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Fassarar Wasu Kalmomi Da Sassan Jumloli Na Fannin Tattalin Arziki a Karni Na 21

KUNDIN BINCIKEN KAMMALA DIGIRIN FARKO (B.A HAUSA) A SASHEN KOYAR DA HARSUNAN NIJERIYA, JAMI’AR USMANU ƊANFODIYO, SAKKWATO, JANUARY, 2024

FASSARAR WASU KALMOMI DA SASSAN JUMLOLI NA FANNIN TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21

NA

SHEHU MUHAMMAD
Waya: 08145302619
Imel: Shehumuhammed346@gmail.com

SADAUKARWA

Na sadaukar da wannan aiki ga mahaifiyata Hauwa’u Muhammad wadda ta kasance ita ce komai nawa a rayuwata da kuma maihaifina Muhammad, wanda ya rasu tun ina da shekara ɗaya a duniya. Da fatar Allah ya kai haske ƙabarinsa.

GODIYA

Dukkan yabo da godiya sun tabbata ga Allah (S.W.A) mai kowa mai komai da ya ƙaddara kuma ya ba ni ikon samun nasarar kammala wannan aiki. Tsira da aminci su ƙara tabbata ga manzonsa Annabin Rahama (S.A.W)

Godiya ta musamman ga Malamina wanda ya jagoranci duba wannan aiki, Dr Nazir Ibrahim Abbas wanda kuma ya sha famar ɗawainiya da ni domin ganin na kammala wannan aiki cikin nasara. Ina fatan Allah ya ƙara ɗaukaka.

Godiya maras adadi ga mahaifiyata Hauwa’u Muhammad wadda ta yi tsaye ba dare ba rana wajen yi min addu’a domin ganin na samu nasarar kammala wannan karatu. Ina roƙon Allah ya saka mata da mafificin alkhairinsa ya kuma ƙara lafiya da nisan kwana. Haka ma, ina roƙon Allah ya haskaka ƙabarin mahaifina Muhammad wanda ya rasu tun lokacin da nake da shekara guda a duniya. Ya Allah ka lulluɓe sa da rahamarka.

Haka kuma ba zan taɓa mancewa da Malamina ba kuma babana, Farfesa Salisu Ahmad Yakasai, bisa shawarwarin da yakan ba ni a koyaushe dangane da aikin fassara da kuma neman ilimi. Allah ya ƙara yi wa rayuwarsa albarka ya kuma sa a gama da duniya lafiya.

Har wa yau, ina miƙa godiyata ga dukanin malamaina na Sashen Koyar da harsunan Najeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo bisa ɗawainiyar da suka sha yi da mu tun daga aji ɗaya har zuwa aji huɗu domin ganin mun samu ɗimbin ilimi . Allah ya saka maku da mafificin alkhairinsa.

lna mai miƙa godiyata ga Sani Muhammad Mafara wanda ya kasance jagora a gare ni wajen samun gurbin karatu a wannan jami’a ta Ɗanfodiya mai albarka. Ubangiji Allah ya ƙara yi maka jagora ga dukkan lamuranka duniya da lahira.

Ina ƙara godiya ga irin gudunmuwar da yayyena Muhammadu da Abubakar da Umar da Aisha da Fatima suka ba ni ba, a lokacin da nake gwagwarmayar yin wannan karatu. Allah ya biya ku da gidan aljanna.

Haka zalika, ba zan mance da ƴanuwa da abokanin karatuna ba irinsu: Sumayya Yakubu Aliyu wadda ta kasance tamkar ƴaruwa ta jini a gare ni; da kuma babban aminina Musa Abdullahi Maigandu wanda muka kasance kamar Hassan da Hussaini a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman ilimi da Yahaya Abubakar Dingyaɗi da Sani Haruna, (Dattijon ajinmu) da duk sauran abokan karatu. Allah ya sanya wa karatunmu albarka. Amin

ƘUMSHIYA

Taken bincike -- i    

Tabbatarwa -- ii

Sadaukarwa -- iii

Godiya -- iv

Ƙumshiya _ vi  

BABI NA DAYA: GABATARWA

1.0 Shimfida _ 1

1.1 Manufar -- 3

1.2 Farfajiyar bincike -- 4

1.3 Muhimmancin bincike -- 4

1.4 Tambayoyin bincike -- 4

1.5 Hasashen bincike _ 5

1.6 Naɗewa -- 5

BABI NA BIYU: BITAR AYUKAN DA SUKA GABATA

2.0 Shimfiɗa _ 7

2.1 Bitar Ayukan Da Suka Gabata.7

2.2 Hujjar Ci Gaba da Bincike -- _ _ 17

2.2 Naɗewa. -- 18

BABI NA UKKU: HANYOYIN GUDANAR DA BINCINKE

3.0 Shimfiɗa _ 19

3.1 Hanyoyin Tattara Bayanai. _ 19

3.1.1 Karance-Karancen Ɗakin Karatu -- 19

3.1.2 Hira Da Ma’aikatan Banki Da Kuma Ƙwararru Kan Tattalin Arziki _ 20

3.1.3 Kafar Sadarwa Ta Intanet _ 20

3.1.4    Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai _ 20

3.1.5 Kalmomin Tattalin Arzaki a Ƙarni Na 21 -- 21

3. 2 Naɗewa -- 21

BABI NA HUƊU: FASSARAR WASU KALMOMI DA SASSAN JUMLA NA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21

4.0 Shimfiɗa _ 22

4.1.0 Ma’anar Fassara _ 22

4.1.1 Tarihin Samuwar Aikin Fassara _ 24

4. 1.2 Nau’o’in Fassara -- 27

4.1.3 Dabarun Fassara -- _ 28

4. 1.4 Ra’o’in Fassara -- _ 29

4.1.4.1 Ra’in Zamananci _ 29

4.1.4.2 Ra’in Bayyanawa _ 30

4.1.4.3 Ra’in Fassara a Mahangar Newamark _ 30

4.1.4.4 Ra’in New Mark Dangane da Tasirin Al’ada a Harshe _ 31

4.1.4.5 Ra’in Sperber Da Wilson a Kan Muhallin Magana a Cikin

Matani _  32

4.1.4.6 Ra’in Karɓanci na Halliday (1985) _ 33

4.3 Dabarun da Aka Yi Amfani da Su Wajen Fassara Kalmomi da Sassan Jumla na Tattalin Arziki A Ƙarni Na 21 _ 34

4 . 2 Fassarar Wasu Kalmomi da Sassan Jumla na Tattalin Arziki A Ƙarni na 21 _ . 34

4.2.1 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin A _ .35

4.2.2 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin B _ 36

4.2.3 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin C -- 37

4.2.4 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin D _ 38

4.2.5    Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin E _ 39

4.2.6    Masu Farawa ka Harafin F.40

4.2.7 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin G&H. _ 40

4.2.8 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin I -- 41

4.2.9 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin J, L&M _ .42

4.2.10 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin N -- _ _ 42

4.2.11 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin O. _ 43

4.2.12 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin P. _ 43

4.2.13 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin R. _ 44

4.2.14 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin S -- 45

4.2.15 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin T -- _ .46

4.2.16 Kalmomin da ke Farawa da Harafin V -- 46

4.2.17 Wasu Sassan Jumla Masu Alaƙa da Tattalin Arziki A

Ƙarni Na 21 (Digital Economy) _ 47

4. 3 Naɗewa -- 49

 

BABI NA BIYAR: TAƘAITAWA DA KAMMALAWA

5.0 Shimfiɗa -- 50

5. 1 Taƙaitawa _ 50

5. 2 Kammalawa _ 51

5. 3 Sakamakon Bincike _ 51

5. 4 Naɗewa -- 52

 Manazarta _ 53

BABI NA ƊAYA

GABATARWA

1.0    SHIMFIƊA

Aikin fassara lamari ne babba wanda yake buƙatar natsuwa da kwantar da hankali tare da juriya wajan aiwatar da shi la’akari da irin muhimmiyar rawar da fassara take takawa wajen ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha da tattalin arzakin ƙasashen duniya. Wannan ne ma ya sa aka zaɓi gudanar da wannan bincike a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni 21, domin ganin an samu daidaitaciyar fassara da kuma sauƙin fahimta ga masu aikin fassara ko sauraro ko karatu ko kuma mu’amala ta yau da kullum.

Fassara wata hanya ce ta isar da saƙo daga wani harshe zuwa wani harshe. Wannan ne ya ja hankalina wajen gudanar da wannan aiki na fassarar wasu kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 domin a samu sauƙin fahimta da kuma sauƙin isar da saƙo ga alumma da su kansu ƴan uwa masu aikin fassara kasancewar mafi akasarin irin waɗannan kalmomi zamani ne da kuma kimiyya da fasaha suka zo da su kuma suna ba da gagarumar gudunmuwa ga fahimtar sha’anin tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki.

La’akari da yawaitar samuwar irin waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumloli a cikin al’umma da irin tasirinsu ga sha’anin rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma rashin samun fassara mai inganci ko ta bai ɗaya a gare su, wannan ne ya haifar da aka gudanar da wannan bincike domin sauƙaƙa fahimtar sadarwa a tsakanin alummar Hausawa.

Wannan bincike mai taken: “Fassarar Wasu Kalmomi da Sassan Jumloli na Tattalin Arziki a Ƙarni na 21” ya yi ƙoƙarin tattaro irin waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 tare da fassara su zuwa Hausa domin ƙara samun sauƙin fahimta ga masu jin harshen Hausa da kuma ƙoƙarin samun fassara ta bai ɗaya ga irin waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumla a tsakanin masu gudanar da wannnan aiki na fassara da masu koyo a wannan ƙasaitaccen fage na aikin fassara.

A babi na ɗaya na wannan aikin wanda shi ne gabatarwa, na soma ne da yin shimfiɗa inda aka kawo manufar wannan bincike da farfajiyar binciken da muhimmancin bincike da tambayoyin bincike hassashen bincike, inda kuma daga ƙarhe aka naɗe wannan babi na ɗaya.

Babi na biyu na wannnan aikin ya yi waiwaye ne abinda Hausawa ke cewa shi ne “adon tafiya” dangane da wasu ayukan da suka gabata a wannan fage na fassara domin duba inda suke da alaƙa da kuma bambanci da wannan bincike don ƙara haske a cikin aikin.

A babi na uku wannan aikin ya yi bayani ne a kan hanyoyin tattara bayanai da suka haɗa da karance-karance ta ziyartar ɗakin karatu da bankuna da tattaunawa da masana tattalin arziki da kuma amfani a kafar intanet domin samun bayanan da suka dace. Babin ya fayyace ma’anar kalmomin tattalin arzaki na ƙarni na 21, sannan daga ƙarshe aka naɗe wannan babi.

A babi na huɗu a nan ne gundarin aikin yake, bayan shimfiɗa, an fara ne da baje koli a kan ma’anar fassara da tarihin samuwar aikin fassara da nau’o’in fassara da dabarun fassara da kuma ra’o’in fassara. Daga nan kuma sai aka shiga cikin aikin fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumloli na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21.

Babi na biyar ya ƙunshi taƙaitawa da kammalawa da sakamakon binciken wannan aiki, daga ƙarshe sai aka naɗe da kammalawa.

1.1       MANUFAR BINCIKE

Wannan aiki na fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumloli na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21 yana da manufofi kamar haka:

i.        Fito da dabarun da suka fi dacewa a bi wajen fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumloli da suka shafi tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.

ii.      Daidaita fassara kalmomin tattalin arziki musamman a gidajen rediyo da sauran wuraren da ake aikin fassara.

iii.    Samar da fassara ta bai-ɗaya a fassarar gidajen rediyo a kan irin waɗannan kalmomi na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21.

iv.    Sauƙaƙa wa masu koyon aikin fassara

v.      Sauƙaƙa fahimtar sadarwa ga waɗanda ba su jin Ingilishi.


1.2       FARFAJIYAR BINCIKE

Farfajiyar wannan bincike ita ce fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumlolin da suka shafi tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 daga harshen lngilishi zuwa Hausa.

1.3       MUHIMMANCIN BINCIKE

Ganin irin tasiri da kuma muhimmancin da fassara take da shi wajen kawo ci gaban tattalin arzakin al’umma ta hanyar isar da saƙo daga wani harshe zuwa wani, ya sa ake ganin wannan bincike zai taimaka kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen:

i.        Fito da yadda ake fassara irin waɗannan kalmomi ko kuma sassan jumloli

ii.      Samar da fassara mafi dacewa ga waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumla

iii.    Fito da dabarun da ake amfani da su wajen fassarar baƙin kalmomi da sassan jumla waɗanda suka shafi tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.

1.4              TAMBAYOYIN BINCIKE

i.        Waɗanne dabaru ake amfani da su a wajen fassarar baƙin kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.

ii.      Wace irin gudunmuwa fassara ta bayar wajan ci gaban tattalin arziki a wannan zamani?

iii.    Waɗanne matsaloli ake samu a fassar kalmomi ko sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21?

iv.    Me ya sa aka zaɓi kalmomin tattalin arziki?

1.5 HASASHEN BINCIKE

 La’akari da irin muhummanci da kuma gudunmuwar da fassara ke bayarwa ga bunƙasawa da kuma ci gaban lamurran tattalin arzakin al’umma da ma duniya baki ɗaya, wannan ya sa aka zaɓi a gudanar da wannan aiki mai take “fasasar wasu kalmomi da sassan jumloli na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21 wannan aiki yana da hasashe kamar haka:

i.                    Fassarar kalmonin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 gudunmuwa ce ga bunƙasa harshen Hausa da ma tattalin arzaki to sai dai akwai buƙatar a daidaita fassarar domin samun dunƙlalliya kuma karɓaɓɓiyar fassara ta bai-ɗaya.

ii.                  Taɓo wasu ɓangarori da ke buƙatar gyara a cikin fassarar irin waɗannan kalmomi ko sassan jumla.

iii. Aikin zai ƙara bunƙasa harshen Hausa da sauƙin sadarwa a tsakanin alumma.

1.6       NAƊEWA

Wannan babi na ɗaya kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, shi ne gabatarwa ta wannan bincike. Babin ya kawo shimfiɗa ta manufar wannan bincike da farfajiyar bincike da muhimmancin binciken da tambayoyin bincike da kuma hasashen binciken. Bugu da ƙari, babin ya kawo taƙaitaccen bayani kan abin da kowane babi yake ɗauke da shi.


BABI NA BIYU

BITAR AYUKAN DA SUKA GABATA

2.0   SHIMFIƊA

3.0   Wannan babi na biyu ya yi bitar ayyukan da suka gabata masu alaƙa da wannan bincike da ya shafi fassara. Waɗannan ayyukan da aka yi bita sun haɗa da: kundayen digiri da littafai da kuma muƙalu masu alaƙa da aikin fassara da aka ci karo da su tare da kawo taƙaitaccen bayani na waɗannan ayyuka dangane da alaƙa da kuma bamabancinsu da wannan bincike.

2.1       BITAR AYUKAN DA SUKA GABATA

Masana da manazarta sun gudanar da ayyuka da yawa dangane da lamurra daban-daban da suka shafi aikin fassara irin, ƙa’idojin fassara da matsalolin fassara da tarihin fassara da dabarun fassara da dai sauran fannoni daban-daban na fassara.

Wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan ayyuka da wannan bincike ya ci karo da su sun haɗa da:

Mahmud (1976) ya wallafa wani littafi mai taken: Shawarwari ga Mai Aikin Fassara. Wannan marubuci ya raba littafinsa gida biyu, ɓangare na ɗaya ya bayar da shawarwari ga mai aikin fassara daga lngilishi zuwa Hausa. Ɓangare na biyu kuwa ya kawo jerin wasu kalmomi ne daga lngilishi zuwa Hausa ko daga Hausa zuwa lngilishi. Aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan bincike domin duk suna magana ne a kan fassara, duk da cewa sun bambanta, ganin cewa wannan bincike ya keɓanta ga fassara kalmomi ne da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 kawai.

Sa’idu (1984) a wani littafi nasa ya yi fassara ne daga harshen Larabci zuwa Hausa, littafin kuma yana bayani ne a kan mu’amala a tsakanin al’umma game da zamantakewarsu ta yau da kullum. Aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan bincike ta fuskar fassara, amma kuma sun bambanta domin an yi fassara ne daga Laraci zuwa Hausa, yayin da wannan bincike ya mayar da hankali ne kawai ga fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tatttalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki.

Suleman (1999) a aikinsa na kundin Digirin Farko da ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato mai taken “Fassarar The Still Born zuwa Hausa; Hangen Dala Ba Shiga Gari Ba”. Wannan binciken ya yi ƙoƙari wajen fassara wannan littafin adabi mai suna The Still Born daga harshen lngilishi zuwa Hausa. Duk da cewa ayyukan suna da alaƙa saboda duk aini ne na fassara, haka kuma suna da bambanci matuƙa ganin cewa wannan bincike ya mayar da hankali ne a kan fassarar wasu kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 kawai.

Hauwa (2000) aiki ne mai taken: “Fassarar The Virtuous Woman zuwa Mace ta Gari” wanda ta gabatar a Sashen Koyar Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato a zaman Kundin Digirin Farko. Aikin ya yi ƙoƙari wajen fassara wannan littafin na adabi daga harshen Ingilishi zuwa harshen Hausa. Ayyukan suna da alaƙa domin dukka fassara ce, amma kuma suna da bambanci ƙwarai saboda wannan bincike ya taallaƙa ne kawai a kan kalmomi da sassan jumla na ƙarni na 21.

Yakasai (2003) a wata maƙala da ya gabatar mai taken: Aro Ko Ƙirƙira: Nazarin Samuwar Sababbin Kalmomin Hausa a Jamia da kuma Garin Sakkwato ya yi bayanin yadda ake aro da ƙirƙira da kuma bunƙasa harshen Hausa. Aikin ya fito da hanyoyin samuwar sababbin kalmomi, duk da cewa aikin ya mayar da hankali ne a kan aro da ƙirƙira, kuma ya yi kama da wannan domin a sha’anin fassara dole ne a ci karo da inda ake yin aro ko kuma aka ƙirƙirar wata kalma amma ya bambanta da wannan bincike saboda ya dangance fassarar kalmomi ne da sassan jumla da suka shafi tattalin arziki a wannana ƙarni da muke ciki.

Abubakar (2006) a cikin kundin Digirinsa na biyu ya yi nazari a kan tatsuniyoyi da karin magana a cikin harshen Fulatanci waɗanda ya fassara zuwa harshen Igilishi. Binciken yana da alaƙa da wannan aikin ta fuskar fassara amma kuma suna da bambanci domin wannan aikin ya keɓanta ne ga fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tattlin arziki.

Sarɓi (2008) a cikin littafinsa mai suna: Studies In Translation. Littafin ya yi bayani ne a kan aikin fassara inda ya yi tsokaci a kan abubuwan da ake buƙata da kuma hanyoyin gudanar ingantaciyar fassara. Haka kuma ya taɓo matsalolin fassara da dai sauran batutuwa da suka shafi fassara a cikin wannan littafi nasa.

Aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan bincike ta fuskar fassara domin duk suna magana ne a kan fassara to sai dai suna da bambanci domin wannnan bincike ya keɓanta ne ga fassarar kalmomi da jumlolin fannu na tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki.

Abdullahi (2010) a kundin Digirinsa na Farko da ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato mai taken: “Matsalolin Fassara a Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai: Keɓaɓɓen Nazari a Kan Rediyon Jihar Zamfara” binciken ya kawo matsalolin fassara da ma’anar fassara da kuma ire-irenta. Aikin ya bambanta da wannan bincike saboda wannan fassara ce a kan kalmomi da sassan jumla masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki na ƙarni na 21.

Yakasai (2012) a cikin wata maƙala da ya gabatar a taron gabatar da maƙalu Na Tsangayar Fasaha da Addinin musulunci a Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo Sakkwato, mai taken: “Tasirin Fifikon Fassara a Cikin Harshen Uwa Bisa Harshe na Biyu a Hausa” ya yi bayani a kan fifikon harshen uwa a kan harshe na biyu a cikin aikin fassara da ingantaciyar fassara da sigar fifikon fassara da gudunmuwar al’ada da harshe wajen aikin fassara. Aikin ya so yin kama da wannan bincike saboda duk suna magana ne a kan fassara, sai dai suna da bambanci ƙwarai domin wannan binciken ya taallaƙa ne a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tattalin arziki na ƙarni na 21.

Sani (2012) a aikinsa mai taken: “Yadda Ake Fassara A Kafafen Watsa Labarai Na Sakkwato: Keɓantaccen Nazari A Kan Gidan Rediyon Rima, NTA Da Jaridar Jagora (The Path)” wanda ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmunu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato, ya yi bayanin yadda waɗannan kafafen yaɗa labarai guda uku suke gudanar da aikin fassara, inda kuma ya taɓo taƙaitaccen tarihin kowace daga cikin waɗannan kafafen tare da nazarin yadda suke kura-kurai a cikin ayyukansu na fassara.

Aikin yana da kusanci da wannan bincike ta fuskatar fassara amma dai sun bambanta domin shi ya duba yadda ake fassara ne a kafafen yaɗa labarai, yayin da wannan bincike ne a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.

Balarabe (2014) ya yi bayani sosai a kan matsalolin fassarar baƙin kalmomi a gidan rediyon Rima cikin aikinsa na kundin digirin farko mai suna “Matsalolin Fassarar Baƙin Kalmomi a Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai: Bincike A Kan Gidan Rediyon Rima Na Sakkwato”, Wanda ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Najeriya na jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo dake Sakkwato. Wannan bincike ya taɓo ma’anar fassara da ire-iren fassara tare da kawo matsalolin fassarar baƙin kalmomi a kafafen yaɗa labarai musamman a gidan rediyon Rima na Sakkwato.

Aikin yana da kamanceceniya da wannan bincike ta fuskar fassara amma fa suna da bambanci domin shi ya duba matsalar fassarar baƙin kalmomi ne a kafafen yaɗa labarai musamman gidan rediyo na Rima, wannan aiki kuwa ya keɓanta ne ga fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na kalmomin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.

Yeldu (2015) a cikin aikinsa na kammala kundin Digirin Farko da ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo dake Sakkawato, ya yi aiki mai taken: “Fassarar Littafin “Destinies of Life” daga Ingilishi zuwa Hausa “Ƙaddara ta Riga Fata”. Aikin ya yi ƙoƙari sosai inda ya fassara wannan littafi mai suna Destinies of Life daga Ingilishi zuwa Hausa wanda Farfesa Asabe Kabir ta wallafa. Littafin da yake ƙunshe da labarai iri-iri na adabi wanda kuma ya kasance abokin hira ga mai karatu. Aikin yana da bambanci da wannan bincike kasancewar ya fassara littafi ne kacokan, inda wannan binciken kuma ya mayar da hankali ne kawai a kan fassara wasu kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.

Funtua (2016) a cikin aikinta mai suna: “Fassarar Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomin Tattalin Gida (100) daga Harshen Hausa Zuwa Ingilishi” wanda ta gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya a zaman kundin Digirin Farko a Jami’ar Usman Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato, ta kawo ma’anar fassara da ma’anar kalmomin tattalin gida har guda ɗari ɗaya tare da fassara su daga harshen Hausa zuwa Ingilishi.

Aikin ya yi kama da wannan bincike domin duk suna magana ne a kan tattalin arziki, to sai dai ita ta fassara kalmomin tattalin gida ne guda ɗari daga Hausa zuwa Ingilishi, wannan aikin kuwa ya mayar da hankali ne a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarninna 21.

Abbas da Umar (2016) sun gabatar da wata maƙala a taron ƙarawa juna sani na Ƙungiyar Masu Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya a Jami’ar Jos. Maƙalar ta tattauna ƙalubalen fassarar kimiyya da fasaha a wannan zamani da muke ciki, inda ta taɓo ƙalubalen fassarar kimiyya da fasaha tare da kawo hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da irin wannan fassarar. Ayyukan Suna da alaƙa domin kuwa duk suna magana ne a kan fassara, to sai dai kuma suna da bambanci domin wannan binciken an yi sa ne kawai a kan fassarar wasu kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.

Bunza (2017) a cikin aikinsa mai taken: “Grammatical Rift and Cultural Lacuna: Constraints on English-Hausa and Hausa-English Translation Business” ya yi bayani a kan ma’anar fassara da kuma ainahin wane ne mai aikin fassara. Inda a cikin aikin ya yi bayani a kan yadda ake faɗi-tashin fito da ma’ana a aikin fassara da yadda ake tauyi ma’anar wasu kalmomin nahawu a lokacin fassarar matani daga Ingilishi-Hausa ko Hausa-Ingilishi. Sannan daga ƙarshe ya nuna yadda wasu kalmomin nahawu ke haddasa bambancin ma’ana wanda ya ce domin kawar da irin wannan matsalar dole ne mai fassara ya naƙalce harsunan guda biyu da kuma aladunsu. Mainiyo (2017) a cikin aikinsa na kundin Digirin Farko da ya gabatar a Sashen nazarin harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo dake Sakkwato mai taken: “Fassarar Wasu Kalmomin Kiwon Lafiya: Nazari Kan Asibitin Koyarwa Ta Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo (Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University Teaching Hospital UDUSTH) da asibitin kwararru ta Sakkwato, Asibitin Daji (Specialist hospital Sokoto)”. Binciken ya fassara wasu kalmomin kiwon lafiya a waɗannan asibitocin guda biyu tare da kawo taƙaitaccen tarihin asibitocin.

Wannan aikin ya so ya yi kama da wannan bincike domin dukansu fassara ce ta kalmomin fannu amma suna da bambanci sosai domin shi ya fassara wasu kalmomi ne na kiwon lafiya a asibitin koyarwa ta Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da kuma asibitin kawararru ta Sakkwato, yayin da wannan binciken ya dogara ne a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21

Jagora (2018) a wannan mujallar an yi fassarar labarun duniya daga harshen Ingilishi zuwa harshen Fulatanci. Ayyukan suna kamanceceniyar saboda duk an yi su ne a kan fassara, sai dai sun bambanta sosai domin aikin labaru ya fassara daga Ingilishi zuwa Huasa, yayin da wannan binciken ya fassara kalmomi da sassan juma na tattalin arziki a karni na 21.

Yakasai (2019) a cikin liffafinsa mai taken: Sanin Makamar Fassara. Mawallafin ya yi bayani sosai game da matsalolin fassara da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya bi domin magance su. Har-ila-wa-yau, ya taɓo fassarar kimiyya da fasaha, inda kuma ya fito da yadda ake bitar fassarar da dai sauran muhimman batutuwa da suka danganci aikin fassara. Aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan saboda duk sun danganci aikin fassarar ne, amma dai suna da bambanci saboda wannan binciken ya shafi fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tattalin arziki ne a wannan ƙarni da muke da shi na 21.

Galadima (2019) a cikin aikinsa na kundin kammala Digirin Farko da ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato, mai taken: “Bitar Fassarar Hausa Ta Wayar Nokia 106” ya gudanar da aikinsa ne a kan bitar fassarar Hausa da aka yi wa wayar Nokia 106 inda ya bi fassarar tiryan-tiryan tare da gano inda aka fassara daidai da kuma inda ke buƙatar gyara.

Wannan aiki na Galadima ya so ya yi kama da wannan bincike ta fuskar fassara amma kuma suna da bambanci sosai domin shi ya yi bitar fassarar Hausa ta wayar Nokia 106 ce, a nan kuma an yi fassarar kalmomi da sassana jumloli ne na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21

Sani (2021) aiki ne da ya fassara wasu keɓaɓɓun kalmomi da sassan jumla na cutar Corona a cikin aikin kundin Digirin Farko da ya gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo dake Sakkwato mai taken: “Fassarar Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi Da Sassan Jumla Na Cutar Coron-Virus (Covid-19) Daga Ingilishi Zuwa Hausa”. Aikin ya yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen zaƙulo kalmomi da wasu sassan jumla na cutar Corona tare da fassara su zuwa Ingilishi sai dai duk da cewa aikin ya so ya yi kama da wannan bincike, suna da bambanci domin shi fassara ce ta wasu keɓaɓɓun kalmomi da sassan jumla na corona daga harshen lngilishi zuwa Hausa. Wannan bincike kuwa fassara kalmomi ne da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 daga Ingilishi zuwa Hausa.

Nuhu (2022) ya yi aiki mai taken: Fassarar Wasu Tatsuniyoyin Fulatanci Zuwa Hausa Na Gundumar Wajake da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Mulkin Wamakko Ta Jihar Sakkwato” wanda ya gabatar a Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya na Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato a zaman kundin Digirinsa na Farko. A wannan aikin ya taɓo ma’nar fassara da ire-irenta da tarihin al’ummar Fulani, sannan kuma sai ya fassara wasu tasuniyoyi har ma da wasu keɓaɓɓun kalmomi na Fulatanci zuwa harshen Hausa. Aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan bincike ta fuskar fassara amma kuma suna da bambanci sosai domin wannan aikin ya keɓanta ne kawai a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumloli na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21.

Yakasai a wata Maƙala da ya tanada a matsayin gudunmuwa ga Sashen Harsuna da Al’adun Afirika, na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zaria domin kundin girmamawa na Farfesa Ɗalhatu Muhammad mai taken: “Ingantacciyar Fassara: Fasaha ko Kimiyya”. A cikin wannan muƙalar ya kawo cikakken bayanin ma’anar fassara da yanayi da tsarin ingantacciyar fassara da kuma ce-ce-ku-cen da ake yi a kan kasancewarta kimiyya ko fasaha. Ayyukan suna da alaƙa saboda duk sun keɓanta ne ga fassara, sai dai kuma suna da bambanci saboda wannan bincike an yi sa ne a kan fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki.

Yakasai & Mokoshy, (2023) sun gabatar da wata maƙala mai taken: “Dangantakar Aikin Fassara da Nazarin Bambancin Harsuna” wadda aka wallafa a mujallar Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (2), 107-112, inda a cikin wannan muƙalar sun yi waiwaye a kan tarihin samuwar nazarin kamancin harsuna da gudunmuwar rai a nazarin kamanci da bambancin harsuna, sannan kuma suka yi bayani dangane da dangantakar fannin nazarin bambancin harshe da kuma aikin fassara.

2.2 HUJJAR CI GABA DA BINCIKE

La’akari da ayyukan da aka duba a sama daga masana daban-daban dangane da abinda ya shafi aikin fassara­; kuma ba a samu wani aiki da ya yi daidai da irin wannan aikin ba, wannan ya sa aka zaɓi a ci gaba da gudanar da wannan bincike na fassarar wasu kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke cike na 21.

2.3 NAƊEWA

 Wannan babi shi ne babi na biyu wanda ya kuma yi bitar wasu ayyukan magabata da wannan binciken ya ci karo da su. Babin ya kawo bitar kundayen digiri da maƙalu da kuma littafai daban-daban da aka yi a kan fassara tare da fito da alaƙarsu da kuma bambancinsu da wannan binciken.


 BABI NA UKKU

HANYOYIN GUDANAR DA BINCIKE

4.0              SHIMFIƊA

A cikin babi na biyu an yi bitar ayyukan da suka gabata masu alaƙa da wannan bincike tare da kawo inda suke da alaƙa da kuma bambanci da wannan bincike. A wannan babi na uku kuwa za a kawo hanyoyin da aka bi wajen gudanar da wannan bincike da suka haɗa da: karance-karance da kafar sadarwa ta intanet da ziyarta bakuna da tattaunawa da masana tattalin arziki da kuma sauraren labarun gidaajen rediyo.

4.1              HANYOYIN TATTARA BAYANAI

Daga cikin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su har aka samu nasara wajen tattara bayanan wannan bincike sun haɗa da:

3.1.1 KARANCE-KARANCE A ƊAKIN KARATU

A lokacin gudanar da wannan aikin an gudanar da karance-karancen kundayen digiri da littafai da mujallu da kuma muƙalu waɗanda aka ci karo da su a ɗakunan karatu da suka danganci aikin fassara. An kuma karanta kayayyakin da suka shafi aikin fassara nau’uka daban-daban domin samun nasarar gudanar da wannan bincike.

3.1.2 HIRA DA MA’AIKATAN BANKI DA KUMA ƘWARARRU KAN TATTALIN ARZIKI

A lokacin gudanar da wannan bincike an ziyarci Bankin Access da ke harabar Jami’ar Ɗanfodiyo, inda aka tattauna da ɗaya daga cikin ma’aikatan bankin mai suna Faruk Abdu’aziz wanda ya ba da gudunmuwa ta hanyar samar da wasu daga cikin kalmomin da aka fassara a cikin wannan aiki.

Haka ma an yi hira ta musamman da Dr Bashir Muhammad Achida ƙwararre kan sha’anin tattalin arziki dangane da waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni na 21.

3.1.3 KAFAR SADARWA TA INTANET

Duk a wajen gudanar da wannan aiki an yi amfani da kafar Intanet domin samo wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumla na fannin tattalin arziki. Sannan kuma an yi amfani da wasu shafuka na intanet irinsu: Rumbum Ilimi da Amsoshi.com domin samo irin waɗannan kalmomi.

3.1.4    KAFAFEN YAƊA LABARAI

A ƙoƙarin tattara waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumloli na fannin tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni na 21, an yi amfani da talabijin da jaridu da mujallu da kuma gidajen Rediyo musamman Garkuwa FM Sokoto, ta hanyar sauraron labarunsu domin samun irin waɗannan kalmomi da ma jin yadda suke fassara su.

3.1.3 KALMOMIN TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21

Kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arzaki a ƙarni na 21, kalmomi ne da suke da alaƙa da tattalin arzaki ta kai tsaye ko ta kaikaice a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki na ishirin da ɗaya (21) wato (digital economy) kuma an tattaro su ne ta hanyar bincike ta intanet da sauraren rediyo da kuma halarta wasu bankuna da tattaunawa da wasu ƴan kasuwa da haɗi da ƙwararru a wannan fanni.

3.2       NAƊEWA

Wannan babi na uku wato hanyoyin gudanar da bincike, ya kawo hanyoyin da aka bi wajen tattara bayanan wannan bincike; kama daga karance-karance a ɗakunan karatu da leƙawa kafar intanet da sauraren gidajen rediyo da karanta jaridu da mujalla da dai sauran kafafen yaɗa labarai.

 

BABI NA HUƊU

FASSARAR WASU KALMOMI DA SASSAN JUMLA NA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21

4.0       SHIMFIƊA

A babi na uku na wannan aiki an yi bayani ne a kan hanyoyin da aka bi wajen gudanar da wannan bincike. A wannan babi na huɗu nan ne aka baje hajar wannan bincike, inda aka fara da shimfiɗa, sai ma’anar fassara da tarihin samuwar aikin fassara da nau’o’in fassara da kuma ra’o’in fassara. Daga ƙarshe babin ya kawo fassarar kamlomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 ta amfani da ra’o’in bayyyanawa da ra’in muhallin magana cikin matani da ra’in zamananci tare da yin amfani dabarun fassara kamar: aro da ƙirƙira da baddala da kuma bayani domin samar da fassara mai inganci kuma karɓaɓɓiya ga waɗannan kalmomi da sassan jumla.

4.1       MA’ANAR FASSARA

Kasancewar aikin fassara wani muhimmin aiki kuma babban fage da aka daɗe ana rubuce-rubuce a kansa, masana da manazarta da dama sun sha kai komo wajen bayyana ma’anar fassara. Ga abinda wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan masana ke cewa game da ma’anar fassara:

Cardford, (1965) ya ce Fassara ita ce maye gurbin wani abu da aka rubuta daga wani harshe (harshen asali) don rubuta kwatankwacinsa a wani harshe na daban (harshen ƙarba),)    

Savory, (1968:37) ya bayyana cewa: Fassara na tabbata ne ta amfani da kwatankwacin hikimar da ke ƙunshe a cikin abubuwan da aka bayyana, inda ya nuna cewa aikin fassara lamari ne da za a iya bayyanawa da yanayin sadarwa ta majiya harsuna biyu domin samar da matani a harshen karɓa (HK) da zai dace da harshen asali (HA).

Kamar yadda ya zo a cikin manhajar rumbun ilimi ta Intanet, Yahaya, Zariya, Gusau, da ‘Yaraduwa, 1992; Sani, Muhammad, da Rabeh, 2000, sun bayyana fassara da fasahar mayar da wani abun da aka faɗa ko aka rubuta daga wani harshe zuwa wani ba tare da canza ma’anarsa ba.

Har wa yau dai a cikin wata muƙala ta Yakasai (2017) da aka wallafa a shafin Amsoshi.com ya ambato: Levy (1967:148) yana cewa: “Fassara yanayi ne na sadarwa wanda manufar ita ce ta sarrafa ilimi daga harshen asali domin amfanin baƙo mai karatu

Yakasai (2019) ya bayyana ma’anar fassara da cewa: “musanya abin da aka faɗi ko aka rubuta”. Ma’ana a nan malamin yana ƙoƙarin nuna muna cewa ita fassarar nan fa musanya ce ta wani abi da aka faɗa ko aka rubuta daga harshen asali zuwa harshen karɓa.

Ƙamusun Exford (2024) ya bayyana ma’anar fassara da: “A text or work that has been changed from one language into another

Fassarar Hausa: “Fassara na nufin sauya matani ko wani aiki daga wani harshe zuwa wani

Ƙamusun Webstar (2024) ya bayyana ma’anar fassara da musanya saƙo daga wani harshe zuwa wani daban.

Bisa ga ma’anonin da suka gabata, za a iya cewa fassara wata hanya ce ta bayyana ma’anar wani abi da aka faɗa ko aka rubuta daga harshen asali zuwa harshe karɓa ta amfani da wasu hikimomi da dabaru na musamman. Haka kuma dole ne mai aikin fassara ya naƙalce harsuna da aladun waɗannan harsuna guda biyu da kuma yawan bicike a fannoni daban-daban na ilimi da za su iya kasancewa a matsayin jagora ga mai aikin fassara.

4.1.1    TAƘAITACCEN TARIHIN SAMUWAR AIKIN FASSARA

Harshe wata babbar hanyar sadarwa ce ta ƴan Adam inda suke amfani da sautukan magana wajen sadarwa ko kuma hanyar rubutu. Wannan ya sa ake ganin aikin fassara ya daɗe da samuwa a doron ƙasa saboda irin rawar da yake takawa wajen ci gaban al’amurran da suka shafi addini da siyasa da al’adu da yaɗa ilimi da kuma kasuwancin al’umma da sauran al’amurran zamantakewa na yau da kullum.

Baya ga haka, ana ganin ƙaurace-ƙauracen jama’a daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri a cikin duniya shi ma ya taimaka sosai wajen samuwar aikin fassara domin kuwa duk lokacin da wani ko wasu suka yi ƙaura daga wani wuri suka haɗu da wasu al’umma masu mabambancin harshe har suka yi halɗa, to dole ne su samu wata mafita ta fassara maganganunsu na yau da kullum domin a samu fahimtar juna wurin magana.

Mutane suna ganin cewa fassara ta samu ne kusan tun lokacin da Allah (SWA) ya halicce ƴan Adam; tun ma kafin samuwar rubutu da ɗab’i a duniya, sai dai kuma ba a soma aiwatar da shi ba sai ta dalilin ƙaurace-ƙauracen mutane zuwa wurare daban-daban inda suke cuɗanya da harsuna mabambanta.

Tarihi ya nuna cewa Livinus Andrinicuss wanda ya yi zamani a wajen shekara ta 240BC kafin haihuwar Annabi Isah (AS) shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara ƙirƙiro da dabarun fassara wasu abubuwa da wasu suka rubuta daga wani harshe zuwa wani a zamanin Girkawa; inda ya fassara Odyssey (labaraun tafiye-tafiyen Ulyesses a zaman mabuɗin adabin Girkawa) zuwa harshen Latin. Baya ga wannan akwai kuma wasu irinsu: Naovious da Ennus da suka fassara wani aiki na wasan kwaikwayo daga harshen Girka zuwa Latin.

A cewar Yakasai (2019) ayyukan waɗannan mutane sun taimaka sosai ga ci gaba da bunƙasar alamurran ilimin Girkawa da hakan ne ma ya samar da wasu gwarazan mutane kamar su Plato da Aristotle da Socrates da dai sauran masana ilimin falsafa da kuma lissafi. Haka abin ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na takwas da na tara lokacin da Larabawa suka yi fice a aikin fassarar littafai.

A wancan zamanin, cibiyar neman ilimi tana birnin Bagdad ne, inda aka fassara ayukan su Plato da Aristotle da Hippocrate da kuma Socrate, daga baya ne kuma aka fassara su zuwa harshen Ingilishi kamar yanda muke ganin su a yau. Wato lokacin da ƙoƙarin Larabawa ya samu cikas a shekara ta 110. A daidai lokacin da aka sarrafa harshen Girka zuwa Latin, da Larabci zuwa Ingilish ta hanyar fassara. (Yakasai, 2019:3)

Bugu da ƙari alamarin ya ci gaba da wakana har kusan ƙarnin na sha huɗu (14) lokacin da Martin Luther King ya fassara littafin Bayabul zuwa harshen Jamusanci. Bayan shi kuma akwai wani mutum mai suna Bishaf Jaqkes Annyart da ya shahara a aikin fassara wanda har ya samu muƙamin girmamawa na Yarima saboda ɗimbin gudunmuwar da ya bayar wa aikin fassara. Shi ne ya fassara ayukun Girka da Roma zuwa Ingilishi da kuma Nicholas wanda ya fassara Thucyded daga Girka zuwa Ingilishi da dai sauran masana irin su Geoge Chapman wanda shi ma ya fassara waƙoƙin Homa zuwa Latin waɗanda suka yi tasiri a kan rubuce-rubucen Shakespear na waƙe-waƙe.

Haka dai aikin fassara ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har kawo wannan lokaci da muke cikin da ya samu karɓuwa da kuma bunƙasa a lungu da saƙo na faɗin duniya. Manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun dogara ga aikin fassara wajen gudanar da ayyukansu a ko’ina a faɗin duniya. Haka zalika su ma manya da ƙananan ƙasaashen duniya muna iya cewa fassara tana ba da gagarumar gudunmuwa a kan ci gabansu domin kuwa ta hanyar fassara ne kawai za su iya fahimtar al’amurran kimiyya da fasaha da wasu yarjeniyoyin kasuwanici har a samu a yi su a aikace.

4.1.2    WASU NAU’O’IN FASSARA

Yakasai (2019:21) ya bayyana cewa akwai manyan nau’o’in fassara guda biyu kamara haka:

  1. Fassarar kimiyya: fassara ce da ta shafi duk wani lamari na (Science and Technology) wadda ake fassara kalmomi daga wani harshe zuwa wani bisa wasu ƙaidoji da aka tanada. Fassara ce da za ka juya wasu kalmomi ko a ba ka wani labari a juya shi zuwa wani harshe yadda yake ba tare da yin wata doguwar kwaskwarima ba, sannan kuma takan ƙunshi kalmomi na musamman wato na fannu kamar na siyasa da tattalin arziki da tanadi da tsimi da dai sauransu.

A irin wannan fassara ta ilimi, ana fassara abubuwa ne kai tsaye kamar yadda aka ba da su, sai dai fa irin wannan fassara tana da ƴar wahala domin mai fassara yakan ci karo da wasu kalmomin da akwai su a harshe asali amma kuma babu su a harshen karɓa.

2.      Fassarar Adabi: Ita irin wannan fassara ta adabi ta ƙunshi abubuwa ne da dama kamar labarun Rediyo da na Jarida da Talabijin da waƙoƙi da dai makamantansu. A irin wannan fassara ta adabi ba wai ana fassara abubuwa ne yadda suke ba kawai, a’a, ana buƙatar mai fassara ya yi kwaskwarima tare da sanya salo ga abinda yake fassarawa domin ƙarawa labarin daɗi.

Waɗannan su ne manyan na’o’in fassara guda biyu kamar yanda aka gani.

4.1.3    DABARUN FASSARA

Aikin fassara ba aiki ne da ake yi haka kawai kara zube ba, dole ya kasance akwai wasu dabaru ko hanyoyi na musamman da ake amfani da su a lokacin gudanar da aikin. Saboda haka, baya ga naƙaltar harsunan biyu da kuma aladunsu, daga cikin dabarun da ake amfani da su a wajan aiwatar da aikin fassara akwai (1) karanta matani a ƙalla sau ukku (2) fahimtar saƙon da ke cikin matani (3) sanin nauoin fassara (4) fahimtar yanayin matani ko muhallin da ake magana (5) aron kalmomi (6) baddala (7) ƙirƙira. Sani ko amfani da waɗannan dabarun da kuma amfani da su yadda ya kamata ba shakka zai taimawa mai aikin fassara ya gudanar da ingantacciyar fassara (Yakasai, 2019:119)

4.1.4    RA’O’IN FASSARA

Ra’o’i jam’i ne na kalmar “ra’i” wanda ya ƙunshi yin fassara da ta dace bisa wani mataki na musamman da kuma dangantaka ta yadda ake amfani da rai a cikin harshe. A taƙaice dai rai hanya ce ta ɗabbaƙa aiki ya kasance bisa wata mazhaba amma ba kara zube ba. Saboda haka alaƙanta aikin fassara da wani rai yana kyautata aikin mai fassara tare da zama wata madogara ko hujja ga ainahin mai fassara domin yana nuna wa masu nazari tafarkin da ya bi wajan gudanar da aikin nasa.

Domin aiwatar da aikin fassara yadda ya kamata, akwai ra’o’in fassara daban-da ban da za su iya zama jagora ga mai aikin fassara kamar yadda suka zo a nan ƙasa.

4.1.4.1 RA’IN ZAMANANCI

Wannan ra’i yana tafiya ne da aikin fassara ta hanyar amfani da kalmomin bayyanawa da daidaito da kuma sharhi haɗi da mayar da hankali ga kamancin ma’ana, ba wai lallai sai abin da aka fassara ya yi daidai da abin da aka bayar ba. Irin wannan ra’i ya fi damuwa da jigo da saƙon matani wanda ake bayyana sigoginsa da yanayinsa ta yadda saƙon da aka fassara zai fito yanda ya kamata (Yakasai, 2019:138).

4.1.4.2 RA’IN BAYYANAWA

Ra’in bayyanawa ra’i ne da ke baiwa mai fassara damar yin duk abinda ya dace domin isar da saƙon da ake son isarwa. Irin wannan ra’i yana bai wa mai fassara cikakken ƴanci wajan zaɓen kalmomi da sauran hanyoyin da mai fassara zai iya yin amfani da su wajan daidaita ma’ana daga wani harshe zuwa wani harshe na daban (Yakasai, 2019:138).

Domin samun dacewa a aikin fassara, akwai buƙatar mai fassara ya lura da salon marubuci ko rubutun matanin harshen asali da ƙumshiyar matani da tsarin nahawu da kalmomin matani da waɗanda za a yi fassara domin su da kuma ainahin manufar matanin.

4.1.4.3 RA’IN FASSARA A MAHANGAR NEWAMARK

 Newmark (1984) da wasu masanan zamani suna da ra’ayin cewa aikin fassara aiki ne na kimiyya, saboda haka akwai buƙatar a bi hanyoyi na kimiyya da suka ƙunshi bincike da amfani da rai wajen aikin fassara. A irin wannan yanayi ne masana suka kalli aikin fassara ta fuskoki guda uku daban-daban a kimiyyance:(i) aiki ne na kimiyya (ii) aiki ne na fasaha (iii) wani al’amari ne da ya haifar da muhawara da bayyana ra’ayi.

Haka kuma Newmark (1984) ya fito da wasu ra’ayoyi da suka danganci aikin fassara da suka haɗa da: kula da ma’anar kalmomi ta gefe ɗaya da fassara ta amfani da ra’i a kimiyyance duk da yake wasu masana na da ra’ayin cewa fassara ba aiki ne na kimiyya ba wanda hakan ne ma ya haifar da samuwar nau’o’in fassara guda biyu; fassara ta kimiyya da kuma fassara ta ilimi, sai dai mafi rinjayen masana sun

yi amanna cewa fassara aiki ne na kimiyya, don haka zai fi dacewa a gudanar da ita bisa tsarin karatu na zamani a kimiyyance domin isar da saƙo ga jamaa cikin sauƙi kamar yadda ya zo a cikin (Yakasai, 2019:139).

4.1.4.4             RA’IN NEW MARK DANGANE DA TASIRIN AL’ADA A HARSHE

Newmark (1988) ya lura da cewa mafi yawanci kalmomin al’ada suna da sauƙin ganewa, domin suna da alaƙa da harshensu kuma ba su karɓar fassara kai tsaye. Ire-iren waɗannan kalmomi ana bayyana su ne a cikin magana saboda ba su karɓar fassara kai tsaye, fassara su kai tsaye yana haifar da tauye ma’anarsu. Wannan ne ya sa Newmarka ya raba al’ada zuwa gida-gida har gida biyar kamar haka: (i) yanayin halittun ƙasa (ii) kayayyakin aladun gargajiya (iii) yanayin rayuwa (vi) hukumomi da aƙidoji da siyasa da tsarin siyasa da kuma addini (v) ishara da halayya (Yakasai, 2019:140).

Har wa yau kuma Newmark (1988) ya zayyano wasu hanyoyin da za a iya fassara kalmomin da suka shafi al’ada da suka haɗar da: (a) tsarin mayarwa (b) daidaitawa (c) amfani da makamanciyar al’ada (d) aikin kalma (e) ta hanyar bayani (f) duba sifar kalma (g) shafewa (h) gamayya (i) amfani da ingantaciyar fassara (j) bayanin mai fassara da kuma rataye.

Waɗannan dukkaninsu hanyoyi ne da wannan ra’i ya shimfiɗa waɗanda ake gani su ne suka fi dacewa a bi wajen fassarar kalmomin da suka jiɓance al’ada, inda akan yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyi ne domin tantance dukanin bayanan matani wajan fito da tasirin kalmar al’ada a cikin fassara.

4.1.4.5 RA’IN SPERBER DA WILSON A KAN MUHALLIN

 MAGANA A CIKIN MATANI

Sperber da Wilson (1986 & 1995) sun samar da wani ra’i dangane da muhallin magana wanda yake bayani a cikin dangantaka, inda suka nazarci alaƙa tare da nuna cewa akwai buƙatar sanin dangantakar magana da kuma yanayin da aka yi maganar a ƙoƙarin bayyana maanar zantukan. Masanan sun kuma nuna cewa ma’anar furuci ba wai ta ta’alaƙa ne ga kalmomin da ke cikin jumla ba kawai, ta haɗa har da muhallin ko fuskar da aka fahimce maganar.

Bugu da ƙari, masu wannan rai suna ganin muhallin magana bai tsaya kawai ga wurin da ake magana ko furuci ba ya ƙunshi hasashe na kimiyya ko wasu abubuwan da aka aminta da su na alada da addini da yanayin mai magana, waɗanda dukkansu za su iya taimakawa sosai wajen fahimtar abin da ake faɗa. Fahimtar abin da aka faɗa shi zai sa a gudanar da kyakkyawar fassara karɓaɓɓiya.

Har ila wa yau, (Speber da Wilson, 1995) sun yi tsokaci a kan alaƙa mafi dacewa da suka ce babban abin da yake sa a samu nasara wajen sadarwa shi ne samun alaƙa mafi dacewa tsakanin mai magana da wanda ake magana da shi. Saboda haka ana kallon dangantakar dacewar da ke tsakanin harshen asali (HA) da kuma harshen karɓa (HK) a kan wannan ra’i domin fahimtar yanayi da kuma yadda masu fassara ke duba muhallin magana a lokacin da suke gudanar da aikin fassara.

4.1.4.6 RA’IN KARƁANCI NA HALLIDAY (1985)

Wannan ra’i ne da aka samar ta da dalilin ƙoƙarin inganta yanayin karɓanci a nahawun gargajiya. A nan karɓanci ya ƙunshi duk wata sifa ta nahawu da ke bayyana matsayin aikatau a jumla. Duk da yake wannan ra’i bai cika damuwa da matsayin aikatau ɗin ba, sai dai Halliday ya kawo wani sabon al’amari na karɓanci da ya share fage dangane da batun inganta karɓanci tamkar yadda yake a nahawun gargajiya.

A ra’in karɓancin Halliday (1985), ya ce akwai sassa uku da ake kira hanyoyin karɓanci, da suka haɗa da; gundarin hanyoyin su kansu da mutanen da al’amarin ya shafa da kuma yanayin da ya haifar da wannnan lamari. A taƙaice dai wannan rai na Halliday ya kawo wata hanya ce ta nazarin nahawu a aikace, inda ya ce ita wannan hanya tana da alaƙa da al’amurran mu’amala ta hanyar alamomi da aka bayyana da tsararren aikin harshe. Wato a nan shi Halliday ya fi karkata ne wajen bayyana aikin harshe a fassara kamar yadda Yakasai, (2019) ya a mbato Halliday (1985).

4.2 DABARUN DA AKA YI AMFANI DA SU WAJEN FASSARA KALMOMI DA SASSAN JUMLA NA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21

An yi amfani da dabaru daban-daban wajen gudanar da fassarar da ta fi dacewa a cikin wannan bincike. Daga cikin dabarun da aka yi amfani da su akwai: aro da baddala da bayyanawa da kuma ƙirƙira. Wasu kalomin an yi amfani da dabarar aro da ƙirƙira, wasu baddala, wasu kuma bayanin maanarsu aka yi domin samar da fassara mafi dacewa.

Bugu da ƙari, a wannan aiki an yi amfani ne da ra’in bayyanawa da

na zamananci da ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani da kuma ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmak.

4 . 2     FASSARAR WASU KALMOMI DA SASSAN JUMLA NA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21

Kalmomi da sassan jumla na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 kamar yadda aka tattauna a babi na uku, kalmomi ne da suka danganci duk wani fanni dake da alaƙa ta kai tsaye ko ta kaikaice da tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni na 21 da muke ciki waɗanda mafi akasarinsu kimiyya da fasahar zamani ne suka zo da su musamman ma a fannin bankuna da hadahadar kasuwanni. Domin ɗora fassarar waɗannan kalmomi bisa tubalin da ya dace, an gudanar da wannan fassara ne bisa ra’o’in fassara na masana kasancewar ra’o’in a zaman wata madogara ko tafarkin da za a iya bi domin gudanar ingantacciyar fassara.

Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da jadawali domin nuna kalmomin lngilishi da ra’in da aka yi amfani da shi wajen fassara kalmomin da kuma fassarar kalmomin kamar dai yadda tsarin ya zo nan ƙasa. Ga dai yadda aikin ya kasance.

4.2.1    KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN A

S/N

lngilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

1

ATM machine

Ra’in bayyanawa

Na’urar cirar kuɗi ta ATM

2

Advert

Ra’in bayyanawa

Talla

3

ATM card

Ra’in bayyanawa

Katin cirar kuɗi na ATM

4

Account

Ra’in zamananci

Asusun ajiya

5

Accept

Ra’in zamananci

Karɓa

6

Accounting

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ilimin akanta

7

Accountant

Ra’in bayyanawa

Akanta

 

4.2.2    KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN B

S/N

Ingilishi

Ra’i bayyanawa

Fassarar Hausa

8

Bankrupt

Ra’in zamananci

Durƙushewa

9

Bank

Ra’in zamananci

Banki

10

Bill

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Takardar biyan Kuɗi

11

Business

Ra’in zamananci

Kasuwanci

12

Budget

Ra’in zamananci

Kasafin kuɗi

13

Black market

Ra’in zamananci

Kasuwar bayan fage

14

Bitcoins

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kuɗin bitcoin na ɓoye

15

Banking and finance

Ra’in zamananci

Hada-hadar kuɗi da bankuna

16

 Budget and Economic Planning

Ra’in zamananci

Kasafin Kuɗi da Tsare-tsaren Tattalin Arziki

17

Budgetting and budget

Ra’in zamananci

Kasafi da tsare-tsare

18

Business ethics

Ra’in zamananci

Dokokin kasuwanci

19

Buying

Ra’in zamananci

Saye

20

Buying and selling

Ra’in zamananci

Saye da sayarwa

21

Buyer

Ra’in zamananci

Mai saye

22

Business partner

Ra’in Zamananci

Abokin kasuwanci

23

Business methods

Ra’in zamananci

Dabarun kasuwanci

24

Billionaire

Ra’in zamananci

Hamshaƙin mai kuɗi

25

Blue economy

Ra’in bayyanawa

Tattalin arzikin teku

 

4.2.3    KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN C

S/N

Ingilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

 

 

 

 

26

Checking balance

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Duba asusu ajiya

27

Cashless policy

Ra’in bayyanawa

Tsarin taƙaitar amfani da takardun kuɗi a hannun al’umma

28

Credit alert

Ra’in zamananci

 Shigar kuɗi

29

Card issuer

Ra’in bayyanawa

Mai bayar da katin kuɗi

30

Current account

Ra’in bayyanawa

Asusun ajiya na lokaci-lokaci

31

Currency

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kuɗi

32

Cancel

Ra’in zamananci

Sokewa

33

Cheque

Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark

Cakin kuɗi

34

Capital

Ra’in zamananci

 Jari

35

Campany

Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark

Kamfani

36

Crypto currency

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kuɗin ɓoye

37

Costomers

Ra’in zamananci

 Masu sayen kaya/kwastomomi

 

38

Comsumer

Ra’in zamananci

Mai sayen kaya

39

Chamber of Commerce

Ra’in zamananci

Cibiyar ƴan kasuwa

40

Cost

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Kuɗin abu

41

Commodity

Ra’in bayyanawa

Haja

 

4.2.4 KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN D

 

Lngilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

42

Depositing

Ra’in zamananci

Sanya kuɗi a banki

43

Debit alert

Ra’in zamananci

Ƙaraurawar cire kuɗi

44

Digital economy

Ra’in zamananci

Tattalin arziki na zamani

45

Digital and goods services

Ra’in zamananci

Hada-hadar kayan kasuwanci

46

Decline

Ra’in zamananci

Ƙin karɓa

47

Debt management

Ra’in bayyanawa

Tsare-tsaren gudanar da sha’anin bashi

48

Digit

Ra’in bayyanawa

Lamba

49

Dollar

Ra’in bayyanawa

Dala

50

Diversification

Ra’in bayyanawa

 Faɗaɗawa

51

Domain

Ra’in bayyanawa

Wurin kasuwanci

52

Digital skills

Ra’in zamananci

Dabarun fasahar zamani

53

Discount

Ra’in zamananci

Rangwame

 

4.2.5    KALMOMI DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN E

 

Ingilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

54

E-naira

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kuɗin Naira na intanet

55

E-commerce

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kasuwancin intanet

56

E-governance

Ra’in bayyanawa

Tafiyar da gwamnati ta intanet

57

E-banking

Ra’in bayyanawa

Hada-hadar banki ta intanet

58

Exchange rate

Ra’in zamananci

Tazarar Musanyar kuɗi

59

E-business

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kasuwancin intanet

60

Exchange of products

Ra’in zamananci

Musanyar kayayyaki

61

Expensive

Ra’in zamananci

Tsada

62

Economic strategy

Ra’in zamananci

Dabarun tattalin arziki

63

Economic recession

Ra’in zamananci

Tawayar tattalin arziki

64

Exchange

Ra’in zamananci

Musanya

65

Enterprenuer

Ra’in bayyyanawa

Mai basirar tsara kasuwanci

66

Export

Ra’in bayyanawa

Fitar da kaya zuwa wata kasa

 

4.2.6    MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN F

 

lngilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

67

Foreign exchange

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Musanyar kuɗin ƙasashen ƙetare

68

Foreign investors

Ra’in zamananci

Masu hannun jari na ƙasashen waje

69

Fuel scarcity

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ƙaramcin man fetur

70

Fuel subsidy

Ra’in bayyanawa

Tallafin man fetur

71

Financial institutions

Ra’in bayyanawa

Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi

72

Fund

Ra’in bayyanawa

Asusu

73

Fake money

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kuɗin jabu

 

4.2.7    KALMOMI MASU SOMAWA DA HARAFIN G DA H

 

lngilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

74

Profit

Ra’in zamananci

Riba

75

Growth

Ra’in zamananci

Haɓaka

76

Goods

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kayayyaki

77

Gain

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ƙaruwa

 78

Hike

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Ƙarin farashi

4.2.8    KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN I

 

lngilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

79

Investor

Ra’in zamananci

Mai saka hannun jari

80

Investment

Ra’in zamananci

Hannun jari

81

Insufficient

Ra’in zamananci

Ƙaramci

82

Inflation

Ra’in muhallin magana a ciki matani

Tashin farashi

83

Industry

Ra’in muhallin magan a a cikin matani

Masana’anta

84

Innovation

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ƙirƙira

85

Income

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kuɗin shiga

86

Increase

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ƙari

87

Enterprises

Ra’in bayyanawa

Masana’antu

88

Import

Ra’in bayyanawa

Shigowa da kaya daga ƙasar waje

 

4.2.9    KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN L&M

 

Ingilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

89

Loss

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Hasara

90

Loan

Ra’in bayyanawa

Rance

91

Levy

Ra’in bayyanawa

Haraji

92

Labourer

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ma’aikaci

93

Merchant

Ra’in bayanawa

Ɗan kasuwa

94

Modification

Ra’in bayyyanawa

sauyawa

95

Market

Ra’in bayanawa

Kasuwa

96

Marketers

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ƴan kasuwa

97

Money laundry

Ra’in bayyanawa

Safarar kuɗi

98

Management

Ra’in bayyanawa

Gudanarwa

99

Minerals

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Sinadarai

100

Modernization

Ra’in zamananci

Zamanantarwa

101

Joint account

Ra’in bayyanawa

Asusun haɗaka

 

4.2.10  KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN N

 

lngilish

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

102

Network failure

Ra’in zamananci

Tangarɗar sadarwa

103

Naira redesign

Ra’in zamananci

Sauyin fasalin Naira

104

Network marketing

Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark

Kasuwancin sanayya

105

Naira note

Ra’in zamananci

Takarda kuɗin Naira

106

Electricty bill

Ra’in zamananci

Takardar biyan kuɗin lantarki

107

Naira scarcity

Ra’in zamananci

Ƙaramcin kuɗin Naira

108

Naira devaluation

Ra’in zamananci

Kariyar darajar Naira

 

4.2.11  MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN O

 

lngilish

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

109

Online fraud

Ra’in bayyanawa

Zambar intanet

110

Online transaction

Ra’in bayyanawa

Hada-hadar kuɗi ta intanet

111

Out of service

Ra’in bayyanawa

Katsewar sadarwa

112

Payment service bank (Opay, money point)

Ra’in bayyanawa

Manhajar hada-hadar biya da karɓa kuɗi

 

4.2.12  KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN P

 

lngilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

113

Pi network

Ra’in zamananci

Dandalin musayar kuɗin baɗini

114

Palliative

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Tallafi

115

Payroll

Ra’in zamananci

Tsarin biyan kuɗi

116

Payment flatform

Ra’in zamananci

Manhajar biyan kuɗi

117

Paralell market

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kasuwar bayan fage

118

Public sector accounting

Ra’in zamananci

Bayanin kuɗin ma’aikatun gwamnati

119

Products

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kayayyaki

120

Packaging

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Shiryawa

121

Price

Ra’in zamananci

Farashi

122

Processing

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Sarrafawa

123

Provisions

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Kayan alatu/guzuri

124

Price regulation

Ra’in zamananci

Daidaita farashi

125

Plaza

Ra’in zamananci

Rukunin shaguna

126

Promo

Ra’in zamananci

Tallar rangwame

 

4.2.13 KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN R

S/N

Ingilishi

RA’I

Fassarar Hausa

127

Remitter

Ra’in zamananci

Takarda biyan kuɗIn gwamnati

128

Retailer

Ra’in muhallin

Mai sayar da ɗai-ɗai

129

Resources

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Dukiya

130

Reduce

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ragewa

131

Revenue

Ra’in bayyanawa

Kuɗin shiga

 

4.2.14 KALMOMI MASU FARAWA DA HARAFIN S

 

Inglish

Ra’i

Fassara

132

Saving account

Ra’in bayyanawa

Asusun ajiya

133

Selling

Ra’in bayyanawa

Sayarwa

134

Seller

Ra’in bayyanawa

Mai sayarwa

135

Service

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Aiki/sadarwa

136

Store

Ra’in bayyanawa

Wurin ajiyar ajiyar kaya

137

Supplier

Ra’in bayyanawa

Mai samarwa

138

Skills

Ra’in bayyanawa

Dabaru/ sana’o’in hannu

139

Skills acquisition

Ra’in bayyanawa

Koyon dabarun hannu

140

Scale                              

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ma’auni

141

Subsidy

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Tallafi/ ragowa

142

Smuggling

Ra’in ra’in bayyanawa

Fasa-ƙwabri

 

4.2.15 KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN T

 

IngIlish

Ra’i

Fassara

143

Teller

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Takarda cikewa domin biyan kuɗi a banki

144

Tax

Ra’in bayyanawa

Haraji

145

Transport

Ra’in bayyanawa

Sufuri

146

Treasury Single Account

Ra’in zamananci

Asusun bai-ɗaya na gwamnati

147

Taxation and tax management

Ra’in zamananci

Haraji da tafiyar da lamurran haraji

148

Trade

Ra’in zamananci

 Ciniki

149

Traders

Ra’in zamananci

Masu saye da sayarwa

150

Trade fair

Ra’in bayyanawa

Baje-koli

151

Technical hitches

Ra’in zamanaci

Tangarɗar na’ura

 

4.2.16 KALMOMIN DA KE FARAWA DA HARAFIN V

 

lngilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

152

Venture and creation

Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark

Fasaha da ƙirƙira

153

Tarade by barter

Ra’in zamananci

Ba-ni-gishiri-in-ba-ka-manda

154

Visa

Ra’in zamananci

Takardun izinin shiga wata ƙasa

4.2.16 WASU SASSAN JUMLA MASU ALAƘA DA TATTALIN ARZIKI A ƘARNI NA 21 (DIGITAL ECONOMY)

 

Ingilishi

Ra’i

Fassarar Hausa

155

National Identification Number NIN

Ra’in zamananci

Lambar shedar zama ɗan ƙasa

156

Bank Verification Number BVN

 

Lambar tantacewa ta banki

157

University Transparency And Acountability Utas

Ra’in zamnanci

Tsarin Biyan Albashi na Malaman Jami’a

158

Intergrated Payroll And Personal Information System IPPIS

Ra’in zamananci

Tsarin biyan albashi na bai-ɗaya

159

Point of sale POS

Ra’in bayyanawa

Cibiyar hada-hadar kuɗi ta POS

160

Short message service SMS

Ra’in bayyanawa

Gajeren saƙon wayar sadarwa

161

 

Information And Communication Technology ICT

Ra’in fassara a mahangar Newmark

Fasahar yaɗa bayanai ta zamani

162

Automatic teller machine ATM

Ra’in fassara a mahanagar Newmark

Na’urar kuɗi ta ATM

163

Management Information System MIS

Ra’in zamananci

Cibiyar Tattara Bayanai

164

Sustainable Development Goals SDGs

Ra’in zamananci

Muradun Ƙarni Masu Ɗorewa

165

Key Performance Index (KPI)

Ra’in zamananci

Ma’aunin Gwajin Ƙwazon Maaikata

166

National Labour Congress NLC

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta ƙasa

167

Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs

Ra’in zamananci

Ƙanana da Matsakaitan Masana’antu

168

International Monitary Fund IMF

Ra’in bayyanawa

Asusun ba da Lamuni na Duniya

169

Human Resource Management HRM

Ra’in muhallin magana a cikin matani

Sashen Kula Da Sha’anin Ma’aikata

170

World Trade Organization

Ra’in bayyanawa

Ƙungiyar Kasuwaci ta Duniya

171

Unstructured supplementary Service Data USSD

Ra’in zamananci

Manhajar Aikewa da Gajeren Saƙo ta USSD

172

Corporate Affairs Comission CAC

Ra’in bayyanawa

Hukumar Kula da Rijistar Hukumomi da Kamfanoni

 

4.2              NAƊEWA

Wannan babi na huɗu wanda shi ne cibiyar wannan aikin, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata ya tattauna sosai a kan fassara, inda ya taɓo ma’anar fassara da taƙaitaccen tarihin samuwar aikin fassara da nau’o’in fassara da kuma ra’o’in fassara. Babin haka ma ya kawo jadawalin fassarar wasu kalmomi da sassan jumla masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki a wannan ƙarni da muke ciki inda kowace kalma ko sashen jumla aka nuna yadda yake a harshen Ingilishi da kuma fassara ta zuwa harshe Hausa ta amfani da ra’in da ya fi dacewa.

BABI NA BIYAR

TAƘAITAWA DA KAMMALAWA

5.0 SHIMFIƊA

Babi na huɗu da ya gabata ya yi bayani dalla-dalla a kan ma’anar fassara da tarihin samuwar aikin fassara da nau’o’i da kuma ra’o’in fassara. Haka ma a cikinsa aka fassara kalmomi da sassan jumla (172) masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 wanda a ciki an nuna irin ra’in da aka yi amfani da shi wajen fassara kowace kalma ko sashe na jumla a zaman jagora ko wata madogara. A wannan babi kuwa na biyar za a yi taƙaitawa ne tare da kammala wannan binciken. Babin ya taƙaita dukkanin bayanan da aka yi a cikin wannan bincike.

5.1 TAƘAITAWA

Wannan aikin mai taken: “Fassarar Wasu Kalmomi Da Sassan Jumloli na Fannin Tattalin Arziki A Ƙarni Na 21 an yi sa ne domin ba da gudunmuwa ga ci gaban harshen Hausa da sauƙaƙa fahimtar sadarwa tsakaniya alummar Hausawa da samar da fassara ta bai-ɗaya ga masu aikin fassara har ma da ƴan koyo. Ba shakka wannan zai taimaka wajen bunƙasawa da kuma ci gaban harshen Hausa da tattalin arzikin al’umma kasancewar sai da fahimtar sadarwa ake gudanar da kasuwanci yadda ya kamata a cikin sauƙi.

Wannan bincike an gudanar da shi ne a cikin babi biyar; na ɗaya shi ne gabatarwa ce, na biyu kuwa ya kawo bitar ayyukan magabata, babi na uku kuwa ya kawo hanyoyin da aka bi wajen gudanar da binciken, sai kuma babi na huɗu wanda a nan ne aka fassara kalmomi da sassan jumla masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21, yayin da shi kuma babi na biyar ya ƙunshi taƙaitawa da kammalawa.

5.2 KAMMALAWA

Aikin fassara lamari ne babba wanda yake ba da gagarumar gudunmuwa ga ci gaba da bunƙasar tattalin arzikin ƙasashen duniya da ci gaba ilimin kimiyya da fasaha da siyasa da al’adu da kuma sadarwa. Lura da irin yawan al’ummar Hausawa da harshen Hausa da kuma yadda muke a cikin wani ƙarni na ƙauyantar da duniya wato (globalization) da ya zo da sabbin abubuwa na kimiyya da fasaha da suka shafi tattalin arziki ya sa aka ga yana da muhimmanci sosai a fassara irin waɗannan kalmomi daga harshen Ingilishi zuwa Hausa domin sauƙaƙa sadarwa da ci gaban al’amurran tattalin arziki.

Wannan wani mataki ne da zai taimaka sosai wajen ci gaban harshen Hausa a duniya da ma lamurran kasuwanci da sadarwa domin kuwa akwai ƙaranci fahimta ga masu amfani da Hausa na irin waɗannan kalmomi amma idan aka fassara su zuwa Hausa hakan zai sa Hausawa su fahimce su cikin sauƙi kasancewar ba a cika fassara irin waɗannan kalmomi ba in ba a gidajen rediyo ba, ko su ba su da fassara ta bai-ɗaya.

Wannan aikin ya duba irin waɗannan kalmomi da yadda ake amfani da su, sannan ya ɗora fassararsu bisa ra’o’i da dabarun fassara da masana suka bayar domin ganin an gudanar da fassarar bisa wani tafarki na masana saboda a samar da karɓaɓɓiyar fassara mai ma’ana da kuma kaucewa yin gaban-kai a cikin aikin. Ba shakka a iya cewa binciken ya fito da hanyoyi da dabarun da ya kamata a bi wajen fassaara irin waɗannan kalmomi

Da yake tun a matashiyar wannan aikin an faɗa cewa wasu ne za a fassara daga cikin irin waɗannan kalmomi na tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21. Saboda haka an samu nasarar fassarar kalmomi da sassan jumla masu alaƙa da tattalin arziki a ƙarni na 21 ƙwara (172) a cikin wannan aikin. Don haka akwai buƙatar nan gaba wani aikin ya ɗora inda aka tsaya da wannan aiki domin kuwa kalmomin suna da yawa sosai ba za a iya kwashe su zama guda ba a wannan binciken.

5.3 NAƊEWA

A wannan babi na biyar kuma na ƙarshe an taƙaita dukkanin abin da wannan bincike ya ƙunsa. An kuma yi kammalawa a ciki tare da naɗe wannan babi da ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a nan gaba wani ya ci gaba da inda aka tsaya domin kuwa “abin da yawa" in ji mutuwa da ta je kasuwa.

MANAZARTA

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Augie, H.M (2000). The Virtious Woman. Mace Ta Gari” Kundin Digiri na farko Wanda aka gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Balarabe, A. (2014). Matsalolin Fassarar Baƙin Kalmomi A Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai: Bincike A Kan Gidan Rediyon Rima Na Sakkwato”. Kundin Digirin Farko Da Aka gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Bunza, A.M. (2020). “Grammatical Rift and Cultural Lacuna: Constraints on English-Hausa and Hausa-English Translation Business/”https://www.amsoshi.com

Funtua, R.A. (2016). “Fassarar Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomin Tattalin Gida (100)”. Kundin Digirin farko da aka gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Hussaini, G. (2019). “Bitar Fassarar Hausa Ta Wayar Nokia 106” Kundin Digirin farko Da aka gabatar a Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Ma’anar fassara https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng

Mainiyo, A.Z. (2017). Fassarar Wasu Kalmomin Kiwon Lafiya: Nazari A Kan Asibitin Koyarwa Ta Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo (Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University Teaching Hospital UDUTH) Da Asibitin Ƙwararru Ta Sakkwato, Asibitin Daji (Specialist Hospital), wanda aka gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Nuhu, U.M. (2022). “Fassarar Wasu Tatsuniyoyin Fulatanci Zuwa Hausa Na Gundumar Wajake Dake Ƙaramar Hukumar Mulkin Wamakko Ta Jihar Sakkwato Kundin Digirin farko da aka gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na jami’ar jihar Sakkwato.

Sani, J. (2021). “Fassarar Wasu Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi Da Sassan Jumla Na Cutar Corona-virus (Covid-19) Daga Harshen Ingilishi Zuwa Hausa”. Kundin Digirin Farko da aka gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Sani, S. (2012), “Yadda Ake fassara A Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai Na Sakkwato: Keɓantaccen Nazari A Kan Gidan Rediyon Rima, NTA, Jaridar Jagora (The Path)”, Kundin Digirin Farko da aka gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Sarɓi, S.A. (2008). Studies In Translation. Kano: Samarib Publishers a Devision of Samong Ventures Ltd.

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Yakasai, S.A. (2012). “Ingantacciyar Fassara: Fasaha Ko Kimiyya?” maƙalar da aka gabatar a sashen Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Yakasai, S.A. (2019). Sanin Makamar Fassara.Kaduna: Amal printing Press.

Yeldu, K.M. (2015). “Fassarar Littafin Destinies of Life Daga Ingilishi zuwa Hausa Ƙaddara Ta Riga Fata”. Kundin Digirin Farko da aka gabatar a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

WAƊANDA AKA YI HIRA DA SU

Faruk Abdu’aziz ma’aikacin banki, mai Shekara 35, a ofishinsa dake Bankin Access, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato. A ranar Alhamis, 28/12/2023, da misalin ƙarfe 1:00pm na rana.

Dr Bashir Muhammad Achida, malami a Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato kuma kwararre a kan sha’anin tattalin arziki, mai shekaru 44, a makarantar Forth International, a ranar Litanin, 29-01-2024. Da misalin 12:00pm.

Fassara

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