Nazarin Musanya Sautukan Hausa Na Masu Lalurar Shanyewar Laka

Citation: Muhammad, A.S. & Garba, A. (2025). Nazarin Musanya Sautukan Hausa Na Masu Lalurar Shanyewar Laka. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 4(2), 52-69. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2025.v04i02.008.

NAZARIN MUSANYA SAUTUKAN HAUSA NA MASU LALURAR SHANYEWAR LAKA

Daga

Anas Sa’idu Muhammad
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya,
Jami’ar Bayero, Kano
asmuhammad.hau@buk.edu.ng

Da

Ashafa Garba

Sashen Hausa,
Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Zamfara, Maru
garbaashafa53@gmail.com

Tsakure

Manufar wannan muƙala ita ce nazarin musanya sautukan` Hausa waɗanda masu lalurar shanyewar laka suke yi (celebral palsy). An yi amfani da ra’in ɗabi’antaka (cognitive behavioural theory) da kuma nau’in bincike nabi-kwasintaka (quasi qualitative design) wajen aiwatar da binciken. Muƙalar ta gano masu wannan lalura suna musanya sautukan Hausa a lokacin da suke magana, saɓanin yadda masu cikakkiyar lafiya suke yi, inda daga ƙarshe aka keɓe masu wannan lalura su goma sha biyar na wani lokaci domin ganin sun inganta harshensu ta hanyar gyara waɗannan kurakurai. Muƙala ta gano daga cikin adadin samfuri da aka ɗauka 15 an samu masu wannan lalura su huɗu da ba su iya yin magana kwata-kwata a sakamakon yanayin lalurar shanyewar laka da ta yi masu tsanani. Wannan muƙala ta gano akwai kurakuran musanya sauti da masu wannan lalura suke yi a cikin kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu da masu uku da kuma masu gaɓa huɗu, an kuma samu kurakuran musanya sauti na baƙaƙe guda (75) daga cikin kalmomin da aka taskace, inda aka samu nasarar gyara (39). Haka kuma an gano ɗaukacin masu wannan lalura ba su iya furta waɗannan sautuka /ƙ/ da /ƙw/da /sh/ da /ts/ a sakamakon tawayar harshe da suke da ita , har ila yau, masu wannan lalura za su iya farfaɗowa da harshensu idan aka ba su kyakkyawar kulawa ta la’akari da lalurarsu, haka wannan muƙala ta gano masu wannan lalura ta sahanyewar laka da aka yi gwaji da su, an haife su ne da wannan lalura.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Musayar Sauti, Walwalar Harshe, Lalurar Magana

1.0  Gabatarwa

Wannan muƙala ta yi nazari ne a kan kurakuran musanya sauti na Hausawa masu lalurar shanyewar laka (celebral palsy) kasancewar wannan matsala ta shafi harshe da ƙwaƙwalwa ga masu wannan lalurar. Laka tana taka muhimmayar rawa da tasiri a wajen aiwatar da furucin ɗan’Adam da kuma muhimmanci wajen gudanar da furuci domin isar da saƙo zuwa ga ƙwaƙwalwa. Kasancewar wannan matsala ta lalurar shanyewar laka tana ɗaya daga cikin lalurorin masu raunin ƙwaƙwalwa. A wannan muƙala an fito da matsaloli ne da suka shafi musanya sauti da kuma duba yadda masu wannan lalura suke furta sautukan magana. Idan aka keɓanta da su, kuma aka saurari yadda suke ƙoƙarin magana za a sha mamaki, Wanda hakan ke haifar da samuwar waɗannan kurakurai kuma hakan yana faruwa ne a dalilin tawayar harshe bisa waɗansu dalilai. An samo yara masu ɗauke da wannan lalurar ne daga makarantar sakandare ta masu buƙata ta musamman da ke Gusau, wadda aka kafa ta a shekarar dubu biyu da tara (2009) a lokacin mulkin Gwamna Alhaji Mahmud Aliyu Shinkafi domin kula da lafiyar masu buƙata ta musamman da manufar su samu cikakken ilimi. Makarantar tana da mazauni ne a unguwar Tudun Wada, Gusau. Makarantar ta fara gudanar da aikin ta ne da ɓangarori guda huɗu da suka ƙunshi: Masu fama da matsalar ji (hearing impaired “deaf”) da masu matsalar gani (visual impaired “blind”) da masu matsalar ƙafafuwa (physical challenged“cripple”) da kuma masu matsalar ƙwaƙwalwa (intelectuallly impaired ‘mental’) kuma wannan makaranta tana gudanar da ayyuka a ɓangaren Firamare da ƙaramar sakandare da kuma babbar sakandare (Ibrahim Muhammad Tattaunawa: 08/04/2024).

Domin ganin an cimma ƙudurin wannan bincike an keɓe adadin yara (15) da ke fama da wannan lalura da suka fito a matsayin samfuri domin yin gwaji da su ta hanyar zaƙulo waɗannan kurakurai na musanya sauti da suke yi tare da ganin yadda za su inganta harshensu, sannan kuma an yi amfani da haruffa a matsayin sunayensu. An kuma yi amfani da karance-karance da kuma tattaunawa tare da nuna masu hotuna mabambanta, domin samun ƙarin hasken yadda ya kamata a tunkari binciken. Sannan kuma an naɗi muryoyin yaran ɗaya bayan ɗaya a faifan bidiyo da na kaset (na sauraro). Haka ma za a tuntuɓi likitocin ƙwaƙwalwa da masana domin ƙara fito da sahihan bayanai.

Kalmomi da tsarin yadda aka yi amfani da su a cikin jumloli, su ne za su zama zakaran gwajin dafi a wannan bincike. A taƙaice dai nazarin kalmomi da tsarin yadda masu lalurar shanyewar laka suke musanya sautuka a ilimi ne mai zaman kansa, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da fannin ilimin harshe da ƙwaƙwalwa (Neaurolinguistics).

2.0 Shanyewar Laka

Shanyewar laka lalura ce da ya shafi wani ɓangare na ƙwaƙwalwa da yake bayyana a lokacin ƙuruciya tare da tabbata a jikin mutum a sakamakon wata illa da jijiyoyin ƙwaƙwalwa suka samu wanda yake haifar da illa ga mutum tare da kawo naƙasu ga yin motsi ko sukuni ga gudanar da wani aiki. Lalurar shanyewar laka tana faruwa ne a sakamakon rauni da wani ɓangare da ƙwaƙwalwa ta samu wanda hakan yake hana ƙwaƙwalwa ta samu damar gudanar da aiki yadda ya kamata. Haka kuma lallurar shanyewar laka tana yin sanadiyyar mutum ya zama musaki. A wasu lokutta lalurar ba za ta bayyana ba a lokacin da yaro ya fara girma. Saboda raunin ya samu ne a sakamakon illa da jijiyoyin da ke haɗe da ƙwaƙwalwa suka samu kafin ko lokaci ko kuma bayan haihuwa wanda hakan yake yin sanadiyar jariri ya kasance musaki na har abada. Lalurar shanyewar laka ba ta da magani na warkewa gaba ɗaya sai dai maganin rage raɗaɗi, yin tiyata zai iya taimaka wa mutum ya samu sauƙi tare da samun damar yin maganga ga waɗanda ba su iya yin magana. Saboda wasu masu wannan lalura ba su iya yin magana saboda matakin nauyin ciwon, wasu kuma suna iya yin magana amma ba ta fita yadda ya dace a sakamakon illa da jijiyon da ke haɗe da ƙwaƙwalwa suka samu. (Akash, 2021, sh. 3).Ana iya gane mai lalura shanyewar laka ta hanyar rashin iya yin tafiya daidai da kuma samun wahala wajen haɗiye wa ko ci ko kuma tauna wa da kallon abu da ido a karkace wato gefe ɗaya,wanda hakan yana da wahala mai ciwon ya maida hankali ga abin da ake magana da kuma dalalar da yawu. (Akash, 2021, sh, 582). A shekarar (2019). Gidauniyar bincike a kan masu fama da lalurar shanyewar laka (Celebral Palsy Alliancre Research Foundation) ta bayyana akwai mutane miliyan goma sha bakwai (17) da ke ɗauke da wannan ciwo a duniya baki ɗaya. Har ila yau, wannan binciken da gidauniya ta yi ta gano ana haifuwar jarirai masu lalura shanyewar laka kimanin dubu goma (10,000) a duk shekara a Nijeriya. Bincike ya nuna cewa ana haihuwar masu ɗauke da wannan lalura kimanin dubu ɗaya a kowace shekara a Nijeriya. Bincike har ila yau, ya nuna akwai mutane da suka ƙunshi manya da yara ƙanana da suka kamu da wannan ciwo a Nijeriya dubu ɗari bakwai da sittin da huɗu (Afolabi 2017 sh, 23-24). An karkasa lalura shanyewar laka zuwa gida huɗu kamar haka:

S/N	Nau’in Shanyewar Laka	Fasalin Lalurar
1.	Shanyewar Laka Mai Taɓin Hankali (Spastic Celebral Palsy)	Wannan nau’i cutar ta kasu zuwa gida huɗu kamar haka: i)       Shanyewar Laka ta Mutuwar Sashen Jiki/Hamifologika (Hemiplegic) Wannan ciwo ne da ake samun a sakamakon raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da yake shafuwar ɓangare ɗaya na jiki. Wato yana samar da illa ga ɓangaren jikin mutum na dama ko na hagu. ii)    Shanyewar Laka ta Mutuwar Ƙafafu/ Difilejika (diplegic) Wannan ciwon hanyewar laka ne da yake haddasa matsalar motsin ƙafafuwa guda biyu a sakamakon wata illa da ƙwaƙwalwa ta samu. iii)  Shanyewar Laka ta Mutuwar Gangar Jiki/Kwadirifolojika (ƙuadriplegic) Wannan ciwon shanyewar laka ne da yake haddasa rashin motsi ko tafiya da ɗaukacin ƙafafuwa guda biyu da kuma hannuwa ko kuma gangar jiki gaba ɗaya a sakamakon wata illa da ƙwaɗƙwalwa ta samu.
2.	Shanyewar Laka ta Shan Inna/ Monofolegiya (Monoplegia)	wannan ciwo ne na shanyewar laka da yake yin sanadiyar shanyewar wani vangare na hannu na mutum wanda ke kawo naƙasu ga motsawar hannu ɗaya ga mutum, ita ma ta kasu kamar haka: i)       Shanyewar Laka ta Disanterika (Dysynteric) Wannan nau’i na shanyewar laka shi ne ke haddasa rashin motsi ga mutum gaba ɗaya wato sai an kwantar sai kuma an tayar da mai wannan ciwon a sakamakon rauni da ƙwaƙwalwa ta samu. ii)    Shanyewar Laka ta Sarƙau/ Atazik (Ataxic) Wannan nau’i na shanyewar laka shi ne wanda ya shafi matsalar rashin daidaituwa da kuma zurfin tunani wato mai wannan ciwo bai iya rarrabe wa tsakanin abubuwa guda biyu a sakamakon rauni da wani ɓangare na ƙwaƙwalwa ta samu. iii)  Shanyewar Laka ta Haɗaka(Mixed) Wannan nau’i na ciwon shanyewar laka ne da ake iya samun yaro yana da alama ta nau’i fiye da ɗaya na wannan ciwo na shanyewar laka (Akash 2021, sh 4).

Ta haka ne Tinuede (2008) ya bayyana dalilan da suke hana masu fama lalurar shanyewar laka zuwa asibiti a garin Shagamu. Mafi yawan yara masu lalurar shanyewar laka ana haihuwar su a asibiti wasu kuma an haife su ne a gida, sai dai yaran da ake kai wa a asibiti da ke fama da matsalar ƙwaƙwalwa kashi (50.3%) suna fama da ciwon lalurar laka kuma mafi yawanci shekarunsu 1-3 kuma kashi (77. 2%) suna fama da matsalar rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Sannan, Shnikat (2013) ya bayyana yara masu lalurar shanyewar laka suna samar da waɗansu sautuka na daban waɗanda babu su gaba ɗaya a harshen Igilishi, wasu daga cikin sautukan suna da kaifin sauti irin na waƙa, binciken har ila yau ya gano yara takwas (8) daga cikin yaran suna samun tsaiko a wajen furta wasulan /a/ da kuma /e/ da kuma yara sha biyu (12) waɗanda suke maimaita sautuka wato ba su iya yin magana sai sun ta maimaita sautukan kafin a fahimci abin da suke magana a kai. Alamomin Kamuwa da Lalurar Shanyewar Laka

a.      Tsaiko wajen yin magana ko kuma jin wahala a wajen yin furuci

b.     Rashin tsayawar jiki wuri ɗaya

c.       Matsalar rashin riƙe yawu da haɗiya ko ci ko kuma tsotsa wani abu

d.     Tsaiko wajen yin motsi ko tura wa ko tashi tsaye ko wajen yin tafiya

e.      Wahalar yin koyo da fahimtar karatu

f.       Rashin kuzari a wajen yin wani aiki

g.      Matsalar ji da kuma gani yadda ya dace

h.     Yin amfani da ɓangare guda na jiki kamar jan ƙafa a lokacin rarrafe (Akash, 2021).

A cikin wannan muƙala an samu wasu masu lalurar shanyewar laka inda aka fito da wasu kalmomi na Hausa da masu wannan lalura suka yi kurakuran musanyar sauti a cikinsu saɓanin yadda mutane masu cikkiyar lafiya suke furta su. Amma an bi wasu hanyoyi da suka taimakawa ta hanyar yin gwaje-gwaje domin ganin sun gyara waɗansu kurakurai da kuma inganta harshensu, inda aka bi hanyar fito da waɗannan kalmomi da suka ƙunshi masu gaɓa ɗaya da masu biyu da uku da kuma masu huɗu tare da fito da sautukan da suka yi kurakurai ta hanyar bayyana wurin furuci da yanayin furuci da kuma matsayin maƙwallato na kowane sauti da aka yi kuskure wajen furta shi.

3.0 Musanya Sauti Ga Masu Lalurar Shanyewar Laka

Musanya furuci ko shafe sauti na ɗaya daga cikin kurakuran masu raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da ya ƙunshi furta ƙwayar sauti ba daidai ba, marasa lafiya da dama sukan kasa sarrafa furuci yadda yake inda ake iya samun shafe sauti ta yadda ba za a iya gane abin da suke son faɗa ba a wajen isar da saƙo, saboda tawayar harshen da suke da ita a sakamakon rauni da ƙwaƙwalwarsu ta samu. Ash da wasu (2006) sun bayyana kurakuran furuci ne da furta sautin da ke iya haifar da samuwar kalmar da ta saɓa wa tsarin sautin mai magana. Haka kuma irin waɗannan kurakuran na haifar da furta sautin da babu shi a harshen. Wannna al’amari yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasa sarrafa motsin gaɓoɓin furuci.Musanya sauti naɗaya daga cikin kurakuran furuci da Hausawa masu lalurar shanyewar laka suke yi a lokacin da suke aiwatar da furuci ta hanyar musanya wani sauti da wani sauti na daban a cikin kalma a lokacin furuci. Don haka musanya sauti yanayi da ake samu na canza wata ƙwayar sauti da wata ta daban a cikin kalma, wanda hakan ke haifar da sauya ma’anar kalmar da ake nufi. Wato wannan lamari na musanya sauti dai zai iya kasancewa a farko ko a tsakiya ko kuma a ƙarshen kalma. Masu lalurar shanyewar laka suna musanya waɗansu sautuka da wasu a cikin furucinsu ga waɗansu kalmomi, wanda haka ke haifar da rashin fahimtar aininhin abin da masu wannan lalurar suke nufi. Waɗannan kurakurai na musanya sauti shi ne ya ta'allaƙa ne a kan raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da suka samu wanda hakan ke hana su furta kalmomi yadda ya kamata. Suna yin musayar wasu sautuka ne a cikin kalmomi da damar gaske a maganganunsu na yau da kullum. Ire-iren waɗannan kalmomi da suke yin kurakurai a ciki.

3.1 Musanya Sauti a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Biyu

Wannan ɓangare ya fito ne da wasu kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu, inda masu wannan lalura suke sauya wani sauti da wani sauti na daban a gaɓar farko ko kuma gaɓa ta biyu wanda hakan ke haifar da samar da kurakuran furuci ta yadda ba a fahimtar abin da suke magana a kai.

3.1.1 Musanya Sautin ‘Yan-laɓɓa a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Biyu

Baleɓe kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan wurin furuci ya shafi leɓɓa ne, wato nuni yake yi da inda leɓen ƙasa ya kusanci na sama ko ya haɗe da shi, kamar wajen furta [b], [ɓ], [m], da [ɸ] (Sani 1999, sh.7). A waɗannan misalai an fito da kalmomi ne waɗanda suke leɓawa masu gaɓa biyu da aka samu masu wannan lalura sun sauya su da wasu sautuka na daban. An samu wasu wurare da waɗannan yara masu lalurar shanyewar laka suka sauya sautuka ‘yan leɓɓa da wasu sautuka ‘yan leɓɓa a cikin maganganunsu na yau da kullum. Misali:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
1a)	ɓe/ra	bera	/ɓ/ è /b/
b)	Ba/ya	faya	/b/ è /f/
c)	ba/bur	fafur.	/f/ è /b/

A misali na 1(a) kalmar “ɓera” sautin /ɓ/ baleɓe haɗiyau mai ziza na gaɓa ta farko an sauya shi da sautin /b/ baleɓe tsayau mai ziza na gaɓa ta ɗaya inda aka furta shi zuwa “bera”. A misali na 1(b) kalmar “baya” sautin /b/ baleɓe tsayau mai ziza na gaɓa ta farko an sauya shi da /f/ baleɓe zuzau maras ziza na gaɓa ta ɗaya da “faya”. A misali na 1(c) kuwa kalmar ‘babur” a nan ma sautin /b/ baleɓe tsayau mai ziza na gaɓa ta farko an sauya shi da /f/ baleɓe zuzau maras ziza na gaɓa ta ɗaya da kuma ta biyu da “fafur”. An samu wasu wurare da waɗannan yara masu lalurar laka suka sauya sautuka ‘yan leɓɓa da wasu sautuka ‘yan hanƙa a cikin maganganunsu na yau da kullum, a misali na kalamar “fanka”

S/N	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
2a)	fan/ka	Tanka	/f/ è /t/

Amisali na 2(a) Kalmar “fanka” sautin /f/ baleɓe zuzau maras ziza na gaɓa ta ɗaya an sauya shi da sautin /t//bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza a gaba ta farko zuwa “tanka”.

3.1.2Musanya Sauti Bahanƙe a Gaɓar Farko a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Biyu

Bahanƙe inda tsinin harshe daya kusanci tsinin hanƙa ko ya haɗe da shi, kamar wajen furta [t], [d], [l], [r], [n], [s], [z] da kuma [s’] (Sani 1999, sh.7). A waɗannan misalai an fito da kalmomi ne waɗanda suke hanƙawa masu gaɓa biyu da aka samu wasu daga cikin masu wannan lalura ta shayewar laka sun sauya wasu sautuka ‘yan hanƙa da wasu sautuka hanƙa na daban a sakamakon lalurar tawayar harshe da suke da ita, a waɗannan misalai kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
3a)	da/mo	tamo	/d/ è /t/
b)	za/ki	sa/ki	/z/ è /s/
c)	za/bo	tabo	/z/ è /t/
d)	tsa/ri	ta/ri	/ts/ è /t/

A misalin 3(a) na kalmar “damo” wasu daga cikin masu wannan lalura sun sauya sautin farko na gaɓar farko /d/ bahanƙe tsayau mai ziza zuwa sautin /t/ bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza “tamo”. A misalin 3(b) na kalmar “zaki” inda aka sauya sautin /z/ bahanƙe zuzau maras ziza zuwa sautin /t/ bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza da “saki”. A misali na 3(c) a kalmar “zabo” an sauya sautin /z/ da ke gaɓar farko bahanƙe zuzau mai ziza zuwa /t /bahanƙe tsayau mara ziza da “tabo”, sai a misali na 3(d) a kalmar “tsari’ inda aka sauya sautin /ts/ bahanƙe tunkuɗau maras ziza zuwa /t/ bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza da “tari”. A nan an samu sauyin sautuka ‘yan hanƙa da ‘yan hanƙa wanda hakan ya samar da kurakurai da suka yi sanadiyar canza ainihin abin da masu wannan lalurar suke nufi.

A waɗannan misalai da ke ƙasa an fito da wasu kalmomi waɗanda suke hanƙawa da masu lalurar shanyewar laka suka sauya su da wasu sautuka na daban kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
4a)	za/bo	Babo	/z/ è /b/
b)	zo/mo	Jomo	/z/ è /j/

A misali na 4(a) a kalmar “zabo” an samu sauyin sauti na /z/ bahanƙe zuzau mai ziza zuwa /b/ baleɓe tsayau mai ziza da “babo”. A misali na 4(b) a kalmar “zomo” an sauya sautin farko na gaɓar farko ta /z/ bahanƙe zuzau mai ziza zuwa /j/ ɗan bayan hanƙa ɗan atishawa mai ziza da ‘jomo”. Samun waɗannan sauye-sauyen sautuka da aka yi wanda hakan ya samar da kurakuran furuci tare da sauya ainihin ma’anar abin da masu wannan lalura suke nufi.

3.1.3Musanya Sauti ‘Yan-hanɗa a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Biyu

Bahanɗe shi ne inda doron harshe ya kusanci hanɗa ko ya haɗe da ita, kamar wajen furta [w], [k], [ƙ], [ŋ], da [g] (Sani 1999, sh.7). A waɗannan misalai an fito da kalmomi ne waɗanda suke hanɗawa da aka samu masu lalurar sun sauya su da wasu sautuka na daban a sakamakon raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da suke da ita da ta yi sanadiyar tauye harshensu.A waɗannan misalai da ke ƙasa an fito da wasu kalmomi waɗanda suke hanɗawa da masu lalurar shanyewar laka suka sauya su da wasu sautuka hanɗawa kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
4a)	gi/da	Kiya	/g/ è /k/
b)	ku/ɗi	Gudi	/k/ è /g/
c)	ƙo/fa	Kofa	/ƙ/è /k/
d)	ƙu/je	Kude	/ƙ/ è /k/
e)	ki/fi	Gifi	/k/ è /g/

A misali na4 (a) a kalmar ‘gida” masu wannan lalura sun sauya sautin /g/ bahanɗe tsayau mai ziza da /k/bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza inda aka furta shi zuwa “kiya”A misali na4(b) a kalmar “kuɗi” an sauya sautin /k/ bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza da /g/ bahanɗe tsayau mai ziza inda aka furta shi “gudi” A misali na 4(c) a kalmar “ƙofa’ an sauya sautin farko na /ƙ/ bahanɗe tunkuɗau maras ziza da /k/ bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza inda wannan kalma ta koma ‘kofa”.Misali na4(d) a kalmar “ƙuje” masu wannan lalura sun sauya sautin /ƙ/ bahanɗe tunkuɗau maras ziza da /k/ bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza inda suka furta wannan kalma da” kude” Sai a misali na4(e) a kalmar “kifi” an sauya sautin /k/ bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza da /g/ bahanɗe tsayau mai ziza inda wannan kalma ta koma “gifi”. Idan muka dubi waɗannan misalai za a ga cewa masu wannan lalurar sun sauya sautuka hanɗawa da wasu sautuka hanɗawa, wanda hakan ya haifar da kurakuran furuci tare da sauya ainihin ma’anar abin da suke nufi. A waɗannan misalai an fito da kalmomi ne waɗanda suke hanɗawa masu gaɓa biyu da aka samu masu wannan lalura sun sauya su da waɗansu sautuka da wasu sautuka ‘yan hanƙa ga wasu kalmomi kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
5a)	ka/re	Tare	/k/ è /t/
b)	ga/da	dada	/g/ è /d/
c)	ge/ro	Dero	/g/è /d/
d)	ka/za	Daza	/k/ è /d/

A misali na 5(a) a kalmar “kare” masu lalurar shanyewar laka sun sauya sautin /k/ bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza da sautin /t/ bahanƙe tsayau mai ziza inda aka furta wannan kalma da “tare” A misali na 5(b) a kalmar “gada” an sauya sautin /g/bahanɗe tsayau mai ziza da /d/ bahanƙe tsayau mai ziza inda kalmar ta koma “dada’. A misali na 5(c) a kalmar “gero” an sauya sautin /g/ bahanɗe tsayau mai ziza da /d/ bahanƙe tsayau mai ziza inda kalmar ta koma “dero” sai a misali na 5(d) a kalmar “kaza” an sauya sautin /k/ bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza da sautin /d/ bahanƙe tsayau mai ziza inda aka furta wannan kalma da “daza” A waɗannan kalmomi an fito da kalmomi ne waɗanda suke hanɗawa masu gaɓa biyu da aka samu masu wannan lalura sun sauya waɗannan sautuka da wasu sautuka ‘yan bayan hanɗa ga wasu kalmomi kamar haka:

S/N	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
6a)	ke/ke	Cece	/k/ è /c/
b)	gir/ki	Girci	/g/ è /c/

A misali na 6(a) a kalmar “keke” masu wannan lalura sun sauya sautin /k/ bahanɗe tsayau maras

ziza da /c/ ɗan bayan hanƙa ɗan atisahawa marar ziza a gaɓar farko da kuma ta biyu inda aka mayar da wannan kalma zuwa “cece” A misali na 6(b) a kalmar girki an sauya sautin /k/ da ke gaɓa ta biyu /k/ bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza da ɗan bayan hanƙa ɗan atisahawa marar ziza da “girci”.

3.1.4 Musanya Sautin Ganɗantaccen Bahanɗe a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Biyu

A nan bayan doron harshe da hanɗa sun haɗe, gaban harshe kan ɗaga sama ya doshi ganɗa tsattsaura a wajen furta {kj}, {ƙj} da {gj} (Sani 1999, sh.8). A waɗannan misalai an fito da kalmomi ne waɗanda suke ganɗantaccen bahanɗe masu gaɓa biyu da aka samu masu wannan lalura sun sauya waɗannan sautuka da wasu sautuka na daban ga kalmomi kamar haka:

 

S/N	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
7a)	kyan/wa	kwanwa/yanwa	/ky/ è /kw/

A misali na 7(a) a kamar “kyanwa” an sauya sauti gaɓar farko /ky/ ganɗantaccen bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza da /kw/ leɓantaccen bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza da kuma /y/da bahanɗe sulalau mai ziza inda aka furta wannan kalma da “kwanya” da kuma “yanwa”

3.2 Musanya Sautin Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Uku

Wannan ɓangare ya fito ne da wasu kalmomi masu gaɓa uku waɗanda masu wannan lalura suke musanya sauti da wani sauti na daban kamar haka:

3.2.1 Musanya Sautin Kalmomi ‘Yan-leɓɓa Masu Gaɓa Uku

Ga wasu kalmomi masu gaɓa uku da masu wannan lalura ta shanyewar laka suka sauya wasu sautuka laɓawa wanda hakan ya haifar da samun kurakurai a cikin furucin su a wurare kamar haka:

8a)	Fa/ri/da	Tarida	/f/ è /t/
b)	Fa/ru/ku	Waruku	/f/ è /w/
c)	Na/bi/la	Nahila	/n/ è /h/

A misalin 8(a) na kalmar “Farida” da ke sama an sauya sauti baleɓe na /f/ zuzau maras ziza zuwa /t/ bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza da “Tarida”. A misali na 8(b) Kalmar “Faruku” an sauya sautin baleɓe/f/ zuzau maras ziza zuwa /w/ leɓe hanɗa sulalau mai ziza da “Waruku” a sakamakon tawayar harshe da aka samu na kasa faɗar kalma daidai wanda hakan ya sauya ma’anar sunayen duka guda biyu. A misalin 8(c) kalmar ‘Nabila” an sauya sautin /b/ baleɓe tsayau mai ziza a gaɓar farko zuwa /h/ hamza zuzau maras ziza da “Nahila”. Wanda hakan ya samar da kurakuran furuci tare da sauya ma’anar abin da suke magana a kai.

3.2.2 Musanya Sauti Bahanƙe a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Uku

An samu waɗansu kalmomi masu gaɓa uku da masu wannan lalura ta shanyewar laka suka sauya wasu sautuka hanƙawa da wasu hanƙawa a cikin su wanda hakan ya haifar da samun kurakurai a cikin furucinsu a wurare kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
9a)	Dan/ka/li	tankali	/d/ è /t/
b)	Ha/di/za	Haziza	/d/ è /z/
c)	Ma/sa/ra	marala	/s/ è /r/

A misali na 9(a) a kalmar “dankali” masu wannan lalura sun sauya sautin /d/ bahanƙe tsayau mai ziza da sautin /t/ bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza inda aka furta shi ya koma “tankali.” A misali na 9(b) a kalmar “Hadiza” an sauya sautin /d/ bahanƙe tsayau mai ziza zuwa /z/ bahanƙe zuzau mai ziza inda aka furta wannan kalma zuwa “Haziza” A misali na 9(c) na kalmar “masara” an sauya sautin /s/ bahanƙe zuzau maras ziza da sautin /r/ bahanke ra- gare mai ziza inda aka furta wannan kalma zuwa “marala’ wanda hakan ya haifar da samun kurakuran furuci da kuma da sauya ainihin ma’ana waɗannan kalmomi. Akwai wasu misalan kalmomi waɗanda suke hanƙawa masu gaɓa uku da aka samu masu wannan lalura sun sauya waɗansu sautuka da wasu sautuka na daban ga misalan kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
10a)	ra/di/yo	wadiyo	/r/ è /w/
b)	A/li/yu	A/yi/yu	/l/ è /y/

A misali na 10(a) kalmar “radiyo” masu wanna lalura sun sauya sautin /r/ bahanƙe ra-gare mai ziza da /w/ leɓa-hanɗa sulalau mai ziza inda aka furta shi da “k”. A misali na 10(b) na kalmar suna “Aliyu” inda aka sauya sautin /l/ bahanƙe ɗan jirge mai ziza da /y/ baganɗe sulalau mai ziza inda aka futa ta da “Ayilu”.

3.2.3 Musanya Sauti a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Uku Leɓantaccen-bahanɗe

A wajen furta kowane leɓantaccen-bahanɗe, doron harshe ne kan haɗu da hanɗa a mataki na farko. Bugu da ƙari akan kewaye leɓɓa, abin da aka sami da ‘leɓantawa’. Don haka, kowannen su leɓantaccen bahanɗe ne [kw], [ƙw], [gw]. (Sani 1999, sh.8). A waɗannan misalai an fito da kalmomi ne waɗanda suke leɓantattun hanɗawa. Misali:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
11a)	ƙwa/gu/wa	kwaguwa	/ƙw/ è /kw/
b)	ƙwa/ƙwal/wa	kwakwalwa	/ƙw/è /kw/

A misali na 11(a) a kalmar “ƙwaguwa” an sauya sautin farko /ƙw/ leɓantaccen bahanɗe tunkuɗau maras ziza da /kw/ leɓantaccen bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza inda aka furta wannan kalma zuwa “kwaguwa” A misali na 11(b) a kalmar “ƙwaƙwalwa” an sauya sautin /ƙw/ da ke gaɓa ta farko da ta biyu da kuma ta uku zuwa /kw/ leɓantaccen bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza inda aka furta wannan kalma da “kwakwalwa Waɗannan sauye-sauyen sautuka da aka yi a sakamakon raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da ya yi sanadiyar tawayar harshe tare da sauya aininhin ma’anar abin da masu wannan lalura suke nufi.

3.3.4 Musanya Sautin Hamza-zuzau a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Uku

Hamza ita ce inda tantanin-maƙwallato ya ja ya rage faɗin maƙwallaton, kamar wajen furta [h], ko ya ja sosai ya rufe maƙwallaton gaba ɗaya, kamar wajen furta [?]. (Sani 1999, sh.7). A wannan misalin an fito da kalma wadda take hamza-zuzau kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
12a)	La/hi/ra	Layira	/h/ è /y/

Misali na 12(a) a kalmr “lahira” an sauya sautin gaɓa ta biyu na /h/ Hamza zuzau da /y/ baganɗe sulalau inda aka furta wannan kalma da “layira”.

3.2.5 Musanya Sautin Ganɗa–hanƙa da ‘Yan Hanƙa a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Uku

A furucin baƙi ganɗa-hanƙa (palato-alvealor) tsinin harshe (tip of the tongue) zai kusanci hanƙa da ganɗa a furta {sh} Idan ƙirjin harshe (blade of the tongue) ya haɗe da hanƙa da ganɗa kuwa sai a furta {c} da {j} (Baba da Azare 2021, sh. 11). Ga misalai kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
13a)	Ra/shi/da	Rasida	/sh/ è /s/
b)	Yu/sha’/u	Yuta’u	/sh/è /t/
c)	A/shi/ru	Atiru	/sh/è /t/
d)	Ku/je/ra	kutera	/j/è /t/

 A misali na 13(a) a kalmar “Rashida’masu wanna lalura sun sauya sautin gaɓa ta biyu /sh/ ɗan bayan hanƙa zuzau maras ziza da /s/ bahanƙe zuzau maras ziza inda aka furta shi da “Rasida” A misali na 13(b) a kalmar “Yusha’u” an sauya sautin gaɓa ta biyu /sh/ ɗan bayan hanƙa zuzau maras ziza da /t/ bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza inda aka furta shi da “Yuta’u”, A misali na 13(c) a kalmar sunan “Ashiru” an sauya sautin gaɓa ta biyu /sh/ ɗan bayan hanƙa zuzau maras ziza da /t/ bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza inda aka furta shi da “Atiru” Sai misali na 13(d) a kalmar “kujera” an sauya sautin gaɓa ta biyu na /j/ ganɗa hanɗa atishawa da /t/ bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza inda aka furta shi da “kutera”

3.3 Musanya Sautin Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Huɗu

Wannan ɓangare ya fito ne da wasu kalmomi masu gaɓa huɗu waɗanda masu wannan lalura suke musanya sauti da wani sauti na daban kamar haka:

3.3.1 Musanya Sauti Bahanƙe a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Huɗu

A wannan misalai an fito da kalmomi waɗanda suke hanƙawa masu gaɓa huɗu da aka samu masu wannan lalura sun sauya waɗansu sautuka da wasu sautuka na daban ga kalmomi kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
14a)	ta/la/bi/jin	falabijin	/t/ è /f/
b)	ma/ka/ran/ta	makalanta	/r/è /l/

A misali na 14(a) a kalmar “talabijin” an sauya sautin farko /t/ bahanƙe tsayau maras ziza da /f/ baleɓe zuzau maras ziza inda suka furta wannan kalma da “falabijin” a misali na 14(b) a kalmar “makaranta” an sauya sautin /r/ bahanƙe ra-gare mai ziza da ke gaɓa ta uku da /l/ bahanƙe ɗan jirge mai ziza inda aka furta wanna kalma zuwa ‘makalanta” wanda hakan ya haifar da kurakuran furuci ga waɗannan kalmomi tare da sauya ma’anoninsu.

3.3.2 Musanya Sautin Hamza-zuzau a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Huɗu

A waɗannan misalai an fito da kalmomi ne waɗanda suke hamza-zuzau Misali:

 

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
15a)	At/ta/hi/ru	Attayiru	/h/ è /y/
b)	Ab/dul/la/hi	Abdullayi	/h/è /y/

A misali na 15(a) a kalmar “Attahiru” an sauya sautin /h/ da ke gaɓa ta uku Hamza zuzau da /y/ baganɗe sulalau inda aka furata wannan kalma da “Attayiru” A misali na 15(b) a sunan “Abdullahi” masu wannan lalura sun sauya sautin /h/ da ke gaɓa ta huɗu Hamza zuzau maras ziza da /y/ baganɗe sulalau mai ziza inda aka furta wannan suna da “ Abdullayi”.

3.3.5 Musanya Sautin Ganɗa–hana da ‘Yan Hanƙa a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Huɗu

Ga wani misalin furucin baƙi ganɗa-hanƙa a kalma mai gaɓa huɗu kamar haka:

S/NO	Kalma	Furuci	Sauya Sauti
16a)	ma/ja/li/sa	malalisa	/j/ è /l/
b)	Ab/dul/la/hi	Abdullayi	/h/è /y/

A misali na 16a) kalmar “majalisa” an sauya sautin gaɓa ta biyu na /j/ ganɗa hanɗa atishawa mai ziza da /l/ bahanƙe ɗan jirge mai ziza inda aka furta shi da “malalisa”.

4.0 Farfaɗo da Harshen Masu Lalurar Shanyewar Laka

A nan za a yi ƙoƙari ne domin fito da waɗansu kalmomi da aka samu masu lalura shanyewar laka sun yi kurakurai a cikinsu, tare da kawo wasu sautuka da masu wannan lalura suka yi ƙoƙarin gyara kurakuran a sakamakon waɗansu hanyoyi da dabaru da aka bi, domin ganin an inganta furucinsu. An kuma yi amfani da hanyar maimaita waɗannan kalmomi da aka samu kurakuran furuci a cikinsu ta hanyar furta su gaɓa-gaɓa a ƙalla sau huɗu wanda hakan ya yi sanadiyyar samun nasara wajen furta wasu kalmomi da aka samu an yi kurakurai inda aka furta su daidai ba tare da samun kuskure a ciki ba.

4.1 Farfaɗo da Kurakuran Musanya Sautuka a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Biyu

A nan za a fito da waɗansu kalmomi da wasu daga cikin masu lalura ta shanyewar laka suka yi kurakurai a wajen furta su ta hanyar musanya wasu sautuka da wasu, amma daga baya da aka yi amfani da waɗansu dabaru na yin gwaje – gwaje an samu nasarar gyara wasu kurakurai tare da furta su yadda suke, saɓanin yadda suka furta su da farko.

Jadawali Na 1: Gwajin Gyara Musanya Sautuka a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Biyu

Lamba	Suna	Ranakun Gwaji	Koyon Sauti	Gwaji Na Ɗaya	Gwaji Na Biyu	Gwaji Na Uku	Gwaji Na Huɗu
17	MSI NM HA AS	2/10/2024 - 9/10/2024	ɓera	Bera bera bera bera	Bera bera bera bera	Bera bera bera bera	Bera bera bera bera
18.	MSI MY AM	9/10/2024 - 16/10/2024	Baya baya baya	Faya faya kaya	Faya baya kaya	Faya baya baya	Faya baya baya
19.	MSI	17/0/2024	Babur	Fafur	Fabur	Fabur	Fabur
20.	KA	18/10/2024	Fanka	Tanka	Tanka	Fanka	Fanka
21.	AH	19/10/2024	Damo	Tamo	Tamo	Damo	Damo
22.	AM MY	22/10.2024	Zaki	Saki	Saki	Saki	Saki
23.	KA	23/10/2024	Zomo	Jomo	Jomo	Jomo	Jomo
24	MSI	24/10/2024	Zabo	Tabo	Tabo	Zabo	Zabo
25.	MSI MY AM KA AH HA	25/10/2024- 30/10/2024	Tsari tsari tsari tsari ts*ari tsari	Tari tari tari tari tari tari	Tari Tari Tari Tari Tar tari	Tari tari tari tari tari tari	Tari tari tari tari tari tari
26.	AG	3/11/2024	Kare	Tare	Tare	Kare	Kare
27.	MSI	4/11/2024	Gida	Kiya	Giya	Giya	Gida
28	MSI	5/11/2024	Gada	Dada	Dada	Dada	Dada
29.	AM	6/11/2024	Keke	Cece	Cece	Kiki	Keke
30.	KA AM	10/11/2024	Kuɗi	Gudi Kudi	Gudi Kudi	Kudi kudi	Kudi Kudi
31.	KA AH AG AM KA HA MIS NA MA MY	11/11/2024	Ƙofa	Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa	Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa	Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa	Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa Kofa
32.	MSI	12/11/2024	Gero	Dero	Dero	Giro	Gero
33.	AM	13/11/2024	Kaza	Daza	Daza	Daza	Daza
34.	AH AG AM KA HA MIS NA MA MY	16/11/2024- 20/11/2024	Ƙuje	Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje	Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje	Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje	Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje Kuje

Kamar yadda Tebur na 1 ya nuna, a misali na (17) a kalmar “ɓera” masu lalurar shanyewar laka MSI da HM da HA da SM dukkanin su sun sau gaza furta sautin gaɓar farko /ɓ/ a gwaji na ɗaya har zuwa na huɗu da aka yi inda suka saya shi da /b/ “bera” A misali na (18) a kalmar “baya” MSI ya sauya sautin gaɓar farko na /b/ da /f/ a gwaji na ɗaya har zuwa na huɗu inda inda ya furta ta da “faya” sai MY ya sauya sautin /b/ zuwa /f/ a gwaji na ɗaya amma a gwaji na biyu zuwa na huɗu ya furta wannan kalamar daidai, shi kuwa AM ya sauya sautin farko na /b/ zuwa /k/ a gwaji na biyu har zuwa na uku, amma a gwaji na huɗu ya furta wannan kalma daidai. A misali na (19) a kalmar “babur” MSI ya sauya sautin /b/ da /f/ inda ya gaza furta wannan kalma yadda take a gwaji na farko har zuwa na huɗu da aka yi da “fafur”. A misali na (20) a kalmar “fanka” KA ya sauya sauta /f/ da /t/ a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu zuwa “tanka” inda sai a gwaji na uku da na huɗu ya samu damar furta wannan kalma yadda take zuwa “fanka”A misali na (21) na kalmar ‘damo” AH ya sauya sautin farko na /d/ da /t/ wanda dukkanin su hanƙaƙa ne a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu da aka yi inda ya furta wannan kalma zuwa ‘tanka’ amma a gwaji na uku da na huɗu ya samu damar furta wannan kalma yadda take ta “fanka”. A misali na (22) a kalmar “damo” KA da MY sun sauya sautin /d/ zuwa /j/ a ɗaukacin gwaje-gwaje da aka yi sun gaza furta sautin /d/ da ke gaɓar farkon wannan kalma sai dai sun furta ta da “jamo” a sakamakon tawayar harshe. A misali na (23) a kalmar “zaki” MA da MY sun sauya sauti /z/ da /s/ a gwaji na farko har zuwa na huɗu inda suka gaza furta wannan kalma yadda take ta “zaki” sai dai “saki” A misali na (24) a kalmar “zabo” MIS ya sauya sautin farko na /z/ zuwa /t/ a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu da aka yi, amma a gwaji na uku zuwa na huɗu ya furta wannan kalma daidai a yadda take.

MSI da MY da AM da KA da AH da kuma KA a misali na (25) a kalmar “tsari “dukkanin su sun sauya sautin /ts/ da ke gaɓar farko ta wannan kalma zuwa /t/ tun daga gwaji na farko har zuwa na huɗu sun gaza furta ta yadda take ta “tsari” sai dai suka furta da “tari” sai a misali na (26) a kalmar “kare” AG ya sauya sautin farko na /k/ zuwa /t/ a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu da aka yi. Amma a gwaji na uku da na huɗu ya furta wannan kalma yadda take “kare”.

Sai a misali na (27) a kalmar “gida” MIS ya sauya sautin farko na /g/ na gaɓar farko da /k/ da kuma sautin gaɓa ta biyu /d/ zuwa /y/ wato “kiya” a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu da kuma na uku, amma a gwaji na huɗu ya furta kalmar yadda take. A misali na (30) a kalmar “gada” MIS ya sauya sautin gaɓar farko na /g/ da /d/ a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu da na uku da kuma na huɗu ya gaza furta wannan kalma ta “gada” sai dai “dada”. A misali na (28) a kalmar “keke” AM ya sauya farko da na biyu na /k/ zuwa /c/ a gaɓar farko da kuma ta biyu zuwa “cece” a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu da aka yi, amma a gwaji nan a uku sai ya sake sauya wasalin /e/ a gaɓar farko da biyu da /i/ zuwa “kiki” amma a gwaji na huɗu ya furta wannan kalma daidai zuwa ‘keke”.

Amisali na (29) a kalamr “kuɗi” KA ya sauya sautin /k/ zuwa /g/ a gaɓar farko a gwaji na farko da na biyu, a gwaji na uku na ya samu ya furta sautin /k/ daidai amma kuma ya kuma sauya sautin /ɗ/ zuwa /d/ inda ya furta kalmar da ‘kudi” wanda hakan ke nuni da ya gaza faɗar wannan kalma yadda take, sai kuma AM wanda ya sauya sautin /ɗ/ na gaɓa ta biyu da /d/ a daukacin gwajin da aka yi ya gaza furta wannan kalma yadda take.KA da AH da AG da AM da KA da HA da MIS da NA da MA da MY a misali na (30) sunya sauya sautin /ƙ/ na gaɓae farko a kalmar “ƙofa” a gwaje-gwajen da aka yi masu daga na farko zuwa na huɗu sun gaza furta wannan kalma ta “ƙofa” yadda take. A misali na (31) MIS a kalmar “gero” ya sauya sautin /g/ zuwa /d/ a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu da aka yi, amma a gwaji na uku da na huɗu ya furta wannan kalma daidai. A misali na (32) kuwa a kalmar “kaza” AM ya sauya sautin /k/ na gaɓar farko zuwa /d/ a gwaji na ɗaya har zuwa na huɗu da aka yi, ya gaza faɗar wannan kalma yadda take.A misali na (36) a kalmar “ƙuje” KA da AH da AG da AM da KA da HA da MIS da NA da MA da MY sun sauya sautin /ƙ/ zuwa /k/ da ke gaɓar farko inda a gwajin farko da na biyu har zuwa na huɗu da aka yi sun gaza furta wannan kalma yadda take, a sakamakon raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da suke da shi, wanda hakan ya haifar da samun waɗannan kurakurai.

4.2 Farfaɗo da Kurakuran Musanya Sautuka a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Uku

A nan za a fito da waɗansu kalmomi masu gaɓa uku da wasu daga cikin masu lalurar shanyewar laka suka yi kurakurai a wajen furta su ta hanyar musanya wasu sautuka da wasu, amma daga baya da aka yi amfani da waɗansu dabaru na yin gwaji an samu nasarar gyara wasu kurakurai inda suka furta su yadda suke, saɓanin yadda suka furta su da farko.

Jadawali N 1: Gwajin Gyara Musanya Sautuka a Kalmomi Masu Gava Uku

Lamba	Suna	Ranakun Gwaji	Koyon sauti	Gwaji Na Ɗaya	Gwaji Na Biyu	Gwaji Na Uku	Gwaji Na Huɗu
37.	KA MK	22/11/24	Aliyu	Ayiyu Aniyu	Ayiyu Aniyu	Ayiyu Aliyu	Ayiyu Aliyu
38.	HA MSI BM AS MY TS AH SM AH AI AM	23/11/24 - 30/11/24	Ƙwaguwa	Aguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa	Aguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa	Aguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa	Aguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa Kwaguwa
39	HA MSI BM AS MY TS AH SM HA AI AM	2/12/24 - 9/12/24	Ƙwaƙwalwa	kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa	kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa	Kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa	Kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa kwakwalwa
40.	KA AM	12/12/24	Kujera	Kutera Kulera	Kutera Kulera	Kujera Kulera	Kujera Kulera
41.	HA MSI BM AS MY TS AH SM AH AI AM	13/12/24 - 20/12/24	Ashiru	Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru	Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru	Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru	Ahiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru Asiru
42	HA MSI BM AS MY TS AH SM AH AI AM	13/12/24	Rashida	Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida	Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida	Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida	Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida Rasida
43	MB KA	14/12/24	Farida	Tarida Fanida	Tarida Farida	Tarida Farida	Farida Farida
44	HA MSI BM AS MY TS AH SM AHI AM NM AG AH	15/12/24 - 22/12/24	Yusha’u	Yusaru Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u	Yusaru Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u	Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u	Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u Yusa’u
45.	AG KA	24/12/24	Faruku	Fawuku Fawuku	Fawuku Fawuku	Faruku Fawuku	Faruku Fawuku
46	MSI	25/12/24	Dankali	Tantali	Tantali	Dankali	Dankali
47..	AM AH KA	26/12/24 - 27/12/24	Kanari	Kayani Kayayi Tanani	Kayani Kayayi Tanani	Kayani Kanari Tanani	Kanari Kanari Tanani
48.	HA	28/12/24	Lahira	Layira	Layira	Layira	Layira

Kamar yadda Tebur na 2 a misali na (37) a kalmar sunan “Aliyu” KA a gwaji na ɗaya har zuwa na huɗu ya gaza furta wannan suna daidai ya sauya sautin /l/ da ke gaɓa ta biyu inda ya sauya shi da /y/ tare da furta shi zuwa “Ayiyu” shi kuwa MK ya sauya sautin /y/ da ke gaɓa ta ta biyu a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu zuwa “Aniyu” amma a na uku zuwa na huɗu ya samu damar furta wannan kalma daidai “Aliyu” A misali na (38) na kalmar “ƙwaguwa’ KA da AH da AG da AM da KA da HA da MIS da NA da MA da MY dukaninsu sun gaza furta wannan kalma daidai a gwaji na ɗaya har zuwa na huɗu a sakamakon tawayar harshe da suke da ita, inda suka futa ta da “kwaguwa” wato sun sauya sautin /ƙ/ zuwa /k/. A misali na (39) na kalmar na kalmar “ƙwaƙwalwa’ KA da AH da AG da AM da KA da HA da MIS da NA da MA da MY ita ma wannan kalma sun gaza furta ta yadda take inda suka furta ta da “kwakwalwa” wato sun sauya sautin /ƙ/ zuwa /k/ dauk a gwaje-gwajen da aka yi daga na farko har zuwa na ƙarshe.A misali na (40) a kalmar “kujera” KA a gawaji na farko zuwa na biyu ya sauya sautin /j/ zuwa /t/ “kutera” amma a gwaji na uku zuwa na huɗu ya samu damar furta wannan kalma daidai, sai AM ya furta wannan kalma zuwa “kutera” wato ya sauya sautin /j/ da ke gaɓa ta biyu zuwa /t/ a gwaji na farko har zuwa na huɗu da aka yi ya gaza furta wannan kalma daidai. A misali na (41) a kalmar “Ashiru” da na (42) a kalmar “Rashida” KA da AH da AG da AM da KA da HA da MIS da NA da MA da MY dukaninsu sun gaza furata wannan kalma daidai a gwaji na ɗaya har zuwa na huɗu da aka yi inda suka furta kalmar zuwa “Asiru” wato an sauya sautin /sh/ na gaɓa ta biyu zuwa /s/ sai a klmar “Rashida” a nan shi ma sun sauya sautin “sh’ zuwa /s/ a sakamakon raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma tawayar harshe da suke da ita.

A misali na (43) a kalmar “Farida” AI ya furta wannan kalma zuwa “Tarida’ a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu da na uku da aka yi wato ya sauya sautin /f/ da ke gaɓar farko zuwa /t/ amma a gwaji na huɗu ya samu damar furta wannan kalmadaidai zuwa “Farida” shi kuwa KA ya sauya sautin gaɓa ta biya ta /r/ zuwa /n/ inda ya furta zuwa “Fanida” a gwaji na biyu da aka yi, amma a gwaji na biyu har zuwa na huɗu ya samu damar furta wannan kalma daidai zuwa “Farida” A misali na (44) a kalmar “Nabila” AM a gwaji na farko har zuwa na huɗu ya sauya sautin /b/ zuwa /h/ inda ta furta wannan kalma zuwa “Nahila” sai KA shi ma a gwaji na farko zuwa na biyu na sauya sautin /b/ zuwa /h/ inda ya furata shi zuwa “Nahila” amma a gwaji na uku zuwa na huɗu da aka yi ya samu damar furta wannan kalma daidai sai kuma TS ya furta wannna kalma zuwa “Nayila” wato ya sauya sautin gaɓa ta biyu na /b/ zuwa /y/amma a gwaji na biyu zuwa na huɗu da aka yi ya samu damar futa wannan kalmar zuwa daidai wato “Nabila”. A misali na (44) a klamar “Yush’u “KA da AH da AG da AM da KA da HA da MIS da NA da MA da MY duk a gwaje-gwajen da aka yi sun sauya sautin /sh/zuwa /s/ wato “Yusa’u’ a maimakon “Yusha’u” A misali na (45) a kalmar “Faruku” AG ya sauya sautin /r/ da ke gaɓa ta biyu zuwa /w/ a gwaji na ɗaya da na biyu “Fawuku” amma a gwaji na uku zuwa na huɗu ya samu damar furta wannan kalma daidai, si kuwa KA a gawji na ɗaya har zuwa na huɗu ya gaza furta ta daidai sai dai ya furta ta da “Fawuku”. A misali (46) a kalmar “dankali” MSI ya sauya sautin /k/ na gaɓa ta biyu da /t/”dantali” a gwaji na ɗaya zuwa na biyu, amma a gwaji na uku ya samu ya furta ta zuwa daidai “dankali” A misali na (47) a kalmar “Kanari” AM ya futa ta zuwa “kayani” wato ya sauya sautin /n/ da ke gaɓa ta biyu da /y/a gwaji na farko zuwa na uku. Amma a gwaji na huɗu ya furta ta daidai, sai AH shi ma ya sauya sautin /n/ da ke gaɓa ta biyu zuwa /y/ a gwaji na farko da na biyu, amma a gwaji na uku da na huɗu ya furta ta daidai, sai KA ya furta wannan kalma a gwaji na ɗaya har zuwa na huɗu da “kanani” inda ya sauya sautin /r/ da ke gaɓa ta uku zuwa /n/. A misali na (48) HA a kakmar “lahira” ta sauya sautin /h/ da ke gaɓa ta biyu da /y/ ta kuma gaza faɗar wannan kalma daidai a gwaji na farko har zuwa na huɗu, a sakamakon raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da take da shi.

4.3 Farfaɗo da Kurakuran Musanya Sautuka a Kalmomi Masu Gaɓa Huɗu

A nan za a fito da waɗansu kalmomi masu gaɓa huɗu da wasu daga cikin masu lalurar shanyewar laka suka yi kurakurai a wajen furta su ta hanyar musanya wasu sautuka da wasu, amma daga baya da aka yi amfani da waɗansu dabaru na yin gwaji an samu nasarar gyara wasu kurakurai inda suka furta su yadda suke, saɓanin yadda suka furta su da farko.

Jadawali Na 1: Gwajin Gyara Musanya Sautuka a Kalmomi Masu Gava Huxu

Lamba	Suna	Ranakun Gwaji	Koyon sauti	Gwaji Na Ɗaya	Gwaji Na Biyu	Gwaji Na Uku	Gwaji Na Huɗu
49.	MSI	4/1/2025	Makaranta	Makalanta	Malalanta	Malalanta	Malalanta
50.	MSI AS	5/1/2025 6/1/2025	Talabijin	Falabijin	Falabijin	Falabijin	Falabijin
51.	MSI	6/1/2025	Masallaci	Fasallaci	Fiaallaci	Fasallaci	Masallaci
52	MSI	7/1/2025	Majalisa	Malalisa	Malalisa	Malalisa	Malalisa
53.	NM MSI	8/1/2025	Abdullahi	Abdullayi Abdullayi	Abdullayi Abdullayi	Abdullayi Abdullayi	Abdullayi Abdullayi
54.	MSI NM	9/1/2025 10/1/2024	Attahiru	Attayiru Attayiru	Attayiru Attayiru	Attayiru Attayiru	Attayiru Attayiru

A misali na (49) a kalmar “makaranta” MSI ya sauya sautinm /k/ da ke ga ta biyu da /l/ sai a gaɓa ta uku ya sauta na /r/ da /l/ a gwajin farko har zuwa na huɗu inda ya furta wannan kalma da “malalanta” sai a misali na (50) na kalmar “talabijin” MSI ya sauya sautin gaɓar farko na /t/ da /f/ a gwaji na farko har zuwa na ƙarshe ya gaza faɗar wannan kalma yadda take sai dai ya furta ta da “falabijin” A misali na (51) na “masallaci’ MSI ya sauya sautin /m/ zuwa /f/ a gwajin farko da na uku inda ya furta ta zuwa “fasallaci” amma a gawaji na ƙarshe da aka yi an samu ya furta wannan kalma daidai zuwa “masallaci. A misali na (52) a kalamar “majalisa” MSI ya sauya sautin /j/ da /l/ a gwaji nan a farko har zuwa na huɗu, wato ya gaza faɗar wannan kalma da daidai inda ya furta wannan kalma zuwa “malalisa” A misali na (53) a kalmar “Abdullahi” NM da MSI sun sauya sautin /h/ da /y/ inda ta furta shi zuwa “Abdullayi” a gwaji na farko har zuwa na huɗu inda suka gaza faɗar wannan kalma daidai sai dai suka farta ta da “Abdullayi” Sai a misali na (54) a kalmar “Attahiru “ NM da MSI sun gaza furta wannan kalmar daidai a gwaji na farko har zuwa na huɗu da aka yi inda suka sauya sautin /h/ da /y/ tare da furta wannan suna zuwa “Abdullayi”.

5.4 Adadin Kurakuran Musanya Sauti Da Aka Samu da Kuma Waɗanda Aka Gyara

A nan za bayyana yawan adadin kurakuran musanya sauti da aka samu a cikin kalmomi na kowane mai ɗauke da wannan lalura ta shanyewar laka da kuma waɗanda ya yi ƙokarin gyarawa a sakamakon keɓe su da aka yi tare da koyar da su daga bisani kuma aka yi masu gwaji, kamar yadda Za a gani a wannan tebur da ke ƙasa.

Jadawali Na 4: Adadin Kurakuran Musanya Sauti da aka yi da Waɗanda aka Gyara

S/N	SUMA	Kurakuran Musanya Sauti				Gyaran Kurakuran Musanya Sauti
		Kalmomi masu Gaɓa Biyu	Kalmomi masu Gaɓa Uku	Kalmomi masu Gaɓa huɗu	Adadi	Kalmomi masu Gaɓa Biyu	Kalmomi masu Gaɓa Uku	Kalmomi masu Gaɓa Huɗu	Adadi
55.	MSI	5	4	3	13	3	1	2	6
56.	NM	2	3	2	7	1	2	2	5
57.	HA	4	3	-	7	2	1	-	3
58.	AS	1	3	-	4	1	2	-	3
59.	MY	4	3	-	7	2	2		4
60.	AM	4	4	-	8	2	3	-	5
61.	KA	4	6	-	10	2	3	-	5
62.	AH	2	3	-	5	1	3	-	4
63.	AG	3	3	-	6	1	4	-	5
64.	NA	2	3	-	5	2	2	-	4
65.	MA	2	3	-	5	2	1		3
Jimilla		33	38	5	77	19	24	4	47

Wanann Tebur da ke sama a lamba ta (55) MSI ya yi kurakuran musanya sauti (17) a kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu an samu (5) a masu gaɓa uku an samu (4) a masu gaɓa hudu an samu uku, amma ya yi ƙoƙarin gyara (6) a masu gaɓa biyu ya gyara (3) a masu uku ya gyara (1) a masu huɗu (4) ya gyara biyu a lamba ta (56) NM Ya yi kurakurai (7) a kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu an samu (2) a masu uku an samu (3) a masu huɗu an samu (2) ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin gyara guda (5) a masu gaɓa biyu ya gyara (1) a masu uku ya gyara (2) a masu huɗu ya gyara (2) Sai HA a lamba ta (57) ya aiwatar da kurakurai (7) ya kuma samu gyara (3) A lamba ta (58) AS ya yi kurakurai (7) a kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu ya yi (4) a masu uku an samu (3) a masu huɗu ba a samu ko ɗaya ba, amma ya gyara guda (3) a kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu (2) a masu gaɓa huɗu (1) A lambata ta (59) MY ya aiwatar da kurakurai (7) a kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu an samu (4) a masu uku an samu (30 amma ya gyara (4) a kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu ya gyara (2) a masu gaɓa uku ma ya gyara (2). A misali na (60) AM ya yi kurakurai (8) huɗu a masu gaɓa ta biyu, sai a (4) a masu gaɓa ta uku, inda ya gyara (5) masu gaɓa biyu ya gyara (2) a masu uku ya gyara (3). A misali na (61) KA ya yi kurakuran musanya sauti (10) inda ya gyara (5) Sai a misali na (62) AH ya yi kurakurai (5) amma ya samu gyara (4) a misali na (63) AG ya yi (6) amma ya gyara (5) sai misali na (64) NA ya yi kurakurai (5) ya samu ya gyara (4) A misali na (65) MA ya yi kurakurai (5) a kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu an samu (2) a masu gaɓa huɗu an samu (2) inda ya gyara (2) a masu gaɓa biyu, masu gaba uku kuma ya gyara (1). A taƙaice dai an samu kurakuran musanya sauti (75) aka gyara (39).

5.0 Kammalawa

A wannan muƙala an kawo bayani a kan harshe da ƙwaƙwalwa (Neauro linguistics) da tsarin naƙaltar harshe a faɗin duniya. Sannan kuma an yi bayani tare da kawo wasu kurakuran furuci da masu lalurar shanyewar laka suka yi na musanya sautuka da wasu sautuka na daban. Wannan takarda ta fito ne da kurakuran furuci ta fuskar baƙaƙe tsakanin masu wannan lalura da suka fito a makarantar sakandare ta masu buƙata ta musanman da ke garin Gusau, har ila yau an yi amfani da hanyar yin gwaji, inda aka tabbatar da cewa masu wannan lalura za su iya farfaɗo da harshensu idan aka ba su kyakkyawar kulawa da ta dace. Sannan wannan bincike daga bisani ya gano cewa akwai waɗansu sautuka da wasu daga cikin masu wannan lalura suka gaza furtawa da suka ƙunshi /ts/da /sh/ da /ƙw/da kuma /ƙ/a sakamakom yanayin raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da suke da shi, inda daga bisani aka kawo sakamakon da aka samu a wannan bincike, sai kuma kammalawa da aka rufe wannan takarda da ita.Wannan muƙala kamar yadda aka gani ta yi nazari ne a kan kurakuran furucin musanya sauti a tsakanini Hausawa masu lalurar shanyewar laka a sakamakon rauni da tawayar harshe da suke da ita kassancewar wannan ɓangare ne da ya shafi harshe da ƙwaƙwalwa, har ila yau wannan muƙala an taskace wasu kalmomi da aka samu kurakuran musanya sauti a ciki tare da gano wuraren furuci da yanayin furuci da kuma matsayin maƙwalto na waɗannan sautuka. Binciken ya gano cewa a cikin kalmomi (37) da aka taskace an samu kurakuran musanya sauti (75) da masu wannan lalura suka yi a ciki a wurare mabambamta, a kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu an samu kurakuran musanya sauti (32) inda aka gyara (8) a kalmomi masu gaɓa uku an samu kurakurai (38) inda aka gyara (26) a masu gaɓa huɗu an samu kurakuran musanya sauti (5) inda kuma aka samu damar gyara su duka. Wannan muƙala haka ma ta gano daga cikin adadin samfuri da aka ɗauka an samu masu wannan lalura su huɗu da ba su iya yin magana kwata-kwata a sakamakon yanayim lalurar shanyewar laka da ta yi masu tsanani. An kuma gano cewa har ila yau masu wannan lalura za su iya farfaɗo da harshensu idan aka ba su kyakkyawar kulawa ta la’akari da lalurarsu, daga ƙarshe wannan muƙala ta gano masu wannan lalura ta shanyewar laka da aka yi gwaji da su, an haife su ne da wanna lalura.

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