Matsalolin Fassara a Gidajen Rediyo

ABBA ZAMZAMU ABUBAKAR

DEPARTMENT OF HAUSA

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSIN-MA, KATSINA STATE

GABATARWA

Fassara na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin samar da ƙaruwar abubuwan karatu ga harshen kurɓa, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ƙarin samuwar sabbin kalmomi daga harshe na ɗaya zuwa na biyu wato (Source language and target language)

            Masana daban-daban suna da ra’ayoyi game da ma’anar fassara da kuma irin kallon da suke yi mata. Ƙamusun weste (1958:265) ya bayyana ma’anar fassara da cewa: Musayar saƙo daga wani harshe zuwa wani harshen daban. Catford cewa ya yi “Fassara ita ce musaya matani daga wani harshen da kwatankwacin matanin zuwa wani harshen daban.(1965:20).

            Dangane da haka, za a iya cewa fassara hanya ce ta juya saƙo daga harshen bayarwa zuwa na karɓa ta la’akari da ma’ana tare da gundarin saƙon domin samar da irin saƙon ko matanin ga wannan harshe.

            A ɓangare guda kuwa, za a iya ɗaukar ma’anar matsala da cewa; kaucewa hanya, tasgaro, lalura, ko kutse da ake samu wajen aiwatar da wani abu da yake da tsari da dokoki wajen aiwatar da shi, wannan ya haɗa da zamantakewa, da kuma ita kanta fassarar, wanda daga ƙarshe matsalar takan haifar da rashin ingancin abin. Irin wannan matsala akan same ta a duk fannonin rayuwa daban-daban kamar yadda bayani ya gabata. Gidajen Radiyo na ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ake fuskantar matsala da ta shafi aikace-aikacen su.

MENE NE GIDAN RADIYO

Gidan rediyo na daga cikin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa mafiya daɗewa a harkokin sadarwar zamani.

“Guglielmo marconi: An Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and recieved his first radio signal in italy in 1895. By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English chennal and two year letter recieve the letter (s) te legraphed from England to new found land. This was first successful transalatic”.

Guglielmo Marconi, mai fasahar ƙirƙira ɗan asalin ƙasar Italiya, ya samar da kafar sadarwa ta rediyo. Ya fara aikawa da karɓar alamar/siginar radiyo a Italiya a kan iska ta hanyar Inglishi, bayan shekara biyu ya karɓi saƙon baƙin (s) ta akwatun saƙo daga Ingila zuwa Newfound land. Wannan ita ce fassara ta farko da aka fara yi. (fassarar mai bincike).

            Tun daga wancan lokacin da aka fara isar da saƙo ta kafar rediyo, zamani zuwa zamani a kan samu sauye-sauye da samun ci gaba ta fannoni daban-daban. Kafar rediyo ko gidan rediyo, wuri ne da yake da sassa da ma’aikata daban-daban.

HANYOYIN YAƊA SHIRYE-SHIRYE A REDIYO

Radiyo na da ire-iren hanyoyin yaɗa shirye-shirye iri-iri da suka haɗa da:

AM, FM, KIHZ, online radiyo, waɗannan su ne hanyoyin da ake yaɗa shirye-shirye a radiyo. Sai dai suna da bambance-bambance ta fuskokin gudanar da aiyukansu, kamar yadda suke da kamanceceniya; domin dukkansu suna yin fassara kuma suna yin labarai. Da sauran wuraren da suke kama.

IRE-IREN FASSARA A GIDAJEN RADIYO

1.      Fassarar labarai: fassara ce da ake yin ta a sashen labarai kafin shiga ɗakin labarai a karanto shi kaitsaye. Haka kuma irin wannan fassara ta shafi haɗa rahoto, ma’ana an ɗauko rohoto da aka yi magana da Hausa, mai rahoto ya fassara da Turancia lokacin da za a yi labaran.

2.      Fassara ta kaitsaye: wannan fassara ce da ake yin ta a lokacin da ake yin wani bayani kaitsaye kamar huɗuba, ko jawabin wani shugaba da sauran bayanai da ake yin su kaitsaye. Irin wannan fassara akan fuskanci tangarɗa sosai wajen yinta domin a kan samun ƙarancin tokaci da kuma tauye wasu abubuwan da mai bayanin ya faɗa ba tare da an fassara su ba.

3.      Fassara ta hira: ita kuma wannan fassara ce da ake yin ta a lokacin da ake hira da wani a lokacin da ake yin hirar, wanda ake hirar da shi zai ringa faɗin wata ko kalmomi da ba na wannan harshen da yake magana da shi ba. A lokacin shi kuma ɗan jaridar zai ringa ƙoƙarin fassara ta domin sauƙaƙa wa mai sauraro. Misali ana hira Hausa sai mai bayani ya ringa jefo kalmomin Turanci ko larabci abin da ake kira Ingausa.

4.      Fassara tallace-tallace: ita kuma wannan ita ce fassara ta sashen kasauwanci na gidajen rediyo a wannan ma ana samun matsalolin a wajen yin fassarar.

Dukkan waɗannan da ma wasu a kan samu matsalolin fassara a wajen aiwatar da su a gidajen radiyo kamar yadda misali zai zo nan gaba.

MATSALOLIN FASSARA A GIDAJEN RADIYO

Matsaloli a wajen fassara a bayyane suke ga duk mai bibiyar gidajen rediyo kuma ya san me ake cewa fassara. Abubuwa da dama kan haifar da matsala a fassara a gidajen radiyo kamar  haka:

®    Rashin  Naƙaltar Harasa:kamar yadda aka sani a ƙa’idojin fassara ana so mai fassara ya san harshen da zai yi fassara akanshi da wanda zai fassara (SL and TL) irin wannnan takan faru a wurare da dama.

Malumfashi a rubutunsa mai taken ranar Hausa 2022 ya kawo wasu gurare da ake yin fassararsu ba daidai ba waɗanda suke da alaƙa a rashin naƙalta ko sanin harshen na Hausa ya ce “Saboda haka a lokacin fassara daga kowane harshe zuwa wani, dole a ƙoƙarta a daidaita inda abin ke ƙare mutane cikin duhu ma shi ne, ƙoƙarin mayar da tunanin wani harshe zuwa wani harshe da ƙarfi da yaji a lokacin fassara ko baddala. Alhali akwai yadda me wannan harshe yake duban wannan tunani daban da ydda yake a harshen mai bayarwa,

Ba nufi na bane in ce a tsabtace harshen Hausa, amma masana sunyi ittifaƙi cewa furta harshe bisa ƙa’idojin nahawu a kuma yadda ma’ana ta dace alamu ne na gwanancewa a harshen. A lokacin da mutum ya naƙalci dabarun harshe da zantukan hikimar da ke tattare da shi alamu ne ya shiga ƙwaryar manya a cikin harshen. Mu ɗauki misalan da ke biye mu ga yadda matsalar take.

Ø  “Taking the law in their hands” wannan tun asali Ingilawa ne. An fassara shi zuwa Hausa da cewa “Sun ɗauki doka a hannu” lallai Hausa ce, amma a bisa tunanin Ingilawa, ba Hausawa ba.

Ø  “Taking measures to foretall crisis” tunanin Ingilawa ne, idan kuma Hausawa suka fassara da cewa “Ɗaukar mataki don neman hana aukuwar rikici”. Hausa aka yi da Tunanin Ingilawa.

Yaya ake ji tunanin zai fita in aka fassara zancen kamar haka:

A maimaikon a ce ɗaukar doka a hannu................ a ce “yi wa doka karan tsaye” wane zai fi armashi ga Hausawa?

Haka kuma, maimakon a ce ɗaukar mataki a ce bin mataki tunda a tunanin Hausawa ba a iya ɗaukar doka, ba a ma ganin ta balle a ɗauka, shi kuwa mataki bin sa ake ɗaya bayan ɗaya wane zai fi burgewa?

Idan muka duba waɗannan bayanai da misalai  za a ga cewa akwai irin su da yawa da duk kusan gidajen radiyo a yanzu a kan irin wannan fassara suke; wanda kusan hakan ya haifar da cewa duk kusan mutane haka suke faɗa. Banda wannan akwai wasu misalai musamman da suka shafi zantukan hikima misali

Ø  “Prevention is better than care” “Riga kafi ya fi magani”

A zahirance fassarar haka ce da Hausa, amma a Hausa muna da fassara wadda ta yi daidai da tunanin Bahaushe a ce “Taya Allah kiwo ya fi Allah na nan”

Haka kuma wasu misalan su ne “National Open University”  “Buɗaɗɗiyar jami’ar Najeriya, mai makon “Jami’ar karatu daga gida”

Ø  In land dry port “Tashar sauke kaya ta kan tudu” “Maimakon tashar sauke kaya ta tsandauri”.

Ø  Helicopters “Shelikwaftoci” “Maimakon Jirgi mai saukar ungulu”.

Ø  “The flood causes the death of five years old child” Ambaliyar ruwa ta yi sanadin rayuwar yaro dan shekara biyar” “Maimakon a ce Ambaliyar ruwa ta yi sanadin hallakar karamin yaro mai shekara biyar”.

Idan muka duba waɗannan misalai za a cewa kusan fassarorin da ake samu sukan fito da rashin sani ko naƙaltar harshen karɓa da kuma harshen bayarwa, ta fuskar al’adu da nahawun harasan biyu.

®    Ingausa:Na nufin haɗa wani harshe da wani a lokacin yin magana, sau da yawa gidajen rediyo sukan yi Ingausa a wurin yin fassara. Misali:

Ø  A 3/2/2023 BBC Hausa sun ɗauko rahoto a kan rundunar tsaro mai bada kariya ga fararen hula (NSCDC) a wajen yin fassara sai suka ce “Rundunar tsaro ta Civil defence).

Ø  Haka kuma a 30/12/2022 ta cikin shirin a faɗa a cika sun ƙara maimaita hakan.

Ø  A 2/9/2022 gidan rediyon freedom su ma sun ɗauko rahoto shigen wancan tare da yin Ingausa da cewa hukumar tsaro ta Civil defence.

Ø  A 01/12/2022 gidan radiyo Express sun ɗauko rahoto tare da yin Ingausa da cewa hukumar tsaro ta civil defence.

®    Fassarar Kimiyya da Fasaha: Na ɗaya daga cikin ɓangaro dake fassara a lokutan labarai. A ɓangaren kimiya da fasaha ‘yan jarida kan yi ƙoƙarin fassara abubuwa domin samar da gamsuwa ga mai sauraro. Sai dai da yawa ana samun matsala na rashin samun kalmomin da za a fassara da su a harshen karɓa. Misali kwatanta kalmomin kimiya da na fasaha da harshen Hausa za a ga cewa wasu kalmomin sai dai a faɗe su yadda suke ko kuma a Hausantar da ɗaiɗaikun bakaƙen yadda za su yi sauƙin fahimta ga mai sauraro; da kuma sauƙin furta wa ga mai magana. Misali

Ø  Gangliyo cyst, wani abu ne da yake fito wa a kan gaba kamar ƙari

Ø  Acne cyst

Ø  Lipoma

Ø  Pilar cyst

Ø  Ovarian cyst, Tattaruwar ruwa ko tarkace a cikin bututun ƙwayaye na mace

Ø  Synovial fluid, ruwan grease

Ø  Electrocautery (Na’ura mai yanke ciwo)

Ø  Crytheapy (Na’urar daskarar da ciwo da sanyi)

Idan aka dubi irin waɗannan za a ga cewa kalmomi ne da fassararsu sai an ɗauki lokaci ana jawabi, dan haka yana da matuƙar wahala ga mai fassara ya fassara su matuƙar bai da alaƙa da kimiya da fasaha kaitsaye; musamman a lokacin da yake hira kaitsaye da wani.

            Haka kuma, akwai kalmomin da akwai su a Hausan da aka riga aka saba da su yau da kullum; amma za a samu a wasu gidajen rediyon suna yin fassararsu ta fuskar Hausantar da ɗaiɗaikun baƙaƙe misali BBC Hausa 2021 sun yi wani labari da suka fassara cewa wai Injiniyancin jirgi, maimakon Bakaniken jirgi.

®    Ɓangaren Shari’a da Dokoki: Bahaushe kan ce shari’a saɓanin hankali. Kamar kowane rukunin lauyoyi da alƙalai suna da harshensu da su kaɗai ne suke ganewa. Wani lokacin a tsakaninsu ma a kan samu saɓanin fahimta daga wannan lauya zuwa wancan sai an je ga kotu domin yin fassara. Wasu lokutan suma alƙalan akan samu saɓanin fahimta daga Katuna masu matsayi ɗaya, har sai ta same ta yi fassarar; wata fassarar ma sai an kai ga Kotun ƙoli sannan a samu fassara. Kenan wannan fage, fage ne mai rikitarwa ga ahalin abun; balle kuma ga wanda ba fannin ya ke ba. Wannan ya kan zama kalu bale ga mai fassara wajen yin fassara, domin  zai yi fassara ne da daga Turanci zuwa Hausa; ko daga Turanci zuwa wani harshen su kuma akwai kalmomin da ba yadda suke a Turance ba haka nan suke ba. Wani lokacin kuma suken faɗi abu a doka amma manufar sa daban da abun da za a fahimta. Misali

“Sashe na 39 a kundin tsarin mulkin (1999) yana magana a kan ‘yancin faɗin albarkacin baki (Freedom Expression/Speech) a wata gaɓa yana cewa “Freedom to Opinion” “Yancin riƙe ra’ayi” a fassarar doka kuwa “Yancin mallakar bayanai ko haɗa bayanai”.

A sabuwar dokar zaɓe kuwa na cewa: “No election case after the swearing in to the office of the winner” Babu wani ƙorafin zaɓe bayan rantsar da waɗanda suka yi nasara”

Fassarar masana shari’a kuwa;

“Kotuna ba za su saurari ƙorafin da ‘yan takara ko jam’iyu, da suka yi rashin nasara za su shigar ba, bayan rantsar da waɗanda suka samu nasara a zaɓe.

Haka kuma, akwai wasu kalmomi da masu shari’a ko lauyoyi suke amfani da su kamar haka;

1.      Applicant: Mai nema, na nufin mai neman aiki, amma a harshen lauyoyi da kotu wannan na nufin mai ƙara.

2.      Plain tiff: (Mai ƙara) wannan kalma ita ce waccen kalma ta farko.

3.      Respondent: (wanda ake ƙara)

4.      Defendent (Mai kariya) a nan fassarar sa a wajen alƙalai da lauyoyi shi ne wanda ake ƙara

5.      Suit:ƙara

6.      Actus Reus: shi ne aikin da aka aikata wanda ya saɓa wata doka dake rubuce a kundin laifuka an tabbatar da abubuwa biyun nan da ake gabatar da mutum a kotu.

7.      Disproving means rea: bijirar da hujja da zata kore means rea

8.      Means rea: shi ne ɗaukar mai aiki a sanda ya aikata abin da ake zargin sa ya dace da abin da ya aikata.

Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan tanade-tanade na doka da kuma kalmomin da ake amfani da su a harshen shari’a za a ga cewa, abubuwa ne dake buƙatar dogon sharhi wajen yin fassara. Dan haka ne yake zama ƙalu bale ga ‘yan jarida wajen yin fassarar abunda kalmomin ke nufi da kuma fassarar abun da doka ke nufi. Wannan ne ya sa a lokuta da dama ake kiran lauyoyi domin fassara, kuma ake ware wani ɓangarere a gidan rediyo da ake bada wakilcin kotu da ‘yan sanda.

Wani misalin kuma shi ne a sashe 20 (30) na dokar da ta kafa CBN ta shekarar (2007) ta yi tanadin cewa dole ne a ba al’umma dama ko lokaci isasshe domin su sauya kuɗinsu abun da dokar ta kira “Resinable time”. Sai dai a fassarar masana doka suna ganin isasshen lokaci a wurina ba shi ne isasshen lokaci a wurin wani ba, dan haka fassarar da ta shafi doka ba ƙaramin ƙalu bale ba ne ga gidajen rediyo da kan jawo matsala da rashin samun ingantacciyar fassara.

            A 02/12/2014, RFI rediyo ta cikin “ILIMI HASKEN RAYUWA” sun tattauna game da matsalolin fassara, tare da Dr. Yakubu Azare da Dr. Aliyu Musa. Masanan sun fito da wasu abubuwa da suke ganin ana yin fassararsu ba daidai ba, ko kuma ba haka ya dace a fassara su ba.

Dr. Yakubu Magaji Azare: ya bada misalin Cutar Gilacomer a ya ce a gidajen rediyo ana fassara su da “Hakiya”, “Amosanin Ido”. Dr. Ya ce wannan fassara ba daidai ba ce. Ya ce asalin fassarar wannan kalma shi ne; “Hawan Jinin Ido”. Kuma ya ƙara da cewa, “Ortoragia” fassarar cewa haɓo ba daidai ba ne domin ita lalura ce da jini ke fita ta kunne dan haka a ce “Zubar Jini ta Kunne”

Dr. Aliyu Musa; cewa ya yi “kowane gidan rediyo da nashi fassarar haka ne ya sa ake samun rashin daidaito a cikinta. Ya bada misali da cewa: “US AFRICON” ana fassara ta da “Rundunar tsaro mai kare zamna lafiya a Africa” ya ce wannan fassara ba daidai ba ce; wadda take daidai ita ce: Rundunar tsaron Amurka mai kula da kare zaman lafiya a ƙasashen Afrika. Ya ce ko a haka wannan ta zama bayani, kuma ita fassara ana son ta ne a taƙaice kuma da ma’ana yadda za ta yi sauƙin fahimta ga mai sauraro. Dan haka, a ce “Hukumar Africon” ya fi.

            Haka kuma, ya bada misali da (HIV AIDS) da irin fassarorin da aka yi mata daga baya aka aro wata kalma daga Faransanci (SIDA) aka haɗu a kan ita ce fassara ingantacciya. EFCC, ICPC, NIA, a kira su da sunan su misali, Hukumar EFCC, ya nuna fassarar da ake yi wa Intanet, Computer ba daidai ba ne domin idan aka ce “Yanar gizo” ko Na’ura mai ƙwaƙwalwa haɗe-haɗe ce dan haka ba zai zama tana da ƙwaƙwalwa ba domin ba mutum ba ce dan haka aka ce kwamfiyuta ya fi. Kamar yadda ba a cewa “Brake”ta.

HANYOYIN MAGANCE MATSALOLIN FASSARA A GIDAJEN RADIYO

Akwai hanyoyi da dama na magance matsalolin fassara a gidajen radiyo, waɗanda idan an bisu za a samu sauƙi tare da samun ingantacciyar fassara.

1.      Ga mai aikin fassara ya kasance ya samu ilimin nahawun harasan biyun da zai yi fassara a kan su (SL and TL).

2.      Ya zama ya san adabi da al’adun harasan biyu.

3.      Bin ƙa’ida da dokokin fassara da aka aminta da su a harasan.

4.      Yi amfani da daidaitaccen harshen da hukuma ta aminta da shi.

5.      Kaucewa fassara abu da ra’ayi.

6.      Mai fassara ya zama yana da sani ko yaya a fannin ilimi daban-daban.

7.      Mai fassara ya zama yana karɓar sauyi a lokacin da ya samu.

8.      Yin zuzzurfan nazari kafin bada labari.

9.      Tuntuɓar masana a kan abun da ya shige masa duhu dangane da fassara da kuma kalmomi musamman baƙi.

10. Kafa ƙungiya da zata duba yadda za a ringa fassara kalmomin da suka shafi kimiya da kuma bakin kalmomi da kan zo  a wani lokaci.

11. Maida hankali wajen koyon harshen da kake yin fassara a kansa ta hanyar makarantu, cibiyoyin nazari, da kuma ta hanyar masana.

12. Shirya wa masu fassara tarukan ƙarawa juna sani domin su ƙara sanin muhimman abubuwa da suka shafi fassara lokaci zuwa lokaci.

Manazarta

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