke saboda haka, daga cikin waɗanda suka bayyana ma’anarsa, akwai.

Baldick, (1990:14) cewa ya yi Adon harshen ƙulle bayani na nufin yawan maimaitawa da kuma amfani da kalmomin ɗori wajen ƙulla tsakanin kalmomi ko ganguna ko kuma jimloli.

Shi kuwa Emerson (2011:3) cewa ya yi Adon harshen ƙulle bayani shi ne “haɗewa guri ɗaya”, wato yawan maimaita kalmomin ɗori kamar su “da” “ko”, “na” ko kuma “amma” musamman idan da yawa daga cikin kalmomin ɗorin, za su maye gurbin waƙafi.

Pinnock da wani (2016:37) sun bayyana cewa Adon harshen ƙulle bayani, shi ne yawan amfani da kalmomin ɗori musamman iri ɗaya domin haɗa tsakanin kalmomi or ganguna.

A ganin wannan binciken, Adon harshen ƙulle bayani shi ne amfani da kalmomin ɗori iri ɗaya ko mabambanta domin ƙulla tsakanin jimla ko yanki na jimla ko ganga ko ganguna, wani lokacin ma tsakanin kalma da kalma.

1.1.3 Ganga

Nahawu fannin ilimi ne na kimiyyar harshe, wanda ya danganci ginin jimla. Sani (2007:60)

Ganga wani jerin kalmomi ne na nahawu,wanda bai kai jimla ba.Haka kuma shi wannan jerin, haɗe ya ke da aikatau. Ganga iri biyu ce ta fuskar tsari.

1.ganga Dogarau.: wannan nau'i na ganga ba ya iya zama ita kaɗai a jimla. Maimakon haka, lallai ne ta dogara da wani abin daban.Misali:

a. ya zo bayan sun tashi.

b. Sun shiga da aka kira su.

A nan kalmomin da aka ja wa layi, misali ne na ganga dogarau

 2. ganga tsayayya: Ita wannan nau'i na ganga yana iya zama shi kaɗai da kansa ba tare da ya dogara da wani abu ba. misali ya zo, za mu saya, sun shiga.

Dangane da sarrafuwar ganga a cikin jimla, za a iya duba aikinta ta fuskoki huɗu kamar haka:

a. ganga a matsayin aikau b. ganga a matsayin karɓau

c. ganga a matsyin cikamao d. ganga a matsayin bayanau

Ganga a matsayin bayanau, tana dangantuwa da abubuwa da dama.wasu daga ciki sune: Lokaci, Sharaɗi,wuri,yanayi, zaɓi da sauransu.Sani (2007:92)

2.0 Siffofin ganga a cikin adon harshen Saɓi zarce da na ƙulle bayani

A nan, za a ga yadda adon harshen saɓi zarce da adon harshen ƙulle bayani, suke da siffofin ganga kamar yadda aka yi bayaninta a baya a littafin Shaihu Umar. Misali

2.1 Adon harshen Saɓi Zarce

Adon harshen saɓi zarce, a kusan duk misalansa na cikin littafin, yana da siffofin ganga tsayayya. Wato kowane ganga na cikin misalan, yana iya zama shi kaɗai ba tare da ya dogara da wani abu ba, wajen fitar ma’ana, sai kaɗan da ba a rasa ba, da yake da siffar ganga dogarau. Kamar dai yadda za a gani a waɗannan misalai masu zuwa: 

Ahmad ya yi mana maraba, ya saukad da mu,ya yi mana karimci mai yawa (shafi 43).

Za a iya rarraba gangunan kamar haka:

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga
Ahmad ya yi mana maraba	ganga tsayayya
Ya sakaud da mu	ganga tsayayya
Ya yi mana karamci mai yawa	ganga tsayayya

Hankalina ya koma, na ɗebo ɗan abinci na ci, na yi godiya ga Allah (shafi 48).

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga
Hankalina ya komo	ganga tsayayya
Na ɗebo ɗan abinci na ci	ganga tsayayya
Na yi godiya ga Allah	ganga tsyayya

Sarkin ƙofa ya yi kiran yaronsa,ya sa shi a hanya (shafi 15)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga
Sarkin ƙofa ya kira yaronsa	ganga tsayayya
Ya sa shi a hanya	ganga tsayayya

Makau ya yi maurna, ya sauka gidan sarkin ƙofa( shafi 14)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga
Maku ya yi murna	ganga tsayayya
Ya sauka giadan sarkin ƙofa	ganga tsayayya

Makau ya yi masa godiya ƙwarai, suka yi ban kwana (shafi15)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga
Makau ya yi masa godiya ƙwarai	ganga tsayayya
Suka yi ban kwana	ganga tsayayya

Dukkan aikin gida ma fi tsanani, ita take yi, abinci ma ba ya ba ta sai lokaci-lokaci (shafi 41)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga
Dukkan aikin gida ma fi tsanani	ganga dogarau
Ita take yi	ganga tsayayya
Abinci ma ba ya ba ta sai lokaco-lokaci	ganga dogarau

Sa’an nan ya kira ni, ya ce mata, ga wanda ki ke nema( shafi 44)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga
Sa’an nan ya kira ni	ganga dogarau
Ya ce mata	ganga dogarau
Ga wanda ki ke nema	ganga dogarau

Da isarsu gurin, duk suka sauka daga kan dawakansu, suka yi kwance a gindin itatuwa masu duhu, inda ba wanda zai iya ganinsu( shafi 4)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga
Da isarsu garin	ganga tsayayyya
Duk suka sauka daga kan dawakansu	ganga tsayyaya masu duhu
Suka yi kwance a gindin itatuwa	ganaga tsayayya
Iada ba wanda zai iya ganinsu	ganga tsayayya

Ya yi ta Magana a banza, ban kula da abin da yake faɗi ba, balle in ji (shafi 22)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga
Ya yi ta Magana a banza	ganga tsayayya
Ban kula da abin da yake faɗi ba	ganga tsayayya
Balle in ji	ganga dogarau

 

Ire-iren waɗannan misalai na Adon harshen ƙulle bayani, masu siffofin jimla mara ɗori da siffofin ganga kamar yadda aka yi bayani a baya, suna da yawa a cikin wannan littafi na shaihu umar.wasu misalan daga ciki sune kamar haka:

Mai gidan ya fito, ya ce mini, yanzu daga ina kake (shafi 49).

Alƙali ya ce, shi ke nan, ki koma gidansa ki zauna (shafi 41).

Yayin da ya fito zazzau, sarki ya haɗa shi da wani bafade, su zo ya tafi da shanun (shafi 25).

Makau ya ce haka ne, in kun je, ku yi min godiya wurin sarki (shafi11).

Na zo na durƙusa gaban baƙon nan, na miƙa masa ya karɓa (shafi 29).

Ya shigo, ya ba ta labarina sarai, ya gaya mata dukkan abin da ya yi nufi da ni (shafi35).

Ga mai gani sarai, ki auri makaho (shafi3).

A duk waɗannan misalai na adon harshen saɓi zarce kamar yadda aka gani, akwai waɗanda suke da nau’i na ganga tsayayya, akwai kuma waɗanda suke ɗaukar nau’in ganga dogarau, said ai kuma, ma fi yawancinsa, ya fi ɗaukar nau’in ganga tsayayya.

2.1.1 Adon Harshen Ƙulle Bayani

Shi kuwa adon harshen ƙulle bayani, kusan duk misalansa da aka kawo daga wannan littafi na Shaihu Umar, an fi samun ganga dogarau. Sai kaɗan daga cikinsa da yake ɗaukar nau’in ganga tsayayya. Haka kuma dangane da aikin ganga a cikin Jimla, shi wannan adon harshen yana da siffar ganga a matsayin bayanau mai dangantuwa da lokaci ko guri.Sani (2007:88) ya bayyana cewa ganga dogarau mai dangantuwa da lokaci, ana gane ta ne da kalmomi kamar bayan, har, tun, har lokacin da, a farkon gangar. Misali kamar yadda yake a cikin littafin:

Ina kan kafaɗarsa tun wajen la’asar har goshin magariba (shafi 19).

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga	Aiki
Ina kan kafaɗarsa	ganga tsayayya
Tun wajen la’asar	ganga dogarau	tana nuna lokaci
Har goshin magariba	ganga dogarau	tana nuna lokaci

Suka yi ta taɗi har can tsakad dare sa’an nan inna ta taso ta dawo gida (shafi 27)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga	Aiki
Su yi ta taɗi	ganga tsayayya
Har can tsakar dare	ganga dogarau	tana nuna lokaci
Sa’an nan	ganga dogarau	tana nuna lokaci
Inna ta taso ta dawo gida	ganga tsayayya

Bayan mutuwarsa da kwana biyu sai na tashi zuwa ƙasarmu a ƙasa (shafi 49)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga	Aiki
Bayan mutuwarsa da kwana biyu	ganga dogarau	tana nuna lokaci
Sai na tashi zuwa ƙasarmu a ƙasa	ganga tsayayya

Ganga dogarau mai dangantuwa da wuri, ana gane shi ne da kalmomi kamar wurin da, inda, a farkon gangar. Ga misalanta kamar yadda ya zo a littafin.

Da ya iso wurin mu sai muka gaishe shi (shafi 19)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga	Aiki
Da ya iso wurinmu	ganga dogarau	tana nuna wuri
Sai muka gaishe shi	ganga tsayayya

Garin fa nan ne garin su Abdulkarimu inda zan zauna har shekara da shekaru (shafi 35)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga	Aiki
Garin fa nan ne garin su Abdulkarimu	ganga tsayayya
Inda zan zauna	ganga dogarau	tana nuna wuri
Har shekara da shekaru	ganga dogarau	tana nuna lokaci

Daga nan sai Iskandariya inda muka sami babban jirgi (shafi 43)

Ganga	Ire-iren ganga	Aiki
Daga nan	ganga dogarau	tana nuna wuri
Sai Iskandariya	ganga dogarau	tana nuna wuri
Inda muka sami babban jirgi	ganga dogarau	tana nuna wuri

 

Ire-iren misalan wannan Adon harshe na ƙulle-bayani waɗanda suke da siffofin ganga mai dangantuwa da wuri ko lokaci suna da dama a cikin littafin. Ga wasu misalan duk dai daga cikin littafin:

Kai don wannan hali nasa har ya zama duk ƙasar babu wanda yake haye masa. (shafi1).

Da ya ta da kai sai ya ga wani maharbi yana yawo daga shi sai kwari da baka (shafi 11).

Ya kwance ta amma duk da haka ranta ya ƙi kwanciya sai daɗa lalacewa take yi (shafi 41).

Kullum-kullum sai ya buge ta amma duk da haka ba ta bar halin ta ba (shafi 41).

Tun da ya kama hanya bai waiwaya ma ya dubi garin ba (shafi 13).

3.0 Kammalawa

Daga ƙarshe, a wannan takarda, an ɗauki adon harshe ƙwaya biyu ne. Adon harshen saɓi zarce da adon harshen ƙulle bayani. An yi nazarinsu tare da fito da misalansu daga cikin littafin Shaihu Umar. Sannan kuma an yi ƙoƙari an fito da siffofin nahawu daga cikin waɗannan adon harshe.Adon harshen saɓi zarce, yana da siffar ganga tsayayya, sai kaɗan daga ciknsa da yake da siffar ganga dogarau. Shi kuwa adorn harshen ƙulle bayani, yana da siffar ganga dogarau a matsayin bayanau mai dangantuwa da lokaci da kuma waɗanda suke dangantuwa da wuri. Waɗannan maisali na Adon harshe cike suke a cikin littattafan zube na Hausa, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu, suna dangantuwa da siffofi na kimiyyar ilimin harsuna.

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