Nazarin Turken Yabo da Gargadi a Cikin Wasu Wakokin Mawakan Baka

Citation: Darma, A.Y. and Aliyu, L. (2024). Nazarin Turken Yabo da Gargaɗi a Cikin Wasu Waƙoƙin Mawaƙan Baka. Ginshiƙin Nazarin Salon Waƙoƙin Hausa, 315-318. www.doi.org/10.36349/djhs.2024.v03i01.039.

NAZARIN TURKEN YABO DA GARGAƊI A CIKIN WASU WAƘOƘIN MAWAƘAN BAKA

Abdullahi Yakubu Darma

Lawal Aliyu

Sashen Nazarin Harshen Hausa, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Isa Kaita, Dutsin-ma, Jihar Katsina

Tsakure

Mawaƙan baka na Hausa sun yi fice a wajen shaʼanin gudanar da waƙoƙi na gargajiya. Shahararrun mawaƙan baka ba su tsaya a wannan ƙasar ba kawai, domin kuwa sun shiga waɗansu ƙasashe da dama irinsu Nijar da Ghana da Kamaru duk a kan shaʼanin gudanar da waƙoƙi don nuna fasaha da ɗimbin hikimomi da bayyana falsafarsu da kuma baje kolin basirorinsu a tsarin zamantakewa na al’ummar Hausawa. Manufar wannan takarda ita ce yin nazarin turken yabo da gargaɗi a waɗansu waƙoƙin. Za a daɗa fito da irin hangen nesan mawaƙa a kan yabo musamman yadda mawaƙan kan yabi iyayen gidansu da kuma gargaɗi a kan aiwatar da illar muganta a tsarin zamantakewar maʼana yadda za a rinƙa sara ana duban bakin gatari. Haka kuma bincike ya hau wani ra’i da aka ɗora binciken a kai sai aka kawo sakamakon bincike da kammaluwa da manazarta.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Turke, Yabo, Gargaɗi, Waƙoƙin Baka

Gabatarwa

Hausawa mutane masu hikima da fasaha da basira da baiwa da Allah ya hore masu iri-iri. Irin waɗannan hikimomi da basira da fasaha, sukan fito ƙarara ta hanyar waƙa ta baka ko rubutacciya. Da wannan ne masana da manazarta suka fito da ma’anar waƙa da cewa, Furuci ne (lafazi ko saƙo) a cikin azanci da ake aiwatarwa ta hanyar rerawa da ɗaiɗaitar kalmomi cikin wani tsari ko ƙa’ida da kuma yin amfani da dabaru ko salon armashi.’ (Ɗangambo 1982). Gusau (2008) ya ce, waƙa wani zance ne shiryayye cikin hikima da azanci da yake zuwa gaɓa-gaɓa bisa ƙaʼidojin shiryawa da daidaitawa a rera a cikin sautin murya da amsa-amon kari da armashi da kiɗa.

1.1 Ra’in Bincike

Dangane da ra’in da aka ɗora wannan bincike kuwa, an ɗora binciken a kan Ra’in turken waƙar Baka Bahaushiya (WBB). Farfasa Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau ne ya assasa wannan ra’in a shekara ta (1993) kuma ya ƙara ɗabbaƙa shi a shekara ta (2014). Wannan ra’in ya samu ƙarɓuwa a wajen masu nazarin waƙoƙin makaɗan baka na Hausa da ɗimbin mabiya.

1.0              Su Wane ne Mawakan Baka?

A Ƙoƙarin yi wa binciken adalci da gata, yana da kyau a kawo ɗan taƙaitaccen tarihin asali da samuwar waƙa. Masana da manazarta adabin baka sun yi ƙoƙari wajen bayyana asali da samuwar waƙar baka a cikin al’ummar Hausawa. Ana zaton Hausawa sun sami kiɗa da waƙa ne daga wajen tsofaffin daulolin Africa, watau Mali da Songhai. Da ma can ita daular Mali suna da makaɗan fada daga baya da ta shuɗe sai Songahai ta gajeta sai ta gaji irin waɗannan kaɗe-kaɗe. (Ibrahim 1583). Gusau (2023) ya ce, Hausawa sun ƙagi waƙa ne ta hanyar farauta da kirare-kirare daga baya nan kuma ta daɗa bunƙasa a sakamakon noma da yaƙe-yaƙe. Ashe kenan waƙar baka aba ce daɗaɗɗiya wadda aka fara ta tun lokacin daɗaɗɗe mai nisan gaske.

Su kuma mawaƙan baka su ne, masu amfani da kayan kiɗa don ya taimaka wajen daɗin muryar waƙarsu kuma sukan sanya tufafin gargajiya ne idan zasu yi waƙoƙinsu. (Ibrahim, 1983:1). Mawaƙan baka su ne yawanci suka gaji kiɗa da waƙa daga wajen iyayensu da kakanninsu waɗanda suke baje kolin ɗimbin basirar su da hikimarsu a wajen aiwatarda waƙoƙinsu (Hira da Farfesa Bishir Aliyu Sallau na Jami’ar Tarayya Dutsin-ma a ranar 18/9/2023).

Kenan asalin waƙar baka ya faru ne daga cuɗanyar Hausawa da waɗansu tsofaffin dauloli inda wannan cuɗanyar ta yi tasiri a wajen, su kuwa mawaƙa duba da yadda masana da manazarta a kan adabi a iya cewa su ne mutanen da mafi akasari su ka gaji waƙa daga iyayen su da kakanninsu don kare martabar gadansu na asali.

3.0 Ma’anar Turke

Masana da dama sun yi ƙoƙari wajen bayar da ma’anar turke kamar haka:

Ƙamusun Hausa (2006:446) ya bayyana turke da cewa wani guntun itace da ake kafawa don ɗaura dabba a jikinsa.

Gusau (2008:370) ya bada ma’anar turke kamar haka saƙon da makaɗi yakan zaɓa ya gina waƙarsa ya tarye kansa da kansa ya zuɓa ɗiyanta bisa wasu zaɓaɓɓun kalmomi da za su doshi wata babbar manufa.

A bisa fahimta kuwa a iya cewa turke wani babban bango ne da mawaƙi yake jingina waƙarsa domin isar da saƙon manufarsa.

3.1 Ma’nar Yabo:

Yabo na ɗaya daga cikin halaye da mawaƙan baka suke amfani da shi wajen gudanar da waƙoƙinsu don bayyana irin namijin ƙoƙari da wani mutum yake aikatawa ta hanyar kyauta a gareshi konuna halin kyautatawa ga al’umma. Yabo yana nufin waɗansu maganganu da ɗabi’ar halayyar Hausawa suke aikatawa wato kalma a mai ɗaɗi da aka ambata ga wani (CNHN, 2006:476). Don haka wataƙila da wannan ne mawaƙan baka suka tsunduma a wajen yabon mutane a ƙasar Hausa.

3.1.1 TurkenYabo a Wasu Waƙoƙin Mawaƙan Hausa

Wannan bincike ya dubi misalan waɗansu waƙoƙi da mawaƙan baka suka fito da shi domin yaba gwarzayensu musamman a kan abin da ya shafi halin kyautatawa da abinda iya mulki da kare martabar addini.

Musa Ɗankwairo yabo a wata waƙoƙinsa in da yake yabon Sardaunan Sakkwato inda yake cewa:

Bangon tama mai wuyar karo

Bajimin Sa Kashim Uban Zagi

Bello ɗan Hassan,

Mai martaba Abdullahi

Mai martaba Moyi da Atto da uwar Daje,

Mai martabar Isan Kware, Autan Shehu

Mai martabar Ibrahim mai ƙahon karo,

Sadauki ɗan sadauki,

Kakanninka waliyan Allah ne

Ba ba’a ba ko can,

Ko lahira ma taulahinmu na nan

Can wajen hannunsu na dama.

(Musa Ɗanƙwairo: Waƙar Sardauna)

Alh. Musa Ɗanƙwiro ya fito da babban saƙonsu na turken yabo a ɗiyan waƙarsa na 9 dana 11 a waƙar ya wuce raini ba a yi mai shi.

Makaɗa sarkin taushi sarkin katsina ya yabi sardauna dangane da sha’anin mulki da jarumta da kuma addini a waƙarsa inda yake cewa:

Idon batun mulki ne, ba a gaya ma kome,

Bello shi ak kakanka sun sani ba wai ba

Idan batun addini ne ba a gaya ma kome,

Usmanu Shehu shi ak kakanka, sun sani ba wai ba.

Idan batu yaƙine ba a gaya ma kome,

Atiku shi ma kakanem, sun sani ba wai ba,

Atiku yai yaƙi, duk ƙasa ga ba’a korai ba,

(Sarkin Taushin Katsuina: Waƙar Sarkin Katsina)

A wannan waƙa makaɗin sarkin taushin Katsina ya fito da tunken yabo na iya mulki ne na 1 dana 2, haka kuma makaɗa sarkin taushin Katsina ya fito da turken jarumtaka a ɗa na ta waƙarsa.

Sha’anin addini kuwa makaɗa sarkin taushin Katsina ya fito da turke na 3 a waƙarsa.

Makaɗa galadiman kotso Alhaji Abdurrahman ya yabi sarkin Kano Muhammad Sanusi ta fuskar kawo cigaban ƙasa a wata waƙarsa inda yake cewa:

Na ayyukan gona sun kyawu,

Zamanin mamman na abashe,

Shinka badankama marar auki,

Du sun kasheta, yanzu kilaki mukanci,

Ankas tsohuwar gyaɗa marar auki,

Saiko mace tsugune muke shukawa,

Mai abkin ‘ya’ya ga manoma,

Gontamaru rogo du, an kasha

Mu yanzu sai ɗon waru mukanci.

(Makaɗa Galadiman Kotso: Waƙar Sarkin Katsina)

Makaɗa Galadiman kotso ya fito da bayanai irin cigaban da Kano ta samu a zamanin sarkin Kano Muhammadu Sanusi na I ta fuskar aikin gona don kuwa suna da ire-iren shuka ga manoma. Za a iya tabbatar da su dukkan ɗiyan waƙar makaɗa Abdurahman Galadiman Kotso.

Don haka waɗannan misalan waƙoƙin na mawaƙa da binciken ya zaƙolo na a matsayin misalan gina turken yabo a waƙoƙin baka na garajiya domin isar da saƙonsu.

3.2 Ma’anar Gargadi

Gargaɗi na nufin jan kunne ko yin kashedi ko horo (CMHN, 2006:159).

Anan makaɗa na amfani da gargaɗi wajen shirya waƙoƙinsu na gargajiya domin yin horo da hani a zamantakewar al’umma don faɗawa zuwa a wani mummunan yanayi ko kiyaye doka da bin umurnin shugabannin ƙasa.

3.2.1 Turken Garaɗi a Wasu Waƙoƙin Mawaƙa Hausa

A tattare da wannan ɓangaren binciken nan ya dubi waɗansu mawaƙa da suka shirya waƙoƙinsu a wannan turke domin jan hankalin jama’a a kan waɗansu halaye masu kyau da kuma akasin haka.

Kamar a cikin waƙar Dr. Mamman Shata ya fito da turken gargaɗi a waƙarsa inda yake cewa:

Ni dai tsorona sarki Allah

Sannan tsorona ramin mugunta.

 (Waƙar Gargaɗi mai gina ramin mugunta ɗa 1).

Haka kuma (Dr) Mamman Shata ya ƙara fito da turken gargaɗi a ƙaɗansu waƙoƙarsa kamar haka

Kai dai maigina ramin mugunta

To ka gina daidai kwabrinka

Wata ƙila kai ka faɗa.

(Waƙar gargaɗi mai ina ramin mugunta da na 2).

Haka kuma, a wani ɗan waƙar makaɗin Mamman shata ya sake fito da turken gargaɗi inda yake cewa:

Gama a naka aikin daidai

Ka bar shi ka nufo wani kangun,

Kana biɗar ka bata mai shi.

Wannan ne ina ramin mugunta.

(Mamman Shata: Waƙar Maigina Rmin Mugunta).

Haka kuma, a cikin waƙar Alh. Adamu ɗan maraya Jos ya fito da turken gargaɗi a wata waƙarsa kan aure inda ya ce:

Maigida da uwargida

In an yi faɗa don annabi

Don Allah bar saurin fita

Da can kina ko gidan miji

Ɗan kwali shi za ya yi

Rigar sawa shi ya yi

Zanan ɗaurawa shi za ya yi

Agogon hannu sai ya yi

Tuwon dawa in zaki ci

Maigida yai tanadi

Sannan sakwara in za ki ci

Tuwon shinkafa kin jiya

Maigida yai tanadi

Uwa da uba ya kula dasu

Duk taskar Allah zaku ci

To yanzu da ba ki da maigida

Wannan abu duk ke za ki yi

Haka kinga asara taki ce

Maigida kai zan maka gargaɗi

Kai ma wannan matarka ce

Ruwan wanka ita za ta kai

Sharar ɗaki ita za ta yi

Ta tuƙa abinci ka zoo ka ci.

 (Ɗanmaraya Jos: Waƙar Maigida da Uwargida)

Duba da wannan waƙa ta makaɗin Dr Alh. Adamu Ɗan maraya Jos za a iya cewa ɗiyan waƙarsa na uku ya fito da turken gargaɗi.

Haka a ɗiyan waƙarsa na 20 ya fito daturken waƙarsa inda yana gargaɗin maigida akan kula da matarsa.

Haka kuma, Dr Mamman Shata a wata waƙarsa ya fitoda jigon gargaɗi a waƙar kuɗi a kashe su ta hanya kai kyau misali:

Kuɗi a kashe su ta hanya mai kyau

Ka tuna yadda ka sami kuɗinka,

Ka sha wuya ka sami kuɗinka,

To ka kashe su ta hanya mai kyau.

Kuɗi a kashe su ta hanya mai kyau.

(Mamman Shata: Waƙar Kuɗi a Kashesu ta Hanya Mai Kyau)

Dr. Mamman Shata ya fito da turken gargadi a wannan waƙa a ɗiya na 4.

Haka ma a wani ɗan waƙa Dr Mamman Shata ya ƙara fito da turken gargaɗi kamar haka:

Duk wuyar shi duk ɗaɗin shi,

In ka sami kuɗinki ka tara

Indai kai niyar ɓadda su,

To ka kasha su ta hanya mai kyau.

(Mamman Shata: Waƙar kuɗi a kasha su ta hanya mai kyau).

5.0 Kammalawa

Wannan takarda ta bijiro da yabanai masu nasabar irin yadda mawaƙan baka suke bayar da gudummuwarsu wajen shirya waƙa mai ɗauke da turke daban-daban wanda a ciki a ka yi nazarin turken yabo da na gargaɗi domin isar da sako ko hannun ka mai sanda ga al’umma, domin gyara halayya.

5.1 Sakamakon Bincike

Sakamakon wannan bincike an fahimce yadda mawaƙan baka ke shirya waƙoƙinsu a kan turken yabo wanda sukan dubi waɗansu mashahuran mutane masu daraja a cikin al’ummar Hausawa akan wani abin da za a yaba masu alalmisali sha’anin addini da na tsarin mulki da kuma jarumtaka inda ake kawo misalan waɗansu waƙoƙi na yabo da waɗansu mawaka suka wake irin waɗancan mutane a cikin al’umma. Haka kuma wani sakamakon bincike ya fito da yadda mawaƙa suke shirya turken gargaɗi a mabanbanta waƙoƙinsu domin jawo hankali da hani da horo da kuma yin hannun-ka-mai sanda a zamantakewar yau da kullum ta rayuwar Hausawa.

Manazarta

C. N.H.N (2006). Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero, Ahmadu Bello University Press.

Dangambo, A. (1982). ‘Jigon Ban Dariya a Adabin Hausa’ Takardar da aka gabatar a taron ƙarawa juna sani, Kano: Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nigeria, Jami’ar Bayero.

Farfesa Bishir Aliyu Sallau. An yi hirar a Jami’ar Tarayya ta Dutsin-ma, a ranar 18/9/2023.

Gusau S.M. (2018). Diwanin Makaɗan Baka na Hausa (Juzi’ina Uku). Kano: Country Research and Publishing Limited.

Gusau, S.M (2015). Mazhabobin Ra’I da Tarke a Adabin da Al’adu na Hausa, Kano: Century Research and Publishing Limited.

Gusau, S.M (2023). ‘Jagoran Nazarin Waƙar Baka’ Kano: Bothmark Publishers Limited.

Gusau, S.M. (2008). Waƙoƙin Baka a Ƙasar Hausa: Yanaye-yanayensu da sigoginsu, Kano: Bothmark Publishers Limited.

Ibrahim, M.S. (1983). Kowa ya sha Kiɗa. Ikeja, Laos: Longman Nigeria Plc.