KUNDIN BINCIKEN KAMMALA DIGIRIN FARKO (B.A HAUSA) A SASHEN KOYAR DA HARSUNAN NIJERIYA, JAMI’AR USMANU ƊANFODIYO, SAKKWATO, JANUARY, 2024
FASSARAR WASU KALMOMI DA SASSAN JUMLOLI NA FANNIN TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21
NA
SHEHU MUHAMMAD
Waya: 08145302619
Imel: Shehumuhammed346@gmail.com
SADAUKARWA
Na sadaukar da wannan aiki ga mahaifiyata Hauwa’u Muhammad wadda ta kasance
ita ce komai nawa a rayuwata da kuma maihaifina Muhammad, wanda ya rasu tun ina
da shekara ɗaya a duniya. Da fatar Allah ya kai
haske ƙabarinsa.
GODIYA
Dukkan yabo da godiya sun tabbata ga Allah (S.W.A) mai kowa mai komai da ya
ƙaddara kuma ya ba ni ikon samun nasarar kammala wannan aiki. Tsira da aminci
su ƙara tabbata ga manzonsa Annabin Rahama (S.A.W)
Godiya ta musamman ga Malamina wanda ya jagoranci duba wannan aiki, Dr Nazir Ibrahim Abbas wanda kuma ya sha famar ɗawainiya da ni domin ganin na
kammala wannan aiki cikin nasara. Ina fatan Allah ya ƙara ɗaukaka.
Godiya maras adadi ga mahaifiyata Hauwa’u Muhammad wadda ta yi tsaye ba
dare ba rana wajen yi min addu’a domin ganin na samu nasarar kammala wannan
karatu. Ina roƙon Allah ya saka mata da mafificin alkhairinsa ya kuma ƙara lafiya da nisan
kwana. Haka ma, ina roƙon Allah ya haskaka ƙabarin mahaifina Muhammad wanda ya rasu tun lokacin da
nake da shekara guda a duniya. Ya Allah ka lulluɓe sa da rahamarka.
Haka kuma ba zan taɓa mancewa da Malamina ba kuma babana, Farfesa Salisu Ahmad Yakasai, bisa
shawarwarin da yakan ba ni a koyaushe dangane da aikin fassara da kuma neman
ilimi. Allah ya ƙara yi wa rayuwarsa albarka ya kuma sa a gama da duniya lafiya.
Har wa yau, ina miƙa godiyata ga dukanin malamaina na Sashen Koyar da harsunan Najeriya,
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo bisa ɗawainiyar da suka sha yi da mu tun daga aji ɗaya har zuwa aji huɗu domin ganin mun samu ɗimbin ilimi . Allah ya saka maku da mafificin alkhairinsa.
lna mai miƙa godiyata ga Sani Muhammad Mafara wanda ya kasance jagora a gare ni wajen
samun gurbin karatu a wannan jami’a ta Ɗanfodiya mai albarka. Ubangiji Allah ya ƙara yi maka jagora ga
dukkan lamuranka duniya da lahira.
Ina ƙara godiya ga irin gudunmuwar da yayyena Muhammadu da Abubakar da Umar da
Aisha da Fatima suka ba ni ba, a lokacin da nake gwagwarmayar yin wannan karatu.
Allah ya biya ku da gidan aljanna.
Haka zalika, ba zan mance da ƴan’uwa da abokanin karatuna ba irinsu:
Sumayya Yakubu Aliyu wadda ta kasance tamkar ƴar’uwa ta jini a
gare ni; da kuma babban aminina Musa Abdullahi Maigandu wanda muka kasance
kamar Hassan da Hussaini a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman ilimi da Yahaya Abubakar
Dingyaɗi da Sani Haruna, (Dattijon ajinmu) da
duk sauran abokan karatu. Allah ya sanya wa karatunmu albarka. Amin
ƘUMSHIYA
Taken bincike -- i
Tabbatarwa -- ii
Sadaukarwa -- iii
Godiya -- iv
Ƙumshiya _ vi
BABI NA
DAYA: GABATARWA
1.0 Shimfida _ 1
1.1 Manufar -- 3
1.2 Farfajiyar bincike --
4
1.3 Muhimmancin bincike
-- 4
1.4 Tambayoyin bincike --
4
1.5 Hasashen bincike _ 5
1.6 Naɗewa
-- 5
BABI NA
BIYU: BITAR AYUKAN DA SUKA GABATA
2.0 Shimfiɗa _ 7
2.1 Bitar Ayukan Da Suka
Gabata.7
2.2 Hujjar Ci Gaba da Bincike -- _ _ 17
2.2 Naɗewa.
-- 18
BABI NA
UKKU: HANYOYIN GUDANAR DA BINCINKE
3.0 Shimfiɗa
_ 19
3.1 Hanyoyin Tattara Bayanai.
_ 19
3.1.1 Karance-Karancen Ɗakin Karatu -- 19
3.1.2 Hira Da
Ma’aikatan Banki Da Kuma Ƙwararru Kan Tattalin Arziki _ 20
3.1.3 Kafar
Sadarwa Ta Intanet _ 20
3.1.4 Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai _ 20
3.1.5 Kalmomin
Tattalin Arzaki a Ƙarni Na 21 -- 21
3. 2 Naɗewa -- 21
BABI NA HUƊU: FASSARAR WASU KALMOMI DA SASSAN JUMLA
NA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA
21
4.0 Shimfiɗa
_ 22
4.1.0 Ma’anar Fassara _ 22
4.1.1 Tarihin
Samuwar Aikin Fassara _
24
4. 1.2 Nau’o’in
Fassara
-- 27
4.1.3 Dabarun
Fassara
-- _ 28
4. 1.4 Ra’o’in
Fassara
-- _ 29
4.1.4.1 Ra’in Zamananci _ 29
4.1.4.2 Ra’in
Bayyanawa
_ 30
4.1.4.3 Ra’in Fassara a Mahangar Newamark _ 30
4.1.4.4 Ra’in New Mark Dangane da Tasirin Al’ada a Harshe _ 31
4.1.4.5 Ra’in Sperber Da Wilson a Kan Muhallin Magana a Cikin
Matani
_ 32
4.1.4.6 Ra’in Karɓanci na Halliday (1985) _ 33
4.3 Dabarun da
Aka Yi Amfani da Su Wajen Fassara Kalmomi da Sassan Jumla na Tattalin Arziki A Ƙarni Na 21 _ 34
4 . 2 Fassarar Wasu Kalmomi da Sassan Jumla na Tattalin Arziki A Ƙarni na 21 _
. 34
4.2.1 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da
Harafin A _ .35
4.2.2 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin B _ 36
4.2.3 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin C -- 37
4.2.4 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin D _ 38
4.2.5 Kalmomin
da ke Farawa da Harafin E _ 39
4.2.6 Masu Farawa ka Harafin F.40
4.2.7 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin
G&H. _ 40
4.2.8 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin I -- 41
4.2.9 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin J, L&M
_ .42
4.2.10 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin N -- _
_ 42
4.2.11 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin O. _ 43
4.2.12 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin P. _ 43
4.2.13 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin R. _ 44
4.2.14 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin S -- 45
4.2.15 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin T -- _
.46
4.2.16 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin V -- 46
4.2.17 Wasu Sassan
Jumla Masu Alaƙa da Tattalin Arziki A
Ƙarni Na 21 (Digital Economy) _ 47
4. 3 Naɗewa -- 49
BABI NA BIYAR: TAƘAITAWA DA KAMMALAWA
5.0 Shimfiɗa -- 50
5. 1 Taƙaitawa _ 50
5. 2 Kammalawa _ 51
5. 3 Sakamakon
Bincike _ 51
5. 4 Naɗewa -- 52
Manazarta _ 53
BABI NA ƊAYA
GABATARWA
1.0
SHIMFIƊA
Aikin fassara lamari ne babba wanda yake buƙatar natsuwa da kwantar da hankali tare
da juriya wajan aiwatar da shi la’akari da irin muhimmiyar rawar da fassara take
takawa wajen ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha da tattalin arzakin ƙasashen duniya. Wannan
ne ma ya sa aka zaɓi gudanar da wannan bincike a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin
tattalin arziki a ƙarni 21, domin ganin an samu daidaitaciyar fassara da kuma sauƙin fahimta ga masu aikin
fassara ko sauraro ko karatu ko kuma mu’amala ta yau da kullum.
Fassara wata hanya ce ta isar da saƙo daga wani harshe zuwa wani harshe. Wannan ne ya ja
hankalina wajen gudanar da wannan aiki na fassarar wasu kalmomi da sassan
jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 domin a samu sauƙin fahimta da kuma sauƙin isar da saƙo ga al’umma da su kansu ƴan uwa masu aikin
fassara kasancewar mafi akasarin irin waɗannan kalmomi zamani ne da kuma kimiyya da fasaha suka zo da su kuma suna
ba da gagarumar gudunmuwa ga fahimtar sha’anin tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki.
La’akari da yawaitar samuwar irin waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumloli a cikin al’umma da irin tasirinsu ga
sha’anin rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma rashin samun fassara mai inganci ko ta
bai ɗaya a gare su, wannan ne ya haifar
da aka gudanar da wannan bincike domin sauƙaƙa fahimtar sadarwa a tsakanin al’ummar Hausawa.
Wannan bincike mai taken: “Fassarar Wasu Kalmomi da Sassan Jumloli na Tattalin
Arziki a Ƙarni na 21” ya yi ƙoƙarin tattaro irin waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 tare da
fassara su zuwa Hausa domin ƙara samun sauƙin fahimta ga masu jin harshen Hausa da kuma ƙoƙarin samun fassara ta bai ɗaya ga irin waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumla a tsakanin masu gudanar da wannnan aiki na
fassara da masu koyo a wannan ƙasaitaccen fage na aikin fassara.
A babi na ɗaya na wannan aikin wanda shi ne
gabatarwa, na soma ne da yin shimfiɗa inda aka kawo manufar wannan bincike da farfajiyar binciken da
muhimmancin bincike da tambayoyin bincike hassashen bincike, inda kuma daga ƙarhe aka naɗe wannan babi na ɗaya.
Babi na biyu na wannnan aikin ya yi waiwaye ne abinda Hausawa ke cewa shi
ne “adon tafiya” dangane da wasu ayukan da suka gabata a wannan fage na fassara
domin duba inda suke da alaƙa da kuma bambanci da wannan bincike don ƙara haske a cikin aikin.
A babi na uku wannan aikin ya yi bayani ne a kan hanyoyin tattara bayanai
da suka haɗa da karance-karance ta ziyartar ɗakin karatu da bankuna da tattaunawa da masana tattalin
arziki da kuma amfani a kafar intanet domin samun bayanan da suka dace. Babin
ya fayyace ma’anar kalmomin tattalin arzaki na ƙarni na 21, sannan daga ƙarshe aka naɗe wannan babi.
A babi na huɗu a nan ne gundarin aikin yake,
bayan shimfiɗa, an fara ne da baje koli a kan
ma’anar fassara da tarihin samuwar aikin fassara da nau’o’in fassara da dabarun
fassara da kuma ra’o’in fassara. Daga nan kuma sai aka shiga cikin aikin fassarar
kalmomi da sassan jumloli na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21.
Babi na biyar ya ƙunshi taƙaitawa da kammalawa da sakamakon binciken wannan aiki, daga ƙarshe sai aka naɗe da kammalawa.
1.1 MANUFAR
BINCIKE
Wannan aiki na fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumloli na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21 yana da
manufofi kamar haka:
i.
Fito da dabarun da suka fi dacewa a bi wajen fassarar kalmomi da sassan
jumloli da suka shafi tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.
ii. Daidaita fassara kalmomin tattalin arziki musamman a
gidajen rediyo da sauran wuraren da ake aikin fassara.
iii. Samar da fassara ta bai-ɗaya a fassarar gidajen rediyo a kan irin waɗannan kalmomi na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21.
iv. Sauƙaƙa wa masu koyon aikin fassara
v. Sauƙaƙa fahimtar sadarwa ga waɗanda ba su jin Ingilishi.
1.2 FARFAJIYAR
BINCIKE
Farfajiyar wannan bincike ita ce fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumlolin da
suka shafi tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 daga harshen lngilishi zuwa Hausa.
1.3 MUHIMMANCIN
BINCIKE
Ganin irin tasiri da kuma muhimmancin da fassara take da shi wajen kawo ci
gaban tattalin arzakin al’umma ta hanyar isar da saƙo daga wani harshe zuwa wani, ya sa
ake ganin wannan bincike zai taimaka kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen:
i.
Fito da yadda
ake fassara irin waɗannan kalmomi ko kuma sassan jumloli
ii.
Samar da fassara mafi dacewa ga waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumla
iii.
Fito da dabarun da ake amfani da su wajen fassarar baƙin kalmomi da sassan jumla waɗanda suka shafi tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.
1.4
TAMBAYOYIN BINCIKE
i.
Waɗanne dabaru ake amfani da su a wajen
fassarar baƙin kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.
ii. Wace irin gudunmuwa fassara ta bayar wajan ci gaban
tattalin arziki a wannan zamani?
iii. Waɗanne matsaloli ake samu a fassar kalmomi ko sassan jumla na tattalin arziki
a ƙarni na 21?
iv. Me ya sa aka zaɓi kalmomin tattalin arziki?
1.5 HASASHEN BINCIKE
La’akari da irin
muhummanci da kuma gudunmuwar da fassara ke bayarwa ga bunƙasawa da kuma ci gaban lamurran
tattalin arzakin al’umma da ma duniya baki ɗaya, wannan ya sa aka zaɓi a gudanar da wannan aiki mai take “fasasar wasu kalmomi
da sassan jumloli na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21” wannan aiki yana da hasashe kamar
haka:
i.
Fassarar kalmonin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 gudunmuwa ce ga bunƙasa harshen Hausa da ma tattalin
arzaki to sai dai akwai buƙatar a daidaita fassarar domin samun dunƙlalliya kuma karɓaɓɓiyar fassara ta bai-ɗaya.
ii.
Taɓo wasu ɓangarori da ke buƙatar gyara a cikin fassarar irin waɗannan kalmomi ko sassan jumla.
iii.
Aikin zai ƙara bunƙasa harshen Hausa da sauƙin sadarwa a tsakanin al’umma.
1.6 NAƊEWA
Wannan babi na ɗaya kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, shi ne gabatarwa ta wannan bincike. Babin
ya kawo shimfiɗa ta manufar wannan bincike da
farfajiyar bincike da muhimmancin binciken da tambayoyin bincike da kuma hasashen
binciken. Bugu da ƙari, babin ya kawo taƙaitaccen bayani kan abin da kowane babi yake ɗauke da shi.
BABI NA BIYU
BITAR AYUKAN DA SUKA
GABATA
2.0
SHIMFIƊA
3.0
Wannan babi na biyu ya yi bitar ayyukan da suka
gabata masu alaƙa da wannan bincike da
ya shafi fassara. Waɗannan ayyukan da aka yi bita sun haɗa da: kundayen digiri da littafai da kuma muƙalu masu alaƙa da aikin fassara da aka ci karo da
su tare da kawo taƙaitaccen bayani na waɗannan ayyuka dangane da alaƙa da kuma bamabancinsu da wannan bincike.
2.1 BITAR
AYUKAN DA SUKA GABATA
Masana da manazarta sun gudanar da ayyuka da yawa dangane da lamurra
daban-daban da suka shafi aikin fassara irin, ƙa’idojin fassara da matsalolin
fassara da tarihin fassara da dabarun fassara da dai sauran fannoni daban-daban
na fassara.
Wasu daga cikin
irin waɗannan ayyuka da wannan bincike ya ci
karo da su sun haɗa da:
Mahmud (1976) ya wallafa wani littafi mai taken: Shawarwari ga Mai Aikin Fassara. Wannan marubuci ya raba littafinsa
gida biyu, ɓangare na ɗaya ya bayar da shawarwari ga mai aikin fassara daga lngilishi
zuwa Hausa. Ɓangare na biyu kuwa ya kawo jerin wasu kalmomi ne daga lngilishi zuwa Hausa
ko daga Hausa zuwa lngilishi. Aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan bincike domin duk suna
magana ne a kan fassara, duk da cewa sun bambanta, ganin cewa wannan bincike ya
keɓanta ga fassara kalmomi ne da sassan
jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 kawai.
Sa’idu (1984) a wani littafi nasa ya yi fassara ne daga harshen Larabci
zuwa Hausa, littafin kuma yana bayani ne a kan mu’amala a tsakanin al’umma game
da zamantakewarsu ta yau da kullum. Aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan bincike ta fuskar
fassara, amma kuma sun bambanta domin an yi fassara ne daga Laraci zuwa Hausa,
yayin da wannan bincike ya mayar da hankali ne kawai ga fassarar kalmomi da
sassan jumla na fannin tatttalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki.
Suleman (1999) a aikinsa na kundin Digirin Farko da ya gabatar a Sashen
Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato mai taken “Fassarar The Still Born
zuwa Hausa; Hangen Dala Ba Shiga Gari Ba”. Wannan binciken ya yi ƙoƙari wajen fassara wannan littafin
adabi mai suna The Still Born daga
harshen lngilishi zuwa Hausa. Duk da cewa ayyukan suna da alaƙa saboda duk aini ne na
fassara, haka kuma suna da bambanci matuƙa ganin cewa wannan bincike ya mayar da hankali ne a kan
fassarar wasu kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 kawai.
Hauwa (2000) aiki ne mai taken: “Fassarar The Virtuous Woman zuwa Mace ta Gari” wanda ta gabatar a Sashen
Koyar Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato a zaman Kundin
Digirin Farko. Aikin ya yi ƙoƙari wajen fassara wannan littafin na adabi daga harshen Ingilishi zuwa
harshen Hausa. Ayyukan suna da alaƙa domin dukka fassara ce, amma kuma suna da bambanci ƙwarai saboda wannan
bincike ya ta’allaƙa ne kawai a kan kalmomi da sassan jumla na ƙarni na 21.
Yakasai (2003) a wata maƙala da ya gabatar mai taken: “Aro Ko Ƙirƙira: Nazarin Samuwar Sababbin
Kalmomin Hausa a Jami’a da kuma Garin Sakkwato” ya yi bayanin
yadda ake aro da ƙirƙira da kuma bunƙasa harshen Hausa. Aikin ya fito da hanyoyin samuwar sababbin kalmomi, duk
da cewa aikin ya mayar da hankali ne a kan aro da ƙirƙira, kuma ya yi kama da wannan domin
a sha’anin fassara dole ne a ci karo da inda ake yin aro ko kuma aka ƙirƙirar wata kalma amma ya bambanta da
wannan bincike saboda ya dangance fassarar kalmomi ne da sassan jumla da suka
shafi tattalin arziki a wannana ƙarni da muke ciki.
Abubakar (2006) a cikin kundin Digirinsa na biyu ya yi nazari a kan
tatsuniyoyi da karin magana a cikin harshen Fulatanci waɗanda ya fassara zuwa harshen Igilishi. Binciken yana da
alaƙa da wannan aikin ta fuskar fassara amma kuma suna da bambanci domin wannan
aikin ya keɓanta ne ga fassarar kalmomi da
sassan jumla na fannin tattlin arziki.
Sarɓi (2008) a cikin littafinsa mai
suna: Studies In Translation.
Littafin ya yi bayani ne a kan aikin fassara inda ya yi tsokaci a kan abubuwan
da ake buƙata da kuma hanyoyin gudanar ingantaciyar fassara. Haka kuma ya taɓo matsalolin fassara da dai sauran batutuwa da suka shafi
fassara a cikin wannan littafi nasa.
Aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan bincike ta fuskar fassara domin duk suna magana ne a kan
fassara to sai dai suna da bambanci domin wannnan bincike ya keɓanta ne ga fassarar kalmomi da jumlolin fannu na tattalin
arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki.
Abdullahi (2010) a kundin Digirinsa na Farko da ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar
da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato mai taken: “Matsalolin Fassara a
Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai: Keɓaɓɓen Nazari a Kan Rediyon Jihar Zamfara” binciken ya kawo matsalolin fassara
da ma’anar fassara da kuma ire-irenta. Aikin ya bambanta da wannan bincike
saboda wannan fassara ce a kan kalmomi da sassan jumla masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki na ƙarni na 21.
Yakasai (2012) a cikin wata maƙala da ya gabatar a taron gabatar da maƙalu Na Tsangayar Fasaha
da Addinin musulunci a Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo Sakkwato, mai taken: “Tasirin Fifikon Fassara a
Cikin Harshen Uwa Bisa Harshe na Biyu a Hausa” ya yi bayani a kan fifikon
harshen uwa a kan harshe na biyu a cikin aikin fassara da ingantaciyar fassara
da sigar fifikon fassara da gudunmuwar al’ada da harshe wajen aikin fassara.
Aikin ya so yin kama da wannan bincike saboda duk suna magana ne a kan fassara,
sai dai suna da bambanci ƙwarai domin wannan binciken ya ta’allaƙa ne a kan fassarar
kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tattalin arziki na ƙarni na 21.
Sani (2012) a aikinsa mai taken: “Yadda Ake Fassara A Kafafen Watsa Labarai
Na Sakkwato: Keɓantaccen Nazari A Kan Gidan Rediyon
Rima, NTA Da Jaridar Jagora (The Path)” wanda ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar
da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmunu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato, ya yi bayanin yadda waɗannan kafafen yaɗa labarai guda uku suke gudanar da aikin fassara, inda kuma ya taɓo taƙaitaccen tarihin kowace daga cikin waɗannan kafafen tare da nazarin yadda suke kura-kurai a
cikin ayyukansu na fassara.
Aikin yana da kusanci da wannan bincike ta fuskatar fassara amma dai sun
bambanta domin shi ya duba yadda ake fassara ne a kafafen yaɗa labarai, yayin da wannan bincike ne a kan fassarar
kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.
Balarabe (2014) ya yi bayani sosai a kan matsalolin fassarar baƙin kalmomi a gidan
rediyon Rima cikin aikinsa na kundin digirin farko mai suna “Matsalolin
Fassarar Baƙin Kalmomi a Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai: Bincike A Kan Gidan Rediyon Rima Na Sakkwato”, Wanda ya gabatar
a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Najeriya na jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo dake Sakkwato. Wannan
bincike ya taɓo ma’anar fassara da ire-iren
fassara tare da kawo matsalolin fassarar baƙin kalmomi a kafafen yaɗa labarai musamman a gidan rediyon Rima na Sakkwato.
Aikin yana da kamanceceniya da wannan bincike ta fuskar fassara amma fa suna
da bambanci domin shi ya duba matsalar fassarar baƙin kalmomi ne a kafafen yaɗa labarai musamman gidan rediyo na Rima, wannan aiki kuwa
ya keɓanta ne ga fassarar kalmomi da
sassan jumla na kalmomin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.
Yeldu (2015) a cikin aikinsa na kammala kundin Digirin Farko da ya gabatar
a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo dake Sakkawato, ya yi aiki
mai taken: “Fassarar Littafin “Destinies
of Life” daga Ingilishi zuwa Hausa “Ƙaddara ta Riga Fata”. Aikin ya yi ƙoƙari sosai inda ya fassara wannan
littafi mai suna Destinies of Life daga
Ingilishi zuwa Hausa wanda Farfesa Asabe Kabir ta wallafa. Littafin da yake ƙunshe da labarai iri-iri
na adabi wanda kuma ya kasance abokin hira ga mai karatu. Aikin yana da
bambanci da wannan bincike kasancewar ya fassara littafi ne kacokan, inda
wannan binciken kuma ya mayar da hankali ne kawai a kan fassara wasu kalmomi da
sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.
Funtua (2016) a cikin aikinta mai suna: “Fassarar Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomin Tattalin Gida (100) daga Harshen Hausa Zuwa Ingilishi” wanda ta
gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya a zaman kundin Digirin Farko a
Jami’ar Usman Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato, ta kawo ma’anar fassara da ma’anar kalmomin tattalin
gida har guda ɗari ɗaya tare da fassara su daga harshen Hausa zuwa Ingilishi.
Aikin ya yi kama da wannan bincike domin duk suna magana ne a kan tattalin
arziki, to sai dai ita ta fassara kalmomin tattalin gida ne guda ɗari daga Hausa zuwa Ingilishi, wannan aikin kuwa ya mayar
da hankali ne a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarninna 21.
Abbas da Umar (2016) sun gabatar da wata maƙala a taron ƙarawa juna sani na Ƙungiyar Masu Nazarin
Harsunan Nijeriya a Jami’ar Jos. Maƙalar ta tattauna ƙalubalen fassarar kimiyya da fasaha a wannan zamani da
muke ciki, inda ta taɓo ƙalubalen fassarar kimiyya da fasaha tare da kawo hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa
da irin wannan fassarar. Ayyukan Suna da alaƙa domin kuwa duk suna magana ne a
kan fassara, to sai dai kuma suna da bambanci domin wannan binciken an yi sa ne
kawai a kan fassarar wasu kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a
ƙarni na 21.
Bunza (2017) a cikin aikinsa mai taken: “Grammatical Rift and Cultural
Lacuna: Constraints on English-Hausa and Hausa-English Translation Business” ya
yi bayani a kan ma’anar fassara da kuma ainahin wane ne mai aikin fassara. Inda
a cikin aikin ya yi bayani a kan yadda ake faɗi-tashin fito da ma’ana a aikin fassara da yadda ake
tauyi ma’anar wasu kalmomin nahawu a lokacin fassarar matani daga
Ingilishi-Hausa ko Hausa-Ingilishi. Sannan daga ƙarshe ya nuna yadda wasu kalmomin
nahawu ke haddasa bambancin ma’ana wanda ya ce domin kawar da irin wannan
matsalar dole ne mai fassara ya naƙalce harsunan guda biyu da kuma al’adunsu. Mainiyo (2017)
a cikin aikinsa na kundin Digirin Farko da ya gabatar a Sashen nazarin harsunan
Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo dake Sakkwato mai taken: “Fassarar Wasu Kalmomin
Kiwon Lafiya: Nazari Kan Asibitin Koyarwa Ta Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo (Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University
Teaching Hospital UDUSTH) da asibitin kwararru ta Sakkwato, Asibitin Daji
(Specialist hospital Sokoto)”. Binciken ya fassara wasu
kalmomin kiwon lafiya a waɗannan asibitocin guda biyu tare da kawo taƙaitaccen tarihin asibitocin.
Wannan aikin ya so ya yi kama da wannan bincike domin dukansu fassara ce ta
kalmomin fannu amma suna da bambanci sosai domin shi ya fassara wasu kalmomi ne
na kiwon lafiya a asibitin koyarwa ta Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da kuma asibitin kawararru
ta Sakkwato, yayin da wannan binciken ya dogara ne a kan fassarar kalmomi da
sassan jumla na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21
Jagora (2018) a wannan mujallar an yi fassarar labarun duniya daga harshen
Ingilishi zuwa harshen Fulatanci. Ayyukan suna kamanceceniyar saboda duk an yi
su ne a kan fassara, sai dai sun bambanta sosai domin aikin labaru ya fassara
daga Ingilishi zuwa Huasa, yayin da wannan binciken ya fassara kalmomi da
sassan juma na tattalin arziki a karni na 21.
Yakasai (2019) a cikin liffafinsa mai taken: Sanin Makamar Fassara. Mawallafin ya yi bayani sosai game da
matsalolin fassara da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya bi domin magance su.
Har-ila-wa-yau, ya taɓo fassarar kimiyya da fasaha, inda kuma ya fito da yadda ake bitar fassarar
da dai sauran muhimman batutuwa da suka danganci aikin fassara. Aikin yana da
alaƙa da wannan saboda duk sun danganci aikin fassarar ne, amma dai suna da
bambanci saboda wannan binciken ya shafi fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na
fannin tattalin arziki ne a wannan ƙarni da muke da shi na 21.
Galadima (2019) a cikin aikinsa na kundin kammala Digirin Farko da ya
gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato,
mai taken: “Bitar Fassarar Hausa Ta Wayar Nokia 106” ya gudanar da aikinsa ne a
kan bitar fassarar Hausa da aka yi wa wayar Nokia 106 inda ya bi fassarar
tiryan-tiryan tare da gano inda aka fassara daidai da kuma inda ke buƙatar gyara.
Wannan aiki na Galadima ya so ya yi kama da wannan bincike ta fuskar
fassara amma kuma suna da bambanci sosai domin shi ya yi bitar fassarar Hausa
ta wayar Nokia 106 ce, a nan kuma an yi fassarar kalmomi da sassana jumloli ne
na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21
Sani (2021) aiki ne da ya fassara wasu keɓaɓɓun kalmomi da sassan jumla na cutar Corona a cikin aikin kundin Digirin Farko
da ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo dake Sakkwato
mai taken: “Fassarar Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi Da Sassan
Jumla Na Cutar Coron-Virus (Covid-19) Daga Ingilishi Zuwa Hausa”. Aikin ya yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen zaƙulo kalmomi da wasu
sassan jumla na cutar Corona tare da fassara su zuwa Ingilishi sai dai duk da
cewa aikin ya so ya yi kama da wannan bincike, suna da bambanci domin shi
fassara ce ta wasu keɓaɓɓun kalmomi da sassan
jumla na corona daga harshen lngilishi zuwa Hausa. Wannan bincike kuwa fassara
kalmomi ne
da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 daga Ingilishi zuwa Hausa.
Nuhu (2022) ya yi aiki mai taken: Fassarar Wasu Tatsuniyoyin Fulatanci Zuwa
Hausa Na Gundumar Wajake da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Mulkin Wamakko Ta Jihar Sakkwato” wanda ya
gabatar a Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato a zaman
kundin Digirinsa na Farko. A wannan aikin ya taɓo ma’nar fassara da ire-irenta da tarihin al’ummar
Fulani, sannan kuma sai ya fassara wasu tasuniyoyi har ma da wasu keɓaɓɓun kalmomi na Fulatanci zuwa harshen Hausa. Aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan bincike ta
fuskar fassara amma kuma suna da bambanci sosai domin wannan aikin ya keɓanta ne kawai a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumloli na
tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.
Yakasai a wata Maƙala da ya tanada a matsayin gudunmuwa ga Sashen Harsuna da Al’adun Afirika,
na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zaria domin kundin girmamawa na Farfesa Ɗalhatu Muhammad mai
taken: “Ingantacciyar Fassara: Fasaha ko Kimiyya”. A cikin wannan muƙalar ya kawo cikakken
bayanin ma’anar fassara da yanayi da tsarin ingantacciyar fassara da kuma
ce-ce-ku-cen da ake yi a kan kasancewarta kimiyya ko fasaha. Ayyukan suna da
alaƙa saboda duk sun keɓanta ne ga fassara, sai dai kuma suna da bambanci saboda wannan bincike an
yi sa ne a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki.
Yakasai & Mokoshy, (2023) sun gabatar da wata maƙala mai taken: “Dangantakar Aikin Fassara da Nazarin Bambancin Harsuna” wadda aka wallafa
a mujallar Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (2), 107-112,
inda a cikin wannan muƙalar sun yi waiwaye a kan tarihin samuwar nazarin kamancin harsuna da
gudunmuwar ra’i a nazarin kamanci da bambancin harsuna, sannan kuma suka yi bayani
dangane da dangantakar fannin nazarin bambancin harshe da kuma aikin fassara.
2.2 HUJJAR CI GABA DA
BINCIKE
La’akari da ayyukan da aka duba a sama daga masana daban-daban dangane da
abinda ya shafi aikin fassara; kuma ba a samu wani aiki da ya yi daidai da
irin wannan aikin ba, wannan ya sa aka zaɓi a ci gaba da gudanar da wannan bincike na fassarar wasu kalmomi da sassan
jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke cike na 21.
2.3 NAƊEWA
Wannan babi shi ne babi na biyu
wanda ya kuma yi bitar wasu ayyukan magabata da wannan binciken ya ci karo da
su. Babin ya kawo bitar kundayen digiri da maƙalu da kuma littafai daban-daban da
aka yi a kan fassara tare da fito da alaƙarsu da kuma bambancinsu da wannan binciken.
BABI NA UKKU
HANYOYIN GUDANAR DA
BINCIKE
4.0
SHIMFIƊA
A cikin babi na biyu an yi bitar ayyukan da suka gabata masu
alaƙa da wannan bincike tare da kawo inda suke da alaƙa da kuma bambanci da wannan bincike.
A wannan babi na uku kuwa za a kawo hanyoyin da aka bi wajen gudanar da wannan
bincike da suka haɗa da: karance-karance da kafar sadarwa ta intanet da ziyarta bakuna da
tattaunawa da masana tattalin arziki da kuma sauraren labarun gidaajen rediyo.
4.1
HANYOYIN TATTARA BAYANAI
Daga cikin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su har aka samu nasara wajen
tattara bayanan wannan bincike sun haɗa da:
3.1.1 KARANCE-KARANCE A ƊAKIN KARATU
A lokacin gudanar da wannan aikin an gudanar da karance-karancen kundayen
digiri da littafai da mujallu da kuma muƙalu waɗanda aka ci karo da su a ɗakunan karatu da suka danganci aikin fassara. An kuma karanta kayayyakin da
suka shafi aikin fassara nau’uka daban-daban domin samun nasarar gudanar da
wannan bincike.
3.1.2 HIRA DA MA’AIKATAN
BANKI DA KUMA ƘWARARRU KAN TATTALIN ARZIKI
A lokacin gudanar da wannan bincike an ziyarci Bankin Access da ke harabar
Jami’ar Ɗanfodiyo, inda aka tattauna da ɗaya daga cikin ma’aikatan bankin mai suna Faruk Abdu’aziz wanda ya ba da
gudunmuwa ta hanyar samar da wasu daga cikin kalmomin da aka fassara a cikin
wannan aiki.
Haka ma an yi hira ta musamman da Dr Bashir Muhammad Achida ƙwararre kan sha’anin tattalin
arziki dangane da waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni na 21.
3.1.3 KAFAR SADARWA TA
INTANET
Duk a wajen gudanar da wannan aiki an yi amfani da kafar Intanet domin samo
wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tattalin arziki. Sannan kuma an yi
amfani da wasu shafuka na intanet irinsu: Rumbum Ilimi da Amsoshi.com domin
samo irin waɗannan kalmomi.
3.1.4 KAFAFEN YAƊA LABARAI
A ƙoƙarin tattara waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni na 21, an yi amfani
da talabijin da jaridu da mujallu da kuma gidajen Rediyo musamman Garkuwa FM
Sokoto, ta hanyar sauraron labarunsu domin samun irin waɗannan kalmomi da ma jin yadda suke fassara su.
3.1.3 KALMOMIN TATTALIN
ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21
Kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21, kalmomi ne da suke da
alaƙa da tattalin arzaki ta kai tsaye ko ta kaikaice a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki na
ishirin da ɗaya (21) wato (digital economy) kuma
an tattaro su ne ta hanyar bincike ta intanet da sauraren rediyo da kuma
halarta wasu bankuna da tattaunawa da wasu ƴan kasuwa da haɗi da ƙwararru a wannan fanni.
3.2 NAƊEWA
Wannan babi na uku wato hanyoyin gudanar da bincike, ya kawo hanyoyin da
aka bi wajen tattara bayanan wannan bincike; kama daga karance-karance a ɗakunan karatu da leƙawa kafar intanet da sauraren gidajen rediyo da karanta
jaridu da mujalla da dai sauran kafafen yaɗa labarai.
BABI NA HUƊU
FASSARAR WASU KALMOMI DA SASSAN
JUMLA NA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21
4.0 SHIMFIƊA
A babi na uku na wannan
aiki an yi bayani ne a kan hanyoyin da aka bi wajen gudanar da wannan
bincike. A wannan babi na huɗu nan ne aka baje hajar wannan bincike, inda aka fara da shimfiɗa, sai ma’anar fassara da
tarihin samuwar aikin fassara da nau’o’in fassara da kuma ra’o’in fassara. Daga ƙarshe babin ya kawo
fassarar kamlomi
da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 ta amfani
da ra’o’in bayyyanawa da ra’in muhallin magana
cikin matani da ra’in zamananci tare da yin amfani
dabarun fassara kamar: aro da ƙirƙira da baddala da kuma bayani domin samar da fassara mai
inganci kuma karɓaɓɓiya ga waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumla.
4.1 MA’ANAR FASSARA
Kasancewar aikin fassara wani muhimmin aiki kuma babban fage da aka daɗe ana rubuce-rubuce a kansa, masana da manazarta da dama
sun sha kai komo wajen bayyana ma’anar fassara. Ga abinda wasu daga
cikin irin waɗannan masana ke cewa
game da ma’anar fassara:
Cardford, (1965) ya ce Fassara ita ce
maye gurbin wani abu da aka rubuta daga wani harshe (harshen asali) don rubuta
kwatankwacinsa a wani harshe na daban (harshen ƙarba),)
Savory, (1968:37) ya bayyana cewa: Fassara
na tabbata ne ta amfani da kwatankwacin hikimar da ke ƙunshe a cikin abubuwan da aka bayyana,
inda ya nuna cewa aikin fassara lamari ne da za a iya bayyanawa da yanayin
sadarwa ta majiya harsuna biyu domin samar da matani a harshen karɓa (HK) da zai dace da harshen asali (HA).
Kamar yadda ya zo a cikin manhajar
rumbun ilimi ta Intanet, Yahaya, Zariya, Gusau, da ‘Yaraduwa, 1992; Sani,
Muhammad, da Rabeh, 2000, sun bayyana fassara da fasahar mayar da wani abun da
aka faɗa ko aka rubuta daga wani harshe zuwa
wani ba tare da canza ma’anarsa ba.
Har wa yau dai a cikin wata muƙala ta Yakasai (2017) da aka wallafa a shafin
Amsoshi.com ya ambato: Levy (1967:148) yana cewa: “Fassara yanayi ne na sadarwa
wanda manufar ita ce ta sarrafa ilimi daga harshen asali domin amfanin baƙo mai karatu
Yakasai (2019) ya bayyana ma’anar fassara da cewa: “musanya abin da aka faɗi ko aka rubuta”. Ma’ana a nan malamin yana ƙoƙarin nuna muna cewa ita fassarar nan
fa musanya ce ta wani abi da aka faɗa ko aka rubuta daga harshen asali zuwa harshen karɓa.
Ƙamusun Exford (2024)
ya bayyana ma’anar fassara da: “A text or
work that has been changed from one language into another”
Fassarar Hausa: “Fassara
na nufin sauya matani ko wani aiki daga wani harshe zuwa wani”
Ƙamusun Webstar (2024) ya bayyana ma’anar
fassara da musanya saƙo daga
wani harshe zuwa wani daban.
Bisa ga ma’anonin da suka gabata, za a
iya cewa fassara wata hanya ce ta bayyana ma’anar wani abi da aka faɗa ko aka rubuta daga harshen asali zuwa harshe karɓa ta amfani da wasu hikimomi da dabaru na musamman. Haka
kuma dole ne mai aikin fassara ya naƙalce harsuna da al’adun waɗannan harsuna guda biyu da kuma yawan bicike a fannoni
daban-daban na ilimi da za su iya kasancewa a matsayin jagora ga mai aikin
fassara.
4.1.1 TAƘAITACCEN TARIHIN SAMUWAR
AIKIN FASSARA
Harshe wata babbar hanyar sadarwa ce ta ƴan Adam inda suke amfani da sautukan magana wajen sadarwa
ko kuma hanyar rubutu. Wannan ya sa ake ganin aikin fassara ya daɗe da samuwa a doron ƙasa saboda irin rawar da yake takawa
wajen ci gaban al’amurran da suka shafi addini da siyasa da al’adu da yaɗa ilimi da kuma kasuwancin al’umma da sauran al’amurran
zamantakewa na yau da kullum.
Baya ga haka, ana ganin ƙaurace-ƙauracen jama’a daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri a cikin
duniya shi ma ya taimaka sosai wajen samuwar aikin fassara domin kuwa duk
lokacin da wani ko wasu suka yi ƙaura daga wani wuri suka haɗu da wasu al’umma masu mabambancin harshe har suka yi halɗa, to dole ne su samu wata mafita ta fassara maganganunsu
na yau da kullum domin a samu fahimtar juna wurin magana.
Mutane suna ganin cewa fassara ta samu ne kusan tun lokacin da Allah (SWA)
ya halicce ƴan Adam; tun ma kafin samuwar rubutu da ɗab’i a duniya, sai dai kuma ba a soma aiwatar da shi ba
sai ta dalilin ƙaurace-ƙauracen mutane zuwa wurare daban-daban inda suke cuɗanya da harsuna mabambanta.
Tarihi ya nuna cewa Livinus Andrinicuss wanda ya yi zamani a wajen shekara
ta 240BC kafin haihuwar Annabi Isah (AS) shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara ƙirƙiro da dabarun fassara wasu abubuwa
da wasu suka rubuta daga wani harshe zuwa wani a zamanin Girkawa; inda ya
fassara Odyssey (labaraun tafiye-tafiyen Ulyesses a zaman mabuɗin adabin Girkawa) zuwa harshen Latin. Baya ga wannan
akwai kuma wasu irinsu: Naovious da Ennus da suka fassara wani aiki na wasan
kwaikwayo daga harshen Girka zuwa Latin.
A cewar Yakasai (2019) ayyukan waɗannan mutane sun taimaka sosai ga ci gaba da bunƙasar al’amurran ilimin Girkawa
da hakan ne ma ya samar da wasu gwarazan mutane kamar su Plato da Aristotle da
Socrates da dai sauran masana ilimin falsafa da kuma lissafi. Haka abin ya ci
gaba har zuwa ƙarni na takwas da na tara lokacin da Larabawa suka yi fice a aikin fassarar
littafai.
A wancan zamanin, cibiyar neman ilimi tana birnin Bagdad ne, inda aka
fassara ayukan su Plato da Aristotle da Hippocrate da kuma Socrate, daga baya
ne kuma aka fassara su zuwa harshen Ingilishi kamar yanda muke ganin su a yau.
Wato lokacin da ƙoƙarin Larabawa ya samu cikas a shekara ta 110. A daidai lokacin da aka
sarrafa harshen Girka zuwa Latin, da Larabci zuwa Ingilish ta hanyar fassara.
(Yakasai, 2019:3)
Bugu da ƙari al’amarin ya ci gaba da wakana har kusan ƙarnin na sha huɗu (14) lokacin da Martin Luther King ya fassara littafin
Bayabul zuwa harshen Jamusanci. Bayan shi kuma akwai wani mutum mai suna Bishaf
Jaqkes Annyart da ya shahara a aikin fassara wanda har ya samu muƙamin girmamawa na Yarima
saboda ɗimbin gudunmuwar da ya bayar wa
aikin fassara. Shi ne ya fassara ayukun Girka da Roma zuwa Ingilishi da kuma
Nicholas wanda ya fassara Thucyded daga Girka zuwa Ingilishi da dai sauran
masana irin su Geoge Chapman wanda shi ma ya fassara waƙoƙin Homa zuwa Latin waɗanda suka yi tasiri a kan rubuce-rubucen Shakespear na waƙe-waƙe.
Haka dai aikin fassara ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har kawo wannan lokaci da muke
cikin da ya samu karɓuwa da kuma bunƙasa a lungu da saƙo na faɗin duniya. Manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun dogara ga aikin fassara
wajen gudanar da ayyukansu a ko’ina a faɗin duniya. Haka zalika su ma manya da ƙananan ƙasaashen duniya muna iya cewa fassara
tana ba da gagarumar gudunmuwa a kan ci gabansu domin kuwa ta hanyar fassara ne
kawai za su iya fahimtar al’amurran kimiyya da fasaha da wasu yarjeniyoyin
kasuwanici har a samu a yi su a aikace.
4.1.2 WASU NAU’O’IN
FASSARA
Yakasai (2019:21) ya bayyana cewa akwai manyan nau’o’in fassara guda biyu kamara
haka:
- Fassarar kimiyya: fassara ce da ta shafi duk wani
lamari na (Science and Technology) wadda ake fassara kalmomi daga wani harshe
zuwa wani bisa wasu ƙa’idoji da aka tanada.
Fassara ce da za ka juya wasu kalmomi ko a ba ka wani labari a juya shi zuwa
wani harshe yadda yake ba tare da yin wata doguwar kwaskwarima ba, sannan
kuma takan ƙunshi kalmomi na musamman wato na fannu kamar na siyasa da tattalin
arziki da tanadi da tsimi da dai sauransu.
A irin wannan fassara ta ilimi, ana fassara abubuwa ne kai tsaye kamar yadda
aka ba da su, sai dai fa irin wannan fassara tana da ƴar wahala domin mai fassara yakan ci
karo da wasu kalmomin da akwai su a harshe asali amma kuma babu su a harshen
karɓa.
2.
Fassarar Adabi: Ita irin wannan fassara ta adabi ta ƙunshi abubuwa ne da dama kamar
labarun Rediyo da na Jarida da Talabijin da waƙoƙi da dai makamantansu. A irin wannan
fassara ta adabi ba wai ana fassara abubuwa ne yadda suke ba kawai, a’a, ana buƙatar mai fassara ya yi
kwaskwarima tare da sanya salo ga abinda yake fassarawa domin ƙarawa labarin daɗi.
Waɗannan su ne manyan na’o’in fassara guda biyu kamar yanda aka gani.
4.1.3 DABARUN FASSARA
Aikin fassara ba aiki ne da ake yi haka kawai kara zube ba, dole ya kasance
akwai wasu dabaru ko hanyoyi na musamman da ake amfani da su a lokacin gudanar
da aikin. Saboda haka, baya ga naƙaltar harsunan biyu da kuma al’adunsu, daga cikin
dabarun da ake amfani da su a wajan aiwatar da aikin fassara akwai (1) karanta
matani a ƙalla sau ukku (2) fahimtar saƙon da ke cikin matani (3) sanin nau’o’in fassara (4)
fahimtar yanayin matani ko muhallin da ake magana (5) aron kalmomi (6) baddala
(7) ƙirƙira. Sani ko amfani da waɗannan dabarun da kuma amfani da su yadda ya kamata ba shakka zai taimawa
mai aikin fassara ya gudanar da ingantacciyar fassara (Yakasai, 2019:119)
4.1.4 RA’O’IN
FASSARA
Ra’o’i jam’i ne na kalmar “ra’i” wanda ya ƙunshi yin fassara da ta dace bisa
wani mataki na musamman da kuma dangantaka ta yadda ake amfani da ra’i a cikin harshe.
A taƙaice dai ra’i hanya ce ta ɗabbaƙa aiki ya kasance bisa wata mazhaba amma ba kara zube ba. Saboda haka alaƙanta aikin fassara da
wani ra’i yana kyautata aikin mai fassara tare da zama wata madogara ko hujja ga
ainahin mai fassara domin yana nuna wa masu nazari tafarkin da ya bi wajan
gudanar da aikin nasa.
Domin aiwatar da aikin fassara yadda ya kamata, akwai ra’o’in fassara
daban-da ban da za su iya zama jagora ga mai aikin fassara kamar yadda suka zo
a nan ƙasa.
4.1.4.1 RA’IN
ZAMANANCI
Wannan ra’i yana tafiya ne da aikin fassara ta hanyar amfani da kalmomin
bayyanawa da daidaito da kuma sharhi haɗi da mayar da hankali ga kamancin ma’ana, ba wai lallai sai abin da aka
fassara ya yi daidai da abin da aka bayar ba. Irin wannan ra’i ya fi damuwa da
jigo da saƙon matani wanda ake bayyana sigoginsa da yanayinsa ta yadda saƙon da aka fassara zai
fito yanda ya kamata (Yakasai, 2019:138).
4.1.4.2 RA’IN BAYYANAWA
Ra’in bayyanawa ra’i ne da ke baiwa mai fassara damar yin duk abinda ya dace domin isar da
saƙon da ake son isarwa. Irin wannan ra’i yana bai wa mai fassara cikakken ƴanci wajan zaɓen kalmomi da sauran hanyoyin da mai fassara zai iya yin
amfani da su wajan daidaita ma’ana daga wani harshe zuwa wani harshe na daban
(Yakasai, 2019:138).
Domin samun dacewa a aikin fassara, akwai buƙatar mai fassara ya lura da salon
marubuci ko rubutun matanin harshen asali da ƙumshiyar matani da tsarin nahawu da
kalmomin matani da waɗanda za a yi fassara domin su da kuma ainahin manufar matanin.
4.1.4.3 RA’IN FASSARA A
MAHANGAR NEWAMARK
Newmark (1984) da wasu masanan
zamani suna da ra’ayin cewa aikin fassara aiki ne na kimiyya, saboda haka akwai
buƙatar a bi hanyoyi na kimiyya da suka ƙunshi bincike da amfani da ra’i wajen aikin
fassara. A irin wannan yanayi ne masana suka kalli aikin fassara ta fuskoki
guda uku daban-daban a kimiyyance:(i) aiki ne na kimiyya (ii) aiki ne na fasaha
(iii) wani al’amari ne da ya haifar da muhawara da bayyana ra’ayi.
Haka kuma Newmark (1984) ya fito da wasu ra’ayoyi da suka danganci aikin
fassara da suka haɗa da: kula da ma’anar kalmomi ta gefe ɗaya da fassara ta amfani da ra’i a kimiyyance duk da yake
wasu masana na da ra’ayin cewa fassara ba aiki ne na kimiyya ba wanda hakan ne
ma ya haifar da samuwar nau’o’in fassara guda biyu; fassara ta kimiyya da kuma
fassara ta ilimi, sai dai mafi rinjayen masana sun
yi amanna cewa fassara aiki ne na kimiyya, don haka zai fi dacewa a gudanar
da ita bisa tsarin karatu na zamani a kimiyyance domin isar da saƙo ga jama’a cikin sauƙi kamar yadda ya zo a
cikin (Yakasai, 2019:139).
4.1.4.4 RA’IN NEW MARK DANGANE DA TASIRIN AL’ADA A HARSHE
Newmark (1988) ya lura da cewa mafi yawanci kalmomin al’ada suna da sauƙin ganewa, domin suna da
alaƙa da harshensu kuma ba su karɓar fassara kai tsaye. Ire-iren waɗannan kalmomi ana bayyana su ne a cikin magana saboda ba su karɓar fassara kai tsaye, fassara su kai tsaye yana haifar da
tauye ma’anarsu. Wannan ne ya sa Newmarka ya raba al’ada zuwa gida-gida har gida
biyar kamar haka: (i) yanayin halittun ƙasa (ii) kayayyakin al’adun gargajiya (iii)
yanayin rayuwa (vi) hukumomi da aƙidoji da siyasa da tsarin siyasa da kuma addini (v)
ishara da halayya (Yakasai, 2019:140).
Har wa yau kuma Newmark (1988) ya zayyano wasu hanyoyin da za a iya fassara
kalmomin da suka shafi al’ada da suka haɗar da: (a) tsarin mayarwa (b) daidaitawa (c) amfani da makamanciyar al’ada
(d) aikin kalma (e) ta hanyar bayani (f) duba sifar kalma (g) shafewa (h)
gamayya (i) amfani da ingantaciyar fassara (j) bayanin mai fassara da kuma
rataye.
Waɗannan dukkaninsu hanyoyi ne da
wannan ra’i ya shimfiɗa waɗanda ake gani su ne suka fi dacewa a
bi wajen fassarar kalmomin da suka jiɓance al’ada, inda akan yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyi ne domin tantance dukanin bayanan matani
wajan fito da tasirin kalmar al’ada a cikin fassara.
4.1.4.5 RA’IN SPERBER DA WILSON A KAN MUHALLIN
MAGANA A CIKIN MATANI
Sperber da Wilson (1986 & 1995) sun samar da wani ra’i dangane da muhallin
magana wanda yake bayani a cikin dangantaka, inda suka nazarci alaƙa tare da nuna cewa
akwai buƙatar sanin dangantakar magana da kuma yanayin da aka yi maganar a ƙoƙarin bayyana ma’anar zantukan.
Masanan sun kuma nuna cewa ma’anar furuci ba wai ta ta’alaƙa ne ga kalmomin da ke cikin jumla
ba kawai, ta haɗa har da muhallin ko fuskar da aka
fahimce maganar.
Bugu da ƙari, masu wannan ra’i suna ganin muhallin magana bai tsaya kawai ga wurin da
ake magana ko furuci ba ya ƙunshi hasashe na kimiyya ko wasu abubuwan da aka aminta
da su na al’ada da addini da yanayin mai magana, waɗanda dukkansu za su iya taimakawa sosai wajen fahimtar
abin da ake faɗa. Fahimtar abin da aka faɗa shi zai sa a gudanar da kyakkyawar fassara karɓaɓɓiya.
Har ila wa yau, (Speber da Wilson, 1995) sun yi tsokaci a kan alaƙa mafi dacewa da suka ce
babban abin da yake sa a samu nasara wajen sadarwa shi ne samun alaƙa mafi dacewa tsakanin
mai magana da wanda ake magana da shi. Saboda haka ana kallon dangantakar
dacewar da ke tsakanin harshen asali (HA) da kuma harshen karɓa (HK) a kan wannan ra’i domin fahimtar yanayi da kuma
yadda masu fassara ke duba muhallin magana a lokacin da suke gudanar da aikin
fassara.
4.1.4.6 RA’IN KARƁANCI NA HALLIDAY (1985)
Wannan ra’i ne da aka samar ta da dalilin ƙoƙarin inganta yanayin karɓanci a nahawun gargajiya. A nan karɓanci ya ƙunshi duk wata sifa ta nahawu da ke bayyana matsayin
aikatau a jumla. Duk da yake wannan ra’i bai cika damuwa da matsayin aikatau ɗin ba, sai dai Halliday ya kawo wani sabon al’amari na
karɓanci da ya share fage dangane da
batun inganta karɓanci tamkar yadda yake a nahawun
gargajiya.
A ra’in karɓancin Halliday (1985), ya ce akwai
sassa uku da ake kira hanyoyin karɓanci, da suka haɗa da; gundarin hanyoyin su kansu da mutanen da al’amarin ya shafa da kuma
yanayin da ya haifar da wannnan lamari. A taƙaice dai wannan ra’i na Halliday ya
kawo wata hanya ce ta nazarin nahawu a aikace, inda ya ce ita wannan hanya tana
da alaƙa da al’amurran mu’amala ta hanyar alamomi da aka bayyana da tsararren
aikin harshe. Wato a nan shi Halliday ya fi karkata ne wajen bayyana aikin
harshe a fassara kamar yadda Yakasai, (2019) ya a mbato Halliday
(1985).
4.2 DABARUN DA AKA YI
AMFANI DA SU WAJEN FASSARA KALMOMI DA SASSAN JUMLA NA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21
An yi amfani da dabaru daban-daban wajen gudanar da fassarar da ta fi
dacewa a cikin wannan bincike. Daga cikin dabarun da aka yi amfani da su akwai:
aro da baddala da bayyanawa da kuma ƙirƙira. Wasu kalomin an yi amfani da dabarar aro da ƙirƙira, wasu baddala, wasu kuma bayanin
ma’anarsu aka yi domin samar da fassara mafi dacewa.
Bugu da ƙari, a wannan aiki an yi amfani ne da ra’in bayyanawa da
na
zamananci da ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani da kuma ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmak.
4 . 2 FASSARAR WASU KALMOMI DA SASSAN JUMLA
NA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21
Kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 kamar yadda aka tattauna a
babi na uku, kalmomi ne da suka danganci duk wani fanni dake da alaƙa ta kai tsaye ko ta
kaikaice da tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni na 21 da muke ciki waɗanda mafi akasarinsu kimiyya da fasahar zamani ne suka zo
da su musamman ma a fannin bankuna da hadahadar kasuwanni. Domin ɗora fassarar waɗannan kalmomi bisa tubalin da ya dace, an gudanar da wannan fassara ne bisa
ra’o’in fassara na masana kasancewar ra’o’in a zaman wata madogara ko tafarkin
da za a iya bi domin gudanar ingantacciyar fassara.
Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da jadawali domin nuna kalmomin lngilishi da ra’in da aka
yi amfani da shi wajen fassara kalmomin da kuma fassarar kalmomin kamar dai
yadda tsarin ya zo nan ƙasa. Ga dai yadda aikin ya kasance.
4.2.1 KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA
HARAFIN A
S/N |
lngilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
1 |
ATM machine |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Na’urar cirar kuɗi ta ATM |
2 |
Advert |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Talla |
3 |
ATM card |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Katin cirar kuɗi na ATM |
4 |
Account |
Ra’in zamananci |
Asusun ajiya |
5 |
Accept |
Ra’in zamananci |
Karɓa |
6 |
Accounting |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ilimin akanta |
7 |
Accountant |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Akanta |
4.2.2 KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN B
S/N |
Ingilishi |
Ra’i bayyanawa |
Fassarar Hausa |
8 |
Bankrupt |
Ra’in zamananci |
Durƙushewa |
9 |
Bank |
Ra’in zamananci |
Banki |
10 |
Bill |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Takardar biyan Kuɗi |
11 |
Business |
Ra’in zamananci |
Kasuwanci |
12 |
Budget |
Ra’in zamananci |
Kasafin kuɗi |
13 |
Black market |
Ra’in zamananci |
Kasuwar bayan fage |
14 |
Bitcoins |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kuɗin bitcoin na ɓoye |
15 |
Banking and finance |
Ra’in zamananci |
Hada-hadar kuɗi da bankuna |
16 |
Budget and Economic
Planning |
Ra’in zamananci |
Kasafin Kuɗi da Tsare-tsaren Tattalin Arziki |
17 |
Budgetting and budget |
Ra’in zamananci |
Kasafi da tsare-tsare |
18 |
Business ethics |
Ra’in zamananci |
Dokokin kasuwanci |
19 |
Buying |
Ra’in zamananci |
Saye |
20 |
Buying and selling |
Ra’in
zamananci |
Saye da sayarwa |
21 |
Buyer |
Ra’in zamananci |
Mai saye |
22 |
Business partner |
Ra’in Zamananci |
Abokin kasuwanci |
23 |
Business methods |
Ra’in zamananci |
Dabarun kasuwanci |
24 |
Billionaire |
Ra’in zamananci |
Hamshaƙin mai kuɗi |
25 |
Blue economy |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Tattalin arzikin teku |
4.2.3 KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA
HARAFIN C
S/N |
Ingilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
|
|
|
|
26 |
Checking balance |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Duba asusu ajiya |
27 |
Cashless policy |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Tsarin taƙaitar amfani da takardun kuɗi a hannun al’umma |
28 |
Credit alert |
Ra’in zamananci |
Shigar kuɗi |
29 |
Card issuer |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Mai bayar da katin kuɗi |
30 |
Current account |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Asusun ajiya na lokaci-lokaci |
31 |
Currency |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kuɗi |
32 |
Cancel |
Ra’in zamananci |
Sokewa |
33 |
Cheque |
Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark |
Cakin kuɗi |
34 |
Capital |
Ra’in zamananci |
Jari |
35 |
Campany |
Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark |
Kamfani |
36 |
Crypto currency |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kuɗin ɓoye |
37 |
Costomers |
Ra’in zamananci |
Masu sayen kaya/kwastomomi |
38 |
Comsumer |
Ra’in zamananci |
Mai sayen kaya |
39 |
Chamber of Commerce |
Ra’in zamananci |
Cibiyar ƴan kasuwa |
40 |
Cost |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Kuɗin abu |
41 |
Commodity |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Haja |
4.2.4 KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN D
|
Lngilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa
|
42 |
Depositing |
Ra’in zamananci |
Sanya kuɗi a banki |
43 |
Debit alert |
Ra’in zamananci |
Ƙaraurawar cire kuɗi |
44 |
Digital economy |
Ra’in zamananci |
Tattalin arziki na zamani |
45 |
Digital and goods services |
Ra’in zamananci |
Hada-hadar kayan kasuwanci |
46 |
Decline |
Ra’in zamananci |
Ƙin karɓa |
47 |
Debt management |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Tsare-tsaren gudanar da sha’anin bashi |
48 |
Digit |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Lamba |
49 |
Dollar |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Dala |
50 |
Diversification |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Faɗaɗawa |
51 |
Domain |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Wurin kasuwanci |
52 |
Digital skills |
Ra’in zamananci |
Dabarun fasahar zamani |
53 |
Discount |
Ra’in zamananci |
Rangwame |
4.2.5 KALMOMI DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN E
|
Ingilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
54 |
E-naira |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kuɗin Naira na intanet |
55 |
E-commerce |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kasuwancin intanet |
56 |
E-governance |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Tafiyar da gwamnati ta intanet |
57 |
E-banking |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Hada-hadar banki ta intanet |
58 |
Exchange rate |
Ra’in zamananci |
Tazarar Musanyar kuɗi |
59 |
E-business |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kasuwancin intanet |
60 |
Exchange of products |
Ra’in zamananci |
Musanyar kayayyaki |
61 |
Expensive |
Ra’in
zamananci |
Tsada |
62 |
Economic strategy |
Ra’in zamananci |
Dabarun tattalin arziki |
63 |
Economic recession |
Ra’in zamananci |
Tawayar tattalin arziki |
64 |
Exchange |
Ra’in zamananci |
Musanya |
65 |
Enterprenuer |
Ra’in bayyyanawa |
Mai basirar tsara kasuwanci |
66 |
Export |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Fitar da kaya zuwa wata kasa |
4.2.6 MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN F
|
lngilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
67 |
Foreign exchange |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Musanyar kuɗin ƙasashen ƙetare |
68 |
Foreign investors |
Ra’in zamananci |
Masu hannun jari na ƙasashen waje |
69 |
Fuel scarcity |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ƙaramcin man fetur |
70 |
Fuel subsidy |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Tallafin man fetur |
71 |
Financial institutions |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi |
72 |
Fund |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Asusu |
73 |
Fake
money |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kuɗin jabu |
4.2.7 KALMOMI MASU SOMAWA DA
HARAFIN G DA H
|
lngilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
74 |
Profit |
Ra’in zamananci |
Riba |
75 |
Growth |
Ra’in zamananci |
Haɓaka |
76 |
Goods |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kayayyaki |
77 |
Gain |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ƙaruwa |
78 |
Hike |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Ƙarin farashi |
4.2.8 KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA
HARAFIN I
|
lngilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
79 |
Investor |
Ra’in zamananci |
Mai saka hannun jari |
80 |
Investment |
Ra’in zamananci |
Hannun jari |
81 |
Insufficient |
Ra’in zamananci |
Ƙaramci |
82 |
Inflation |
Ra’in muhallin magana a ciki matani |
Tashin farashi |
83 |
Industry |
Ra’in muhallin magan a a cikin matani |
Masana’anta |
84 |
Innovation |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ƙirƙira |
85 |
Income |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kuɗin shiga |
86 |
Increase |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ƙari |
87 |
Enterprises |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Masana’antu |
88 |
Import |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Shigowa da kaya daga ƙasar waje |
4.2.9 KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA
HARAFIN L&M
|
Ingilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
89 |
Loss |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Hasara |
90 |
Loan |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Rance |
91 |
Levy |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Haraji |
92 |
Labourer |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ma’aikaci |
93 |
Merchant |
Ra’in bayanawa |
Ɗan kasuwa |
94 |
Modification |
Ra’in bayyyanawa |
sauyawa |
95 |
Market |
Ra’in bayanawa |
Kasuwa |
96 |
Marketers |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ƴan kasuwa |
97 |
Money laundry |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Safarar kuɗi |
98 |
Management |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Gudanarwa |
99 |
Minerals |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Sinadarai |
100 |
Modernization
|
Ra’in
zamananci |
Zamanantarwa |
101 |
Joint account |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Asusun haɗaka |
4.2.10 KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA
HARAFIN N
|
lngilish |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
102 |
Network failure |
Ra’in zamananci |
Tangarɗar sadarwa |
103 |
Naira redesign |
Ra’in zamananci |
Sauyin fasalin Naira |
104 |
Network marketing |
Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark |
Kasuwancin sanayya |
105 |
Naira note |
Ra’in zamananci |
Takarda kuɗin Naira |
106 |
Electricty bill |
Ra’in zamananci |
Takardar biyan kuɗin lantarki |
107 |
Naira scarcity |
Ra’in zamananci |
Ƙaramcin kuɗin Naira |
108 |
Naira devaluation |
Ra’in zamananci |
Kariyar darajar Naira |
4.2.11 MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN O
|
lngilish |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
109 |
Online fraud |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Zambar intanet |
110 |
Online transaction |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Hada-hadar kuɗi ta intanet |
111 |
Out of service |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Katsewar sadarwa |
112 |
Payment service bank (Opay, money point) |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Manhajar hada-hadar biya da karɓa kuɗi |
4.2.12 KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN P
|
lngilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
113 |
Pi network |
Ra’in zamananci |
Dandalin musayar kuɗin baɗini |
114 |
Palliative |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Tallafi |
115 |
Payroll |
Ra’in zamananci |
Tsarin biyan kuɗi |
116 |
Payment flatform |
Ra’in zamananci |
Manhajar biyan kuɗi |
117 |
Paralell market |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kasuwar bayan fage |
118 |
Public sector accounting |
Ra’in zamananci |
Bayanin kuɗin ma’aikatun gwamnati |
119 |
Products |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kayayyaki |
120 |
Packaging |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Shiryawa |
121 |
Price |
Ra’in zamananci |
Farashi |
122 |
Processing |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Sarrafawa |
123 |
Provisions |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Kayan alatu/guzuri |
124 |
Price regulation |
Ra’in zamananci |
Daidaita farashi |
125 |
Plaza |
Ra’in zamananci |
Rukunin shaguna |
126 |
Promo |
Ra’in zamananci |
Tallar rangwame |
4.2.13 KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN R
S/N |
Ingilishi |
RA’I |
Fassarar Hausa |
127 |
Remitter |
Ra’in zamananci |
Takarda biyan kuɗIn gwamnati |
128 |
Retailer |
Ra’in muhallin |
Mai sayar da ɗai-ɗai |
129 |
Resources |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Dukiya |
130 |
Reduce |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ragewa |
131 |
Revenue |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Kuɗin shiga |
4.2.14 KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN S
|
Inglish |
Ra’i |
Fassara |
132 |
Saving account |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Asusun ajiya |
133 |
Selling |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Sayarwa |
134 |
Seller |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Mai sayarwa |
135 |
Service |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Aiki/sadarwa |
136 |
Store |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Wurin ajiyar ajiyar kaya |
137 |
Supplier |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Mai samarwa |
138 |
Skills |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Dabaru/ sana’o’in hannu |
139 |
Skills
acquisition |
Ra’in
bayyanawa |
Koyon
dabarun hannu |
140 |
Scale |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ma’auni |
141 |
Subsidy |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Tallafi/ ragowa |
142 |
Smuggling |
Ra’in ra’in bayyanawa |
Fasa-ƙwabri |
4.2.15 KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN T
|
IngIlish |
Ra’i |
Fassara |
143 |
Teller |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Takarda cikewa domin biyan kuɗi a banki |
144 |
Tax |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Haraji |
145 |
Transport |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Sufuri |
146 |
Treasury Single Account |
Ra’in zamananci |
Asusun bai-ɗaya na gwamnati |
147 |
Taxation and tax management |
Ra’in zamananci |
Haraji da tafiyar da lamurran haraji |
148 |
Trade |
Ra’in zamananci |
Ciniki |
149 |
Traders |
Ra’in zamananci |
Masu saye da sayarwa |
150 |
Trade fair |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Baje-koli |
151 |
Technical hitches |
Ra’in zamanaci |
Tangarɗar na’ura |
4.2.16 KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN V
|
lngilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
152 |
Venture and creation |
Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark |
Fasaha da ƙirƙira |
153 |
Tarade by barter |
Ra’in zamananci |
Ba-ni-gishiri-in-ba-ka-manda |
154 |
Visa |
Ra’in zamananci |
Takardun izinin shiga wata ƙasa |
4.2.16 WASU SASSAN JUMLA MASU ALAƘA DA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21 (DIGITAL ECONOMY)
|
Ingilishi |
Ra’i |
Fassarar Hausa |
155 |
National Identification Number NIN |
Ra’in zamananci |
Lambar shedar zama ɗan ƙasa |
156 |
Bank Verification Number BVN |
|
Lambar tantacewa ta banki |
157 |
University Transparency And Acountability Utas |
Ra’in zamnanci |
Tsarin Biyan Albashi na Malaman Jami’a |
158 |
Intergrated Payroll And Personal Information System
IPPIS |
Ra’in zamananci |
Tsarin biyan albashi na bai-ɗaya |
159 |
Point of sale POS |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Cibiyar hada-hadar kuɗi ta POS |
160 |
Short message service SMS |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Gajeren saƙon wayar sadarwa |
161
|
Information And Communication Technology ICT |
Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark |
Fasahar yaɗa bayanai ta zamani |
162 |
Automatic teller machine ATM |
Ra’in fassara a mahanagar Newmark |
Na’urar kuɗi ta ATM |
163 |
Management Information System MIS |
Ra’in zamananci |
Cibiyar Tattara Bayanai |
164 |
Sustainable Development Goals SDGs |
Ra’in zamananci |
Muradun Ƙarni Masu Ɗorewa |
165 |
Key Performance Index (KPI) |
Ra’in zamananci |
Ma’aunin Gwajin Ƙwazon Ma’aikata |
166 |
National Labour Congress NLC |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta ƙasa |
167 |
Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs |
Ra’in zamananci |
Ƙanana da Matsakaitan Masana’antu |
168 |
International Monitary Fund IMF |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Asusun ba da Lamuni na Duniya |
169 |
Human Resource Management HRM |
Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani |
Sashen Kula Da Sha’anin Ma’aikata |
170 |
World Trade Organization |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Ƙungiyar Kasuwaci ta Duniya |
171 |
Unstructured supplementary Service Data USSD |
Ra’in zamananci |
Manhajar Aikewa da Gajeren Saƙo ta USSD |
172 |
Corporate Affairs Comission CAC |
Ra’in bayyanawa |
Hukumar Kula da Rijistar Hukumomi da Kamfanoni |
4.2
NAƊEWA
Wannan babi na huɗu wanda shi ne cibiyar wannan aikin, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata ya tattauna
sosai a kan fassara, inda ya taɓo ma’anar fassara da taƙaitaccen tarihin samuwar aikin fassara da nau’o’in
fassara da kuma ra’o’in fassara. Babin haka ma ya kawo jadawalin fassarar wasu
kalmomi da sassan jumla masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki inda kowace kalma
ko sashen jumla aka nuna yadda yake a harshen Ingilishi da kuma fassara ta zuwa
harshe Hausa ta amfani da ra’in da ya fi dacewa.
BABI NA BIYAR
TAƘAITAWA DA KAMMALAWA
5.0 SHIMFIƊA
Babi na huɗu da ya gabata ya yi bayani
dalla-dalla a kan ma’anar fassara da tarihin samuwar aikin fassara da nau’o’i
da kuma ra’o’in fassara. Haka ma a cikinsa aka fassara kalmomi da sassan jumla (172)
masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 wanda a ciki an nuna irin ra’in da aka yi
amfani da shi wajen fassara kowace kalma ko sashe na jumla a zaman jagora ko
wata madogara. A wannan babi kuwa na biyar za a yi taƙaitawa ne tare da kammala wannan binciken. Babin ya taƙaita dukkanin bayanan da aka yi a cikin wannan bincike.
5.1 TAƘAITAWA
Wannan aikin mai taken: “Fassarar Wasu Kalmomi Da Sassan Jumloli na Fannin
Tattalin Arziki A Ƙarni Na 21” an yi sa ne domin ba da gudunmuwa ga ci gaban harshen Hausa da sauƙaƙa fahimtar sadarwa tsakaniya al’ummar Hausawa da
samar da fassara ta bai-ɗaya ga masu aikin fassara har ma da ƴan koyo. Ba shakka wannan zai taimaka wajen bunƙasawa da kuma ci gaban
harshen Hausa da tattalin arzikin al’umma kasancewar sai da fahimtar sadarwa
ake gudanar da kasuwanci yadda ya kamata a cikin sauƙi.
Wannan bincike an gudanar da shi ne a cikin babi biyar; na ɗaya shi ne gabatarwa ce, na biyu kuwa ya kawo bitar ayyukan
magabata, babi na uku kuwa ya kawo hanyoyin da aka bi wajen gudanar da binciken,
sai kuma babi na huɗu wanda a nan ne aka fassara kalmomi da sassan jumla masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21, yayin da shi
kuma babi na biyar ya ƙunshi taƙaitawa da kammalawa.
5.2 KAMMALAWA
Aikin fassara lamari ne babba wanda yake ba da gagarumar gudunmuwa ga ci
gaba da bunƙasar tattalin arzikin ƙasashen duniya da ci gaba ilimin kimiyya da fasaha da
siyasa da al’adu da kuma sadarwa. Lura da irin yawan al’ummar Hausawa da
harshen Hausa da kuma yadda muke a cikin wani ƙarni na ƙauyantar da duniya wato
(globalization) da ya zo da sabbin abubuwa na kimiyya da fasaha da suka shafi
tattalin arziki ya sa aka ga yana da muhimmanci sosai a fassara irin waɗannan kalmomi daga harshen Ingilishi zuwa Hausa domin sauƙaƙa sadarwa da ci gaban al’amurran
tattalin arziki.
Wannan wani mataki ne da zai taimaka sosai wajen ci gaban harshen Hausa a
duniya da ma lamurran kasuwanci da sadarwa domin kuwa akwai ƙaranci fahimta ga masu
amfani da Hausa na irin waɗannan kalmomi amma idan aka fassara su zuwa Hausa hakan zai sa Hausawa su
fahimce su cikin sauƙi kasancewar ba a cika fassara irin waɗannan kalmomi ba in ba a gidajen rediyo ba, ko su ba su
da fassara ta bai-ɗaya.
Wannan aikin ya duba irin waɗannan kalmomi da yadda ake amfani da su, sannan ya ɗora fassararsu bisa ra’o’i da dabarun fassara da masana
suka bayar domin ganin an gudanar da fassarar bisa wani tafarki na masana
saboda a samar da karɓaɓɓiyar fassara mai ma’ana
da kuma kaucewa yin gaban-kai a cikin aikin. Ba shakka a iya cewa binciken ya
fito da hanyoyi da dabarun da ya kamata a bi wajen
fassaara irin waɗannan kalmomi
Da yake tun a matashiyar wannan aikin an faɗa cewa wasu ne za a fassara daga cikin irin waɗannan kalmomi na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21. Saboda haka an samu
nasarar fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 ƙwara (172) a cikin wannan aikin. Don haka
akwai buƙatar nan gaba wani aikin ya ɗora inda aka tsaya da wannan aiki domin kuwa kalmomin suna da yawa sosai ba
za a iya kwashe su zama guda ba a wannan binciken.
5.3 NAƊEWA
A wannan babi na biyar kuma na ƙarshe an taƙaita dukkanin abin da wannan bincike ya ƙunsa. An kuma yi kammalawa a ciki tare da naɗe wannan babi da ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a nan gaba
wani ya ci gaba da inda aka tsaya domin kuwa “abin da yawa" in ji mutuwa
da ta je kasuwa.
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WAƊANDA AKA YI HIRA DA SU
Faruk Abdu’aziz ma’aikacin banki,
mai Shekara 35, a ofishinsa dake Bankin Access, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato. A
ranar Alhamis, 28/12/2023, da misalin ƙarfe 1:00pm na rana.
Dr Bashir Muhammad Achida, malami a Jami’ar
Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato kuma kwararre a kan sha’anin tattalin arziki, mai
shekaru 44, a makarantar Forth International, a ranar Litanin, 29-01-2024. Da
misalin 12:00pm.
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HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.