Nazarin Rikidar Wasu Sautukan Harshen Ngizim Zuwa Hausa

Citation: Inusa, S. (2025). Nazarin Rikiɗar Wasu Sautukan Harshen Ngizim Zuwa Hausa. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 4(2), 10-18. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2025.v04i02.002.

NAZARIN RIKIƊAR WASU SAUTUKAN HARSHEN NGIZIM ZUWA HAUSA

Daga

Sa’adu Inusa
Sashen Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya,
Jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar’adua, Katsina
Email: saadgash@gmail.com
Phone: 08036768267 or 08022701031

Tsakure

A duk lokacin da aka samu wata cuɗanya ta mu’amala tsakanin harsuna mabambanta guda biyu, akan samu harshe mafi tasiri a tsakaninsu. Irin wannan dangantaka ta tsakanin harsuna, ita takan sa harshe mafi tasiri ya yi naso har ya kawo wasu sauye-sauye a wani ɓangare na harshe abokin mu’amalarsa mai ƙarancin ƙarfin tasiri. Harshen Hausa da na Ngizim, harsuna ne da suke da ƙullalliyar alaƙa ta asali ɗaya da kuma ta mu’amala bisa tsarin zamantakewa. Manufar wannan bincike ita ce, nazartar irin rikiɗar da wasu sautukan Ngizim sukan yi ta hanyar narkewar furucinsu na asali zuwa wasu na daban a Hausa. Dangane da hanyoyin gudanar da binciken, an yi amfani da dabarar tatsar bayanai daga ‘yan asalin harshen Ngizim ta hanyar sauraron maganganunsu a muhallai daban-daban da kuma karantawa daga wallafaffun littattafai da takardu na masana domin tantancewa da ma kafa hujja a kan bayannan da aka tatsa. Haka nan, Ra’in Tsarin Sauti Ɗan Tsirau (Theory of Generative Phonology) na Chomsky da Halle, (1968) da kuma Ra’in Cuɗanya (Contact Theory) na Uriel Weinreich (1953) su aka yi amfani da su a matsayin ra’in da aka ɗora binciken a kai. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya gano cewa, wasu keɓaɓɓun sautuka a harshen Ngizim kamar /ə/ da /dl/ da /tl/ da kuma /zh/ suna rikiɗa zuwa wasu sautuka na harshen Hausa sakamakon ƙarfin tasirin da harshen na Hausa ya yi a kan na Ngizim.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Rikiɗa, Tsarin Sauti, Tasiri, Cuɗanya, Furuci

1.0 Gabatarwa

Harshe abu ne wanda yake rayuwa kwatankwacin rayuwa irin ta ɗan’adam. Hakan yana nuna cewa rayuwar harshe ba ta yiwuwa sai da ta ɗan’uwansa, kuma yakan rayu tsawon wani lokaci sannan yakan iya mutuwa. Sai dai, harshe ba ya mutuwa irin ta fuju’a kamar yadda take kasancewa a rayuwar ɗan’adam. Mutuwar harshe takan faru ne mataki-mataki, har mai aukuwa ta afka masa baki-ɗaya (Mutuwa) (Crystal, 2000). Saboda haka, a duk lokacin da aka samu wata cuɗanya ta mu’amala tsakanin harsuna mabambanta guda biyu, akan samu harshe mafi tasiri a tsakaninsu. Irin wannan dangantaka ta tsakanin harsuna, ita takan sa harshe mafi tasiri ya mamaye abokin mu’amalarsa mai ƙarancin ƙarfin tasiri wanda sannu a hankali yana kai ga sauyin harshe. Bayan wani ɗan lokaci, wannan matsin lamba ta sauyin harshe tana haifar wa wannan harshe mai ƙarancin ƙarfin tasiri ya fuskanci barazanar mutuwa har ma ya kai ga mutuwar kacokam. Ita kuwa barazanar mutuwar harshe a halin yanzu, al’amari ne da yake cigaba da ɗaukar hankalin masana da manzarta kasancewarta matsala ce da take cigaba da ruruwa kamar wutar daji. Crystal (2000), ya bayyana cewa cikin sama da harshe 6,000 da ake da su a duniya, guda 600 ne kacal suka hau tudun-mun-tsira. Wannan yana nuna cewa, barazanar mutuwar ƙananan harsuna musamman waɗanda manyan harsuna suka yi irin wannan tasiri a kansu, matsala ce da ta ratsa kusan kowane lungu da saƙo na duniya. Amma duk da haka, masu ruwa da tsaki ba su ba wa wannan matsala ta mutuwar harsuna irin kulawar da ta dace da ita ba domin ceto su waɗannan ƙananan harsuna daga wannan barazana. Saboda haka, cikin sama da harshe 400 da muke da su a Nijeriya, ƙananan harsuna da dama suna fuskantar wannan barazana ta rage ƙarfin amfani da su, wadda ta jefa su cikin barazanar mutuwa, ciki har da harshen Ngizim a Jihar Yobe. Irin wannan alaƙa ta tsakanin manya da ƙananan harsuna, ita ake ganin ta haifar da rikiɗar da wasu sautukan harshen Ngizim suke yi ta hanyar narkewa su bi tsari da kuma furuci irin na wasu sautukan Hausa, kamar yadda maƙalar ta ƙudiri aniyar dubawa. Domin masu iya magana sun ce "somin hauka, zubar da yawu". Kalmar tasiri a nan, tana nufin yin rinjayen da harshen Hausa ya yi a kan harshen Ngizim ta fuskar amfani da shi wajen mu’amala. Harshen Ngizim, kamar harshen Hausa, harshe ne daga harsuna iyalan Cadi ta yamma a ƙarƙashin wani babban gidan harsuna na Afirika da Asiya (Afro-Asiatic). Dangane da cuɗanya tsakanin Hausawa da Ngizimwa kuwa, ta samo asali ne tsawon shekara kamar ɗari da suka wuce sakamakon zuwan Hausawa garin Pataskum domin kasuwancin gyaɗa, Laver, (1976) a cikin Abubakar, (2015).

3.0 Tsarin Sauti

Wannan wani fage ne na nazari da ya shafi yadda harshe yake harhaɗa sautukansa na magana cikin wata keɓaɓɓiyar ƙa’ida. Saboda haka, a duk wani sautin magana na kowane harshe akan yi amfani da mafurta mai motsi ko marar motsi yayin samar da shi. Alal misali a harshen Hausa, yayin furta sautin /d/ tsinin harshe; a matsayin mafurta mai motsi, take haɗewa da hanƙa; a matsayin mafurta marar motsi, sannan sai a samu tsukewar tantanan maƙwallato domin kasancewar sautin mai ziza ne.

Dangane da wannan, masana sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu kamar yadda Sani, (1999) ya nuna cewa tsarin sauti yana ɗaya daga cikin fannoni daban-daban da suka danganci kimiyyar harshe. Sannan ya ƙara da bayyana cewa tsarin sauti ya shafi yadda harshe yake harhaɗa sautukansa bisa ƙa’ida ya samar da ma’ana. Shi ma Crystal, (2008) ya kalli tsarin sauti a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rassan kimiyyar harshe wanda ya shafi yadda mutum yake sarrafa sautuka a bakinsa.

3.1 Sautukan Harshen Ngizim

Harshen Ngizim yana da adadin sautukan magana mabambanta waɗanda aka shigar a matsayin jagorori na ƙamusun da harshen yake amfani da su guda talatin da uku (33). Wannan adadi shi ne wanda binciken Schuh, (2004) ya tabbatar da su kamar haka: /ə/, /a/, /b/, /ɓ/, /c/, /d/, /dl/, /ɗ/, /e/, /f/, /g/, /h/, /i/, /j/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /o/, /p/, /r/, /r/, /s/, /sh/, /t/, /tl/, /u/, /ɓ/, /w/, /y/, /‘y/, /z/, /zh/. Saboda haka, cikin wannan adadi na sautuka da aka ambata, an samu wasula guda 6 kamar /ə/, /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ da /u/ waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a matsayin jagorori cikin ƙamusun.

3.1.1 Jadawali na I: Misalan Kamancin Baƙaƙen Hausa Da Na Ngizim Cikin Kalmomi

1.	/b/	bango:	wall	/b/	bo:nè	wàhalà:	difficulty
2.	/ɓ/	ɓatà:	lost	/ɓ/	ɓə̀ɓə̀lu	ɓulɓùla:	flow out
3.	/c/	càrbi:	rossery	/c/	cìmu	rufè:	close
4.	/d/	da:ma	right	/d/	darò:ta:	riƙè:	retained
5.	/ɗ/	ɗa:kì:	room	/ɗ/	ɗu:ya:k	kò:go:	cave
6.	/f/	fita	get out	/f/	fùwu	sàuka	get down
7.	/g/	gànga:	drum	/g/	gə̀rìɗ	kò:go:	cave
8.	/gw/	gwa:ɓi:	huge	/gw/	gwamàk	rà:go	ram
9.	/h/	hannu:	hand	/h/	hù:mà	hammà:	yawning
10.	/j/	jìki:	body	/j/	jəgə̀na:	kuncì:	cheek
11.	/k/	ka:mà:	catch	/k/	kàsàktu	yàrda	consent
12.	/kw/	kwa:kwà:	coconut	/kw/[1]	kwàryu	ca:ra:	crow
13.	/l/	lallèe	henna	/l/	lifə̀r	shàiɗan	devil
14.	/m/	matsàa	sƙueeze	/m/	mugùrə̀m	tàusàyii	mercy
15.	/n/	neesà	far	/n/	nənuwaa	inuwàa	shade
16.	/r/	rabàa	separate	/r/	ràruu	kiràa	call
17.	/r/	kàrtaa	scratch	/r/	raadləmà	reediyòo	radio
18.	/s/	saanìyaa	cow	/s/	sàamaɗàri	shàazumamì	sugar ant
19.	/sh/	shìnkaafaa	rice	/sh/	shau	kaashii	excrement
20.	/t/	tàfi	go	/t/	tuubì	tuuba	repentance
21.	/w/	waaƙàa	song	/w/	wùsu	kumbùraa	swell up
22.	/y/	yankàa	slaughter	/y/	yinɗà	rantsuwaa	oath
23.	/’y/	‘yan’uwaa	relatives	/‘y/	‘yawu	hàifaa	give birth
24.	/’/	ɗa'àa	discipline	/’/	o'o	aa’àa	no
25.	/z/	zaunàa	sit down	/z/	zə̀gar	arèewa	north

(Newman, 2007)

A wannan jadawali na farko, an nuna irin baƙaƙen da harshen Ngizim yake amfani da su wajen samar da kalmominsa na yau da kullum. Haka nan, a ɗaya ɓangaren an yi ƙoƙarin kawo makamantan waɗannan baƙaƙe, waɗanda Hausa ita ma a nata ɓangaren, take amfani da su wajen samar da nata kalmomi. Cikin wannan jadawali, an samu baƙaƙe mabambanta guda 25 waɗanda harshen Ngizim da na Hausa suka yi tarayya a kan su tare da misalan kowane baƙi cikin kalmomi.

3.1.2 Jadawali na II: Misalan Kamancin Wasulan Hausa Da Na Ngizim Cikin Kalmomi

SN	Sauti	Kalma (Hausa)	Ma’ana	Sauti	Kalma (Ngizim)	Hausa	Ma’ana
1.	/a/	àgògo	watch	/a/	àgwai	ƙwai	egg
2.	/aa/	faatàa	skin	/a:/	àalân	tuutàa	banner
3.	/ai/	Àikee	sent	/ai/	àiwà	duhùu	darkness
4.	/au/	audùgaa	cotton	/au/	àuɗu	kabàrii	grave
5.	/e/	eh	yes	/e/	deedù	kawo	bring
6.	/e:/	Teelàa	tailor	/e:/	rèetà	rabàa	divide
7.	/i/	imaanìi	blief	/i/	iyàaka	iyàakaa	boundary
8.	/ii/	kiifii	fish	/i:/	giinà	rìgìngìnee	lying on the back
9.	/o/	shigoo	enter	/o/	o'ò	aa’àa	no
10.	/oo/	koofìi	cup	/oo/	daròota:	riƙèe	retained
11.	/u/	Ùbaa	father	/u/	ùzər	karfàa	of bad luck
12.	/uu/	buutàa	cattle	/uu/	dùuzhi	muujìyaa	owl

(Newman, 2007)

Amma a wannan jadawali na biyu, nuna irin wasulan da harshen Ngizim yake amfani da su wajen samar da kalmominsa na yau da kullum aka yi. Bayan haka, binciken ya yi ƙoƙarin kawo makamantan waɗannan wasula, waɗanda hatta a Hausa ana amfani da su wajen samar da kalmomi. Kamar yadda jadawalin ya nuna, an samu wasula mabambanta juna guda 12 waɗanda harshen Ngizim da na Hausa suka yi tarayya a kan su tare da misalan kowane wasli cikin kalmomi.

3.1.3 Jadawali na III(a): Misalan Sautukan Hausa Waɗanda Babu Su A Ngizim Cikin Kalmomi

Lamba	Sauti	Kalma (Hausa)	Ma’ana
1.	/fy/	fyàaɗee	rape
2.	/ts/	tsaatsàa	rust
3.	/ƙ/	ƙàraamii	small
4.	/ky/	kyâu	beauty
5.	/ ƙy/	ƙyànƙyasàa	hatching
6.	/gy/	gyaaraa	repair
7.	/ƙw/	ƙwàara	cheat
8.	/л/	hanyàa	road
9.	/ŋ/	gàngaa	drum
10.	/ui/	guiwàa	knee

(Newman, 2007)

To amma wannan jadawali na III(a) cikin wannan bincike, shi kuma nuna irin sautukan da akan iya samu a harshen Hausa jadawalin ya yi. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna misalan irin waɗannan sautuka cikin kalmomi dalla-dalla domin haskakawa. Amma duk da yadda binciken ya kawo misalan irin waɗannan sautuka, an samu wani daga cikinsu, wato wasalin /ui/ wanda ko a harshen Hausa wasu masana suna tababar kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin wasulan na Hausa.

3.1.3 Jadawali na III(b): Misalan Sautukan Ngizim Waɗanda Babu Su A Hausa Cikin Kalmomi

SN	Sauti	Kalma (Ngizim)	Hausa	Ma’ana
1.	/ə/	àzəm	cìyaawàa	grass
2.	/dl/	dlàgdu	ràatsee	move aside
3.	/tl /	tlàkàtu	laalàace	spoiled
4.	/zh/	zhà	yaaƙìi	war
5.	/p/	pə̀lùutu	ragèe	reduce

 Sannan binciken a cikin wannan jadawali mai lamba ta IIIb, ya nuna wasu keɓaɓɓun sautuka na harshen Ngizim wanɗanda babu su a Hausa kasancewar kowane tsuntsu kukan gidansu yake yi idan aka kwatanta da irin sautukan wasu harsuna.

4.0 Manufar Bincike

Babbar manufar wannan bicike ita ce, bayyana al’amuran da suka shafi rikiɗewar wasu sautukan harshen Ngizim zuwa wasu sautuka na Hausa. A ƙarƙashin wannan babbar manufa, takardar ta yi bayanai tare da misalai a kan muhallai da kuma dalilai da suke sa wasu mabambanta sautukan harshen Ngizim suke canza lafazi su koma wasu sautuka na daban da suka fi zama na harshen Hausa.

5.0 Hanyoyin Gudanar Da Bincike

Yayin tattara bayanan gudanar da wannan bincike, an yi amfani da muhimman hanyoyi guda biyu. Da farko, an samu bayanai daga tushe (Primary Data) ta hanyar shiga a dama da mai bincike da kuma sauraro a fakaice na hirarraki tsakanin al’ummar Gizimawa domin lura da yadda suke furta wasu sautuka na harshen yayin zantuttukansu na yau da kullum. A irin waɗannan muhallai na tattaunawa tsakanin ‘yan asalin harshen Ngizim; kamar gida da kasuwa da masallaci da makaranta, an ziyarce su a unguwanni daban-daban na garin Pataskum da kuma ƙyauyukan da suke wajen garin. A irin wannan tattaunawa, an zaɓi mutum 15 tsakanin maza da mata daga shekara 15 zuwa 55. A yayin zaɓin waɗannan mutane, an yi amfani da dabarar zaɓi na Kan-Mai-Uwa-Da-Wabi wanda ya shafi tsari na ɗauki ɗaiɗai na mutanen da aka yi nazari a harshen nasu (Ngizim). An yi haka ne da nufin tattaunawa da su da kuma sauraron hirarrakinsu domin zaƙulo irin waɗannan sautuka da suke rikiɗa su canza lafazi domin nazarinsu a muhallai daban-daban. Sai kuma hanya ta biyu, a nan binciken ya karanta daga wallafaffun takardu masu nasaba da tsarin sauti kamar Newman, (2000) da Sani, (2011) domin kafa hujja yayin nazartar tararrun bayanan binciken.

6.0 Ra’in Bincike

Akwai ra’o’i da dama waɗanda akan iya amfani da su wajen nazarin wannan bincike, walau a ɗaiɗaikunsu ko kuma ta hanyar gwama su a lokaci guda. Saboda haka, binciken ya zaɓi yin amfani da ra’o’i guda biyu, wato Ra’in Tsarin Sauti Ɗan Tsirau (Theory of Generative Phonology) na Chomsky da Halle (1968) da Ra’in Cuɗanya (Contact Theory) na Uriel Weinreich (1953). An yi hakan ne saboda ganin cewa dukkanin ra’o’in guda biyu kowane mizani ne na awon wannan bincike a nasa ɓangaren. Wannan ikirari, Kenan (2008) ya tabbabtar da shi a cikin Abdurrahaman (2019) inda ya nuna cewa, “Ra’i zaren tunani ne wanda za a iya yin amfani da shi domin nuna irin abubuwan da ke aukuwa a duniya. Wato dai Ra’i, wani al’amari ne da ake amfani da shi, a cikin bincike na ilimi wanda yake taimakawa a cim ma samun kyakkyawan sakamakon bincike.

Ra’in Tsarin Sauti Ɗan Tsirau (Theory of Generative Phonology) na Chomsky da Halle (1968) ra’i ne da aka yi amfani da shi domin haska wannan bincike wajen samun madogara. Ra’in ya samu goyon bayan masana da dama irin su Greenberg (1970) da Stephen da Anderson (1985) da Ladefoged (2001) da Scobbie da Smith (2006), da makamantansu. Dangane da alƙiblarsa kuwa, ra’i ne da yake bayanin yadda ake samun sautuka a harshe suke tsira daga wasu mabambantan sautuka. Haka nan, ra’in yana bayyana irin matakai da sauye-sauyen da sautukan da suka tsira suke hawa, ta fuskar ƙirar ɓoye da ta sarari (underlying and surface representation). Manufa, ra’in yana nuna mabambantan matakan da aka samu sauyawar kalma tare da bayanin irin abin da ya faru a kowane mataki. A nan ne ake fayyace zahirin yadda kalma take a fili; wato mataki na ƙirar ɓoye, sannan a zahirin yadda al’umma suke furta kalma da kuma yadda suke sauraron ta. Bayan haka, ra’in ya yi bayanin yadda ake amfani da matakai guda biyu na tantance matsayin sautuka ta amfani da alamar tarawa ko ɗebewa (+/-) domin fito da sifofi ko sigogin sautukan da ake magana a kan su.

A ɗaya ɓangaren kuwa, Ra’in Cuɗanya (Contact Theory) na Uriel Weinreich (1953) ra’i ne da aka yi amfani da shi a kan harshen nan na nahiyar Turai; wato Norwegian da Amurka. Daga cikin ƙudurorin ra’in, akwai cuɗanyar harsuna daga sassa daban-daban, wanda hakan kan haifar da tasirin harsuna bisa juna, ko kuma wani harshe ya yi tasiri bisa wani ko wasu. Bisa irin wannan dalili na cuɗanya tsakanin harsuna har takan sa a samu aron kalmomi a tsakaninsu. Manazarcin, ya ci gaba da bayyana ƙudurorin ra’in kamar yadda yake cewa, cuɗanyar harsuna na samar da yin amfani da “Creole” da kuma Buroka a tsakanin al’ummu masu mu’amala. Har ila yau, daga cikin ƙudurorin ra’in, akwai sirki da hargitsa balle, wato sirka kalmomin wani harshe a cikin wani domin isar da saƙo. Bayan haka, manazarcin ya tabbatar da wannan ikirari nasa ta hanyar nuna yadda harshen Chana da na Japan inda ake samun sirka kalmomi harshen Chana a cikin harshen Japan a lokutan cuɗanya. Wannan ra’i na cuɗanya ya samu goyon bayan manazarta irin su Haugen (1972) da Wardhaugh (1972) waɗanda suka yi bayanin yadda harsuna suke cuɗanya da junansu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hakan yana ƙara tabbatar da cewa akan samu cuɗanyar harsuna mabambanta a wuri guda wanda yakan kai ga tasirin wani harshe a kan wani ta fuskoki daban-daban. Bisa wanan dalili ne ra’ain ya samu karɓuwa wajen masana da manazarta wanda har a nan cikin gida an ɗora shi a kan wani nazari na Yakasai (1999) wanda ya bayyana yadda cuɗanya ta wakana tsakanin harsuna daban-daban a kan iyakar garuruwan Ƙonni da Illela da suke ƙasashen Nijar da Nijeriya.

7.0 Nazarin Rikiɗar Sautuka a Harshen Ngizim

A nan, muƙalar ta nuna yadda akan samu sassauyawar sautuka ta fuskar lafazi sakamakon tasirin wasu sautuka ‘yan uwansu waɗanda suka haɗa muhalli ɗaya a cikin kalma. Irin wannan tasiri na harshen Hausa a kan harshen Ngizim wajen rikiɗar sauti, yana samuwa ne saboda kowane harshe da haɓarsa yake tagumi a fagen tsarin sauti. Manufa, Hausa tana rinjayar keɓaɓɓun sautukan Ngizim ne wajen daidaita su da nata domin samun sauƙin furta su ga ‘yan asalin harshen na Ngizim sakamakon wannan tasiri na zamantakewa da al’ummar Hausawa. A ƙarƙashin wannan, maƙalar ta kawo misalan sautukan cikin kalmomi tare da bayanin ƙididdigarsu ta hanyar amfani da alamomin tsarin sauti gami da ma’anoninsu kamar haka:

7.1 Rikiɗar Sautin Wasalin /ə/

Dangane da irin bayanin da ya gabata nan sama, wannan muƙalar tana nuna cewa wasalin /ə/ na harshen Ngizim yana rikiɗa ya koma furucin wasulan [i] da [u] a Hausa, gwargwadon irin harafin da ya biyo bayan wasalin na /ə/. Duba waɗannan misalai:

Lamba	Ngizim	Hausa	Ma’ana
1a.	Ƙirar ɓoye Ƙirar sarari/lafazi məya  [mija]	bàakii	mouth
1b.	cəmà  [ʧimà]	rufèe	to close
1c.	fəɗu  [fuɗu]	huɗu	four
1d.	məwà  [muwà]	rinàa	distain
1e.	wən [wùn]	ɗaa	son
1f.	wənu  [wunu]	kwana	spend the night
1g.	wəndùwà [wundùwà]	gidaa	compound

Binciken a wannan rukuni, ya kawo misalai daban-daban dangane da rikiɗar sautin wasali /ə/ na harshen Ngizim. A misalai masu lamba ta 1a-c, an nuna yadda wasalin tsakiya tsaka-tsaki maras kewaye /ə/ yake rikiɗa ya koma furucin wasalin sama na gaba maras kewaye [i] a muhallin tsakiyar kalma kamar yadda ƙa’idar take nunawa a nan ƙasa:

Haka nan, a sauran misalan masu lamba ta 1c-1g da suke sama, su ma sun nuna yadda wasalin na tsakiya tsaka-tsaki maras kewaye /ə/ a harshen Ngizim yake rikiɗa ya koma furucin wasalin ƙurya na sama mai kewaye [u] a muhallin tsakiyar kalma kamar yadda ƙa’idar ta nuna nan ƙasa:

 

 

 

7.2 Rikiɗar Sautin Baƙin /tl/

A nan, sautin /tl/ na harshen Ngizim yakan tasirantu da furucin [ ] na harshen Hausa. Misali:

Lamba	Ngizim	Hausa	Ma’ana
2a.	Ƙirar ɓoye Ƙirar sarari/lafazi tlaaɗà  [ aaɗà]	ƙàiƙàyii	itch
2b.	tlàkàtu  [ àkàtu]	laalàacee	spoiled
2c.	tlau  [ au]	taashì	stand up
2d.	tlaàwùrtu aàwùrtu]	hàukaa	madness
2e.	tlùwai ùwai]	naamàa	meat
2f.	tluùmà uùmà]	yaayì	trash

A waɗannan misalai masu ɗauke da lamba ta (2a zuwa 2f) sun nuna yadda sautin baƙi ɗanjirge maras ziza /tl/ a harshen Ngizim yake rikiɗa ya koma furucin ɗan bayan hanƙa zuzau maras ziza [ ] a muhallin farkon kalma ta harshen Ngizim yayin furuci kamar yadda bayanan da binciken ya tattara daga wasu ‘yan asalin harshen Ngizim ya tabbatar. Irin waɗannan kalmomi, an nuna su cikin lafazinsu na ƙirar ɓoye sannan kuma aka nuna yadda furucin yake rikiɗa a ƙirar sarari, sai aka bayar da ma’anar kalmomin cikin harshen Hausa da na Turanci domin sauƙaƙa fahimta ga mai karatu. Haka nan, an nuna misalan cikin alamomi kamar yadda ƙa’ida ta 2 ta nuna:

7.3 Rikiɗar Sautin Baƙin /zh/

A wannan rukuni kuma, sautin /zh/ na harshen Ngizim yakan rikiɗa ya koma furucin [ʤ] na Hausa saboda tasirin harshen Hausa a kan Ngizim. Binciken ya nuna irin wannan sauyi cikin wasu kalmomi kamar haka:

Lamba	Ngizim	Hausa	Ma’ana
3a.	Ƙirar ɓoye Ƙirar sarari/lafazi zhəbjəəp  [ʤəbʤəəp]	taanaa	earthworm
3b.	zhà  [ʤà]	yaaƙìi	war
3c.	zhabùwà  [ʤ	zumàa	honey
3d.	zhànyi [ʤànyi]	luudàyii	ladle
3e.	zhìgom  [ʤìgom]	jaarùmii	brave man
3f.	zhiməɗ [ʤiməɗ]	ƙàshin baayaa	vertebrate
3g.	zhìrau [ʤìrau]	kunyàa	modesty

Kamar dai a rukunin da ya gabata, a nan ma binciken ya nuna yadda sautin baƙi baganɗe zuzau mai ziza /zh/ na harshen Ngizim yake rikiɗa ya koma furucin ɗan bayan hanƙa ɗan atishawa mai ziza [ʤ] a muhallin farkon kalma kamar yadda misalan suka nuna. Haka nan, an nuna yadda lafazin kalmomin suke a ƙirar ɓoye sannan aka nuna yadda suka koma bayan rikiɗar lafazin nasu a ƙirar sarari cikin kalmomi daban-daban daga 3a-3g. Bayan haka, binciken ya nuna yadda rikiɗar sautin take a wannan rukuni ta hanyar amfani da alamomi kamar haka:

7.4 Rikiɗar Sautin Baƙin /dl/

A wannan rukuni ma, sautin /dl/ na harshen Ngizim yana rikiɗa ya koma sautin /d/ kamar yadda furucinsa yake a harshen Hausa. Binciken ya nuna irin waɗannan misalai cikin kalmomi ta hanyar bayyana sigarsu a ƙirar sarari da ƙirar ɓoye kamar yadda aka nuna nan ƙasa:

Lamba	Ngizim	Hausa	Ma’ana
4a.	Ƙirar ɓoye Ƙirar sarari/lafazi dləgdu  [diləgdu]	fansaa	ransom
4b.	dləgəmau [diləgəmau]	ràaƙumii	camel
4c.	dləgàyu  [diləgàju]	maƙàlee	become lodged
4d.	dləgiɗ  [diləgiɗ]	màkaahòo	blind person
4e.	dlə̀mà  [dilə̀mà]	gud mmawaa	donation
4f.	dlə̀màtu  [dilə̀màtu]	ɓaacì	spoiled
4g.	dləra  [diləra]	ciiwòo	pain

 Bisa la’akari da bayanai gami da misalan da aka gabatar tun daga lamba ta 4a zuwa ta 4g ƙarƙashin wannan rukuni, an ga yaddda binciken ya nuna rikiɗar sautin baƙi ɗan jirge mai ziza /dl/ na harshen Ngizim zuwa bahanƙe tsayau mai ziza [d] a muhallin farkon kalma. Haka nan, an nuna yadda rikiɗar sautin take a wakana a wannan rukuni ta hanyar amfani da alamomi kamar yadda aka nuna nan ƙasa:

 

8.0 Sakamakon Bincike

Dangane da yadda binciken ya nazarci tararrun bayanansa, an gano cewa lallai lafazin wasu sautuka sukan rikiɗa zuwa wasu sautukan Hausa musamman sakamakon tasirin harshen Hausa a kan na Ngizim. Daga cikin sautukan da abin ya shafa akwai wasalin tsakiya tsaka-tsaki maras kewaye /ə/ a harshen Ngizim yana rikiɗa ya koma furucin wasalin sama na gaba maras kewaye [i] a muhallin tsakiyar kalma kamar yadda aka misalta a baya. Haka nan kuma, wannan wasalin tsakiya tsaka-tsaki maras kewaye /ə/ a harshen Ngizim, yana rikiɗa ya koma furucin wasalin ƙurya na sama mai kewaye [u], shi ma a muhallin tsakiyar kalma. Bayan haka, biniciken ya ƙara gano cewa, sautin baƙi ɗanjirge maras ziza /tl/ a harshen Ngizim yana rikiɗa ya koma furucin ɗan bayan hanƙa zuzau maras ziza [ ] a muhallin farkon `kalma ta harshen Ngizim yayin furuci. Har ila yau, binciken ya ƙara da gano cewar, baƙi baganɗe zuzau mai ziza /zh/ na harshen Ngizim yake rikiɗa ya koma furucin ɗan bayan hanƙa ɗan atishawa mai ziza [ʤ] a muhallin farkon kalma kamar yadda misalan suka nuna a baya. Ba waɗannan kaɗai ba, binciken ya ƙara gano cewa, sautin baƙi ɗanjirge mai ziza na harshen Ngizim /dl/ yana rikiɗa ya koma furucin bahanƙe tsayau mai ziza [d] a muhallin farkon kalma daidai da misalan da aka nuna a baya. Ko da yake, su ma kansu wasu sautukan harshen Hausa yanayinsu bisa tarihi ya nuna yadda suka rikiɗa zuwa wasu sautuka. Amma sai dai, irin tasu rikiɗar takan faru ne a kan baƙin ƙarshe na kan gava kamar yadda wani masani Klingenhenben ya nuna.

9.0 Kammalawa

Bisa la’akari da irin bayanan da wannan takarda ta nazarta, an ga yadda ta fito da rikiɗar wasu sautukan harshen Ngizim su koma furucin wasu sautuka na daban a harshen Hausa. Takardar ta gano hakan ne ta la’akari da irin ƙarfin tasirin da harshen Hausa yake da shi a kan na Ngizim musamman ta fuskar furuci. Domin kuwa a iya sautukan harshen Ngizim da binciken ya nazarta, sautuka ne da babu su a harshen Hausa. Saboda haka, binciken sai gano cewa harshen Hausa ya yi amfani da ƙarfin tasirinsa ne a kan Ngizim wajen mayar da furucin sautukan daidai da na Hausa ta la’akari da irin sautukan da suke da kamancin furuci da na Hausa. Tasirin kuwa kamar yadda binciken ya tabbatar, ya samu ne a sakamakon hulɗa ta mu’amala a tsakanin ƙabilun guda biyu (Hausa da Ngizim) wanda ya samo asali daga zamantakewar wuri guda tsakanin ƙabilun musamman a garin Pataskum na jihar Yobe.

Manazarta

Abdullahi, M. I. (2005). Tasirin harshe da al’adun Hausawa kan kabilar Gwari a garin Minna. [Kundin digiri na biyu]. Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodio.

Abubakar, A. (2001). An introductory Hausa morphology. Faculty of Arts, University of Maiduguri Nigeria.

Ado, A. (2020). Dabarun gudanar da bincike na ilimi a kan Hausa. Government Printing Department.

Batibo, H.M.(2005). Language decline and death in Africa. Cornwell, Cornwell Press Ltd.

Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. Harper and Row. https://www.googlescholars.com

Crystal, D. (2000). Language death. Cambridge University.

Crystal, D. (2007). How language works. Canada: Penguin Group Crystal, D. (1) .C DUA The Enclopedia of languages and linguistics.

Greenberg, J.H. (1966) The Language of Africa. The Hague Mouton.

Greenberg, J.H. (1970a). Some generalization concerning glottalic consonants, especially implosives. International Journal of Linguistics, 36(2). Hans Walff Memorial Issue: Fascicle II. https://jstor.org/10/stable/1264671

Greenberg, J.H. (1970b). The languages of Africa, (third edition). Indiana University Press.

Grema, M. (2018). Linguistic borrowing: A study of Hausa loan words in Kanuri [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Bayero University Kano.

Inusa, S. (2018). Kwatancin wasun bayanau a nahawun Hausa da na Badanci. [Kundin digiri na biyu]. Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello Zaria.

NERDC, (2008). Report on the sociolinguistic survey of language use and diversity in Nigeria. Sheda-Abuja: NERDC Press.

Newman, P. (2000). The Hausa language: An encyclopedic reference grammar. Yale University Press.

Newman, P. (2007). A Hausa-English dictionary. Yale University Press.

Salim, B. (1981) Linguistic borrowing as eɗternal evidence in phonology: The assimilation of English loanwords in Hausa [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of New York.

Sani, M.A.Z. (2011). Gamayyar tasrifi da tsarin sautin Hausa. Ahmadu Bello University Press.

Wakili, B.D. (2009). Bade-English-Hausa Dictionary.Potiskum: Ajami Press Limited.

Weinreich, A. (1953).Language in contact. New York: Linguistics circle The Hougue: Mouton.

Yakasai, S. A. (1999). Language accross two boarders: A socio linguistic studies of Hausa in Ƙonni and Illela boarder towns. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Bayero University Kano.

---

[1]. Wannan sauti na /kw/ da takwaransa na /gw/ ba su fito a matsayin jagorori na ƙamusun da muƙalar ta yi amfani da ita ba, wato Schuh, (2004). Sai dai, muƙalar ta nuna su ne a matsayin wasu sautuka da harshen na Ngizim ya yi amfani da su a wasu kalmominsa kamar yadda aka misalta.     

Get the full PDF here: