Citation:. Aliyu, S.L. (2024). Salon Tsattsafi a Cikin Wasu Waƙoƙin Maryam Sale Fantimoti. Ginshiƙin Nazarin Salon Waƙoƙin Hausa, 542-549. www.doi.org/10.36349/djhs.2024.v03i01.067.
Salon
Tsattsafi a Cikin Wasu Waƙoƙin Maryam Sale Fantimoti
Samira Lawan Aliyu
samiraaliyu79@gmail.com
08033372450; 081424289
Tsakure: Makaɗan baka na Hausa kan yi amfani da hikima, da basirar da Allah ya yi musu
wajen tsara maganganun, da za su ja hankalin mai sauraro ta hanyar amfani da
adon harshe. Maryam Sale Fantimoti na ɗaya
daga makaɗan da Allah ya horewa wannan
baiwa, da hikima da zalaƙar
zance. A wannan nazari an kalli yadda Maryam Sale Fantimoti ta yi amfani da
dabaran adon harshe ta salon tsattsafi a wasu daga cikin waƙoƙinta.
An ɗora binciken bisa ra’in ƙaye (Aethtetic theory). Dabaru da hanyoyin da ake bi
wajen gudanar da wannan nazari sun haɗa da,
tattaunawa da Maryam Sale Fantimoti da wasu masana. Binciken ya gano Maryam
Sale Fantimoti tana amfani da tsattsafin haliyya wanda kan haifar da raha da
soyayya da farin ciki da baƙin
ciki, da sauran halaye da mutane kan tsinci kan su a ciki, dukkanninsu a cikin
waƙoƙin nata. Manufar wannan takarda ita ce, jawo
hankalin ɗalibai ‘yan’uwana da manazarta da
ma masu sha’awar sauraron makaɗan, da su gane irin tarin hikimomi
da fasahohin da ke ɗamfare cikin waƙoƙin
makaɗa da mawaƙa.
Hakan zai fito da irin gudummawar da suke bayarwa, musamman ga harshen Hausa,
ta fuskar nuna ƙwarewa
da gwanintar harshe. Wannan nazari ya kaɗaita a
kan salon tattsafin haliyya ne kawai. Bincike zai ba da gudummawa wajen haskawa
sauran manazarta da ɗalibai yadda za su fahimci adon
harshen tattasafi a cikin ire-iren waƙoƙin situdiyo na Hausa.
Fitilun
Kalmomi: Salo, Tsattsafi,
Waƙoƙi, Maryam Sale Fantimoti
Gabatarwa
Makaɗan baka na Hausa mutane ne, da
suke da tasiri a cikin rayuwar al’ummar Hausawa. Wannan yasa a kowanne zango na
rayuwar Hausawa, akan samu tasrin kiɗa da waƙa. Wannan ya sanya ake samun waƙa a matakai-daban daban na
rayuwar Hausawa tun daga yarinta har zuwa tsufa hakan ya haifar da samun waƙoƙin yara da waƙoƙin ‘yammata da waƙoƙin tashe da na daka da na raino da na daɓe da na niƙe
da na tatsuniya da na fada da sauransu da dama. Makaɗan baka na Hausa mutane ne masu hikima da basira wajen saƙa maganganun hikima, da anfani
da adon harshe a waƙoƙinsu. Wannan dalili ya sanya waƙoƙin baka suka yi tasiri a rayuwar al’ummar Hausawa, kuma makaɗan suka zama masu ba da gudummawa wajen ci gaba da raya
adabin baka na Hausa. Wannan dalilin ya haifar da samun manazarta na kai-kawo
wajen bi-biyar waƙoƙin nasu domin nazartar su a
ilimance.
A wannan takarda an yi nazari, inda aka fito da salon adonta
harshe na tsattsafi da yadda Maryam Sale Fantimoti ta yi amfani da shi wajen ƙawata waƙoƙinta da kuma samun sauƙin
isar da saƙo ga masu
sauraro.
1.1 Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Maryam Sale
Fantimoti
Maryam Sale Fantimoti, na ɗaya
daga cikin makaɗan baka na Hausa na zamani.
Sunan mahaifin Maryam Alhaji Sale Muhammadu Haɗeja.
Sunan mahaifiyarta Hajiya Hassana Funtuwa. An haifi Maryam ranar 14/04/1977 a
unguwar gyaɗi-gyaɗi cikin birnin kano. Bayan cika shekararta biyu ta koma
hannun kakarta a garin Garo da ke ƙaramar
hukumar Kabo cikin jihar Kano a shekarar 1979. Ta taso cikin rayuwa da tarbiyya
irin ta addinin Musulunci. A shekara ta 1984 ta komo Kano hannun iyayenta bayan
rasuwar kakarta hajiya Zulaiha. Ta yi karatun firamare (1985-1991) makarantar
Firamare ta Ɗanfullo
Gyaɗi-Gyaɗi da sakandare a shekarar 1997-2003 makarantar sakandare ta
Mukhtariyya a Fagge, da ta addinin Musulunci a makarantun Assasul islam.
Maryam Fantimoti ta yi aure a unguwar Fagge da ‘ya’ya huɗu maza biyu mata biyu. Allah ya yi wa ‘yayanta mata biyun
rasuwa, kuma a yanzu ba ta da aure tana zaune da maaifiyarta a unguwar Gyaɗi gyaɗi dake ƙaramar hukumar birni da kewaye
cikin jihar Kano. Ta fara waƙa
tana ƙarama, daga waƙoƙin dandali, zuwa na makarantun islamiyyu. Ta koma kwaikwayon
waƙoƙin Indiya musamman waƙoƙin zamanin "Lata
manjashkhan" wanda sanadiyyarsu aka riƙa kiranta da Mairo Indiya. Ƙwarewarta a waƙoƙin dandali na ‘yammata ya haifar
da shigar Maryam hurumin makaɗa, domin lokacin ne ta fara yin
waƙa da kanta tana da shekara
takwas, wato lokacin da ta komo gida daga Garo. Za a iya cewa lokacin waƙarta ta farko ta fita. Duk da
wannan, ba wata fitacciya ba ce sai dai ta yi ta cikin raha ne kawai. Ta yi ƙoƙarin shiga harkar gadan-gadan, inda ta fara da shiri na
rubuce, ta nemi inda makaɗan zamani ke aiwatar da kiɗansu domin sanya mata kiɗa
da rerewa ta yadda za ta sadar da ita ga jama’a.
1.3 Adon
Harshe a Waƙar
Baka
Masana da manazarta sun yi ƙoƙari wajen
bayyana ra’ayoyinsu a kan abin da ya shafi adon harshe, kaɗan
daga cikin sanannu sun haɗa da: Ƙuin (1982)
da Lanham (1991) da Dija Ɗan’iya
(1997) da Gusau (2011) da Yakubu (2012) da Mukhtar (2014) da Mainasara (2016)
da Lawal (2016) da Muhammad (2019) da sauran manazarta da dama. Dukkannin waɗannan
manazarta sun yi haɗaka a kan amincewa da adon harshe a waƙa dabara ce da makaɗa ke amfani
da ita don yi wa waƙa kwalliya
domin jan hankalin masu sauraro. Gusau, (2011: 34) ya bayyana adon harshe a waƙar baka da “Adon harshe a wata dabara ce wadda ake wa
harshen waƙa kwalliya yayin isar da ƙananan saƙonni cikin ɗiya”.
Adon harshe na nufin maganganun hikima
da ake tsarmawa a maganganun yau da kullum da nufin ƙawata zance da kuma jan hankulan masu sauraro (Mukhtar,
2014:45). Adon harshe na nufin yin amfani da kalma ko sashen jumla don bayyana
wata manufa ta yin la’akari da siffa ko halayya ta asalin wannan kalma ko jumla
a ɗora ta a kan abin da ake so don fito da wata ma’ana ta ɓoye
saɓanin ta zahiri (Mainasara, 2016:20). Ashe ke nan za a iya
duban adon a waƙa da
ma’anar dabaru ne cikin hikima da makaɗa da mawaƙa ke amfani da su domin ƙawata waƙarsu domin
jawo hankulan masu sauraro yayin isar da saƙon waƙoƙinsu.
2.0 Ra’i da Dabarun Gudanar Bincike
Duk Bincike na ilimi da za a gudanar
ana yin amfani ra’i da dabaru da mai nazari kan zaɓa
waɗanda zai bi domin samun nasarar binciken nasa. Ra’in da aka
gina binciken, da
kuma dabarun da aka yi amfani da su wajen samo bayanai na wannan nazari. An ɗora wannan bincike bisa hanyar Yahya, A. B. (2016). Dalilin
da ya sanya mai bincike tunanin yin amfani da mazhabar shi ne ganin ya kyautu
a ɗora aikin a kan masanan adabin
Hausa,musamman ganin Kalmar fannu ta tsattsafi ta samu ne daga gareshi.
2.1 Dabarun
Gudanar da Bincike
Dabarun da aka bi wajen rubuta wannan takarda
sun haɗa da samo matanin waƙoƙin kai
tsaye daga makaɗiyar aka juye ta a rubuce don samun sauƙin nazari. Bayan wannan an yi amfani da rubutattun bayanai tare da dabarar
tattaunawa da wasu mutane kamar haka:
1.
Makaɗiya
Maryam Sale Fantimoti
(Makaɗiya)
2.
Prof. Umar Aliyu Bunza Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo Sokoto
3.
Hajiya
Hadiza Salihu Koko, wadda aka yi hira da ita ta wayar salula (FCE Gusau)
3.0 SalonTsattsafi a
Wasu Waƙoƙin Maryam Sale Fantimoti
Tsattsafi
salo ne da ke nufin kawo wata ƙunshiyar tunani ko cusa wata halayya a wurare
daban-daban cikin waƙa, ko kuma amfani da wani salo a kai a kai (wato
yayyafa ko a barbaɗa) cikin waƙa Yahya (2016: sh. 142). Akan samu irin wannan salo
ko dai a ɗaiɗaikun ɗiyan waƙa guda ta yadda za a gansu tamkar ƙyallin kwalli kan daɓe, ko kuma a same su sun mamaye waƙa gaba ɗayanta tamkar ƙyallin taurari a sararin samaniya. Dabarar tsattsafi tana ƙunshe da rassa da suka haɗa da tsattsafin haliyya da tsattsafin harshe da tsattsafin al’ada. Su ma
waɗannan rassan da aka kawo suna da nasu sassa na daban kamar haka:
Tsattsafin raha yana ƙunshe da haliyya. A haliyya akan samu abubuwan da suka haɗa da,
raha da ɓacin rai da da-na-sani da sauransu. A ɓangaren
harshe kuwa, akan samu makaɗa na amfani da wasu harsuna saɓanin
wanda suke waƙar da shi. Harsunan sun ƙunshi Larabci da Ingilishi da Fulatanci da Nufanci da Yarbanci da
sauransu. A ɓangaren al’ada kuwa, akan samu harkar fada da noma da kiwo da sauransu
Yahya A B (2016).
A taƙaice,
tsattsafi wani salo ne, da makaɗa da mawaƙa ke
amfani da shi cikin dabaru na adonta harshe ta amfani da abubuwaan da zuciya ke
ƙunshe da su, waɗanda suka haɗa da haliyyar da ke cikin zuciya. Haka kuma, akan
samu shigar wani baƙon harshe cikin wanda ake aiwatar
da waƙar da shi. Ko kuma a lokacin da ake gudanar da waƙar akan samu wani barbaɗenn al’adun mutanen da ake aiwatar da wannan saƙaon zuwa gare su.
3.1 Tsattsafin
Haliyya
Salo ne da ya yi kama da abin da
Hausawa ke cewa ‘labarin zuciya a tambayi fuska’. Abin nufi haliyyoyin zuciya
su na da yawa, akan samu fara’a da murmushi da raha da murna da ɓacin
rai da baƙin ciki da nadama da ƙauna da ƙiyayya da dai sauransu. Tsattsafin
haliyya ya dogara kacokan kan alaƙar
zuciya da kalmomin waƙa.
Wannan alaƙa kan haifar da samun tsattsafin
abubuwan da kan wanzu a zuciyar mawaƙi ko
makaɗi su bayyana a cikin kaɗe-kaɗen nasa ko kuma a cikin waƙoƙin nasa. Maryam Sale Fantimoti na ɗaya
daga makaɗan da ta yi amfani da irin wannan salo cikin kiɗanta
kamar haka:
3.1.1 Tsattsafin
Raha
Tsattsafin raha salo ne da ke ƙunshe da raha da fara’a da wasa da bege da farin ciki da tsokana da
sauran makamantan ire-iren waɗannan.
Waƙoƙin Fantimoti wadda da ita ce Maryam Sale, ta samo laƙabin sunan da ake kiranta da shi, (Fantimoti), sakamakon wata waƙa da ta yi kacokan bisa tsarin tsattsafin haliyya na raha. Tun daga
farkon waƙar har zuwa ƙarshe an gina ta a kan turken soyayya don haka, cike take da salon
tsattsafin raha.
Waƙar ƙunshe ta ke da kalmomin bege waɗanda suka haɗa da so da ƙauna
da riƙon amana da murmushi da dandalin masoya da sahibi da
rangwaɗa da habibi da haiba da rabin rayuwa da mai kyau da fasali da sauran
ire-iren waɗannan kalmomi da jumloli da suke nuna soyayya da ƙauna a wurin masoya. Duba da waɗannan kalmomi za a ga cewa dukkanninsu kalmomi ne na
soyayya, ko kuma waɗanda ake aiwatar da su domin yin soyayya.
Wannan ya sanya binciken ɗora
wannan waƙar a matakin nazarin salo na
tsattsafin raha. Muddin za a kawo misalai kan abin da ya shafi tsattsafin raha
da ta yi amfani a waɗannan kalmomi da aka kawo na misalin waƙar, to babu shakka fiye da rabin ɗiyan waƙar ne
za su zama a jerin misalai, sai dai za a iya ɗaukar
misali daga ɗiyan waƙa biyu domin ganin yadda ta
aiwatar da waƙar kamar haka:
Jagora
A ni burina abin so kai mini agaji,
Ka
nunan sonka a fili don na gaji,
Da
tunani da fargaba in ka ƙini
kwa zana shiga haɗari,
Taho
gani ka kamani ka zam yarda da ni,
E ya
masoyi a soyayya ba fargaba,
In ka ƙini ka guje ni kasan ko zana shiga garari,
Taho gani ka kama ni kar ka guje
ni.
Jagora
Yan yan yore ya sahibi,
Yan
yan yore kai ne rabin rayuwa,
Assalamu
alaika na yi sallama gareka,
Juyo
ka kalli mai ƙaunarka,
Ba na so ka sa mini shakka, ya
rabin rayuwa.
(Maryam Sale Fantimoti: Waƙar Fantimoti)
Waɗannan ɗiyan
waƙa da ta kawo sun nuna yadda ta yi amfani da kalmomin
tsattsafin haliyya na bege da suka haɗa da abin so da ka yarda da ni da masoyi da sahibi
da rabin rayuwa da ƙauna da sauransu. Duk domin ta
nuna shauƙin soyayya tare da bayyana irin
abin da ke zuciyarta na ƙauna
da begen masoyinta.
Tsattsafin raha a cikin waƙar Fantimoti bai tsaya ga iya kalmomin nuna soyayya kawai ba, akwai wasu
jumloli da ta yi amfani da su domin nuna wasa da tsokana ga wanda take wa waƙa. Waɗanda ta aiwatar da su cikin raha. Ga yadda misalansu ya zo a cikin waƙar kamar haka:
Jagora
: Ranga ranga a sume za ka ganni,
: Ka
jira ni ya sahibi jirani,
: A
tunani na ba ni so ka bar ni,
: Fantimoti na zo domin sayanshi
iye.
Jagora:
A a a lagalagatu wasan faɗa ne,
:
Wannan wa san faɗa ne,
: Wannan
fa tsokana ne,
: Wannan fa tsokana ne e
(Maryam Sale Fantimoti, waƙar ‘Fantimoti’)
Kalmar ‘suma’ da ‘faɗa’ da
‘tsokana’ da ‘wasa’, kalmomi ne da Maryam Sale Fantimoti ta yi amfani da su
domin tabbatar da ƙauna da soyayyar da take yi wa
masoyinta. Kalmar suma na nufin barci ne wanda ba na mutuwa ba, ba kuma na hutu
ba, barci ne wanda mai yi bai san yana yi ba kasancewar mai yi cikin magagin
ciwo ko wani dalili na musamman.
Faɗa
kuwa, kalmomi ne na faɗi in faɗa (cacar baki) wanda in ya yi zafi yake zama rigima
tsakanin mutane biyu ko fiye da haka. Tsokana na nufin tonon faɗa ko
neman yin rigima da wani. Wasa na nufin aiwatar da wani abu domin nishaɗi da
jin daɗi.
Maryam Sale Fantimoti ta kawo
kalmomin suma da faɗa da tsokana a cikin waƙarta ne domin ta tsokani masoyinta, domin da sauraron yadda ta tsara waƙar za a gane ta shirya yin tsokana ne cikin salon wasa, don haka ne ma ta
sanar da kanta a cikin kiɗan nata. Daga bisani kuma cikin salo ta yi bayanin
me ta ke nufi da Fantimoti kamar yadda ya zo a cikin waƙar. Cikin salo ta kawo ma’anar da cewa ƙauna
ita take nufi da Fantimoti, domin ƙauna
take neman samu daga masoyinta. Kalmar ƙauna ƙunshe take da kula da soyayya da kyautatawa da sauransu, wannan ya sanya
ta ke cewa fantimoti na kaya, kayan su ne abubuwan da ke tattare cikin ƙauna.
Haka kuma a wasu kaɗe-kaɗen
nata ta kawo wani salon makamancin wannan wanda ta rinƙa barbaɗa wasa da bandariya da tsokana a cikinsu. Ga kaɗan
daga misalai na wata waƙar:
Jagora
Ba mai tashinka a barci sai kukan jaki,
Sai dai in ka makara da safe ka tashi ka na
tsaki,
Ba
wata shanawa rayuwarka ba ma cika baki,
Akwai illa ma tana nan sai ka
kalli idon tuzuru.
Jagora
Mai fitsari a kwata na Alhaji ko gefen kwalta,
Na ga
ana layi a makewayinka na ƙyaƙyata,
Amma a
wajen barcinka na san dole a ɗau cuta,
Don babu batun wasa a wajen
wankanka yana haifar da sauro.
(Maryam Sale Fantimoti: Waƙar Mazan Fama’ ta Tuzuru)
Waɗannan ɗiyan
waƙa sun fito da irin salon tsattsafin raha da makiɗiyar
ta yi amfani da su a cikin waƙar
tuzuru, ta yi amfani da kalmomin kukan jaki da shanawa a ɗa na
farko, a ɗa biyu kuma ta yi amfani da kalmomi irin su fitsari da kwata da kwalta da
makewayi da cuta da sauro.
Kukan Jaki kuka ne mai runji da ƙara mara daɗin sauraro, da zarar ka ji yadda ta ambata ka san
tsokana take yi. Ta yi amfani da kukan Jaki shi ke tashin sa daga barci, domin
ta nuna irin ƙasƙancin
da ya ke da shi na rashin aure. Shanawa kuwa, kalma ce da take ɗaukar
ma’anoni mabambanta. Za ta iya ɗaukar ma’ana ta jin daɗi ko
more rayuwa ko kuma rayuwa cikin nishaɗi. A nan ta tsokani tuzuru da cewa babu wata rayuwar
jin daɗi cikin tsarin rayuwarsa.
A ɗa na
biyu ta kira shi da mai fitsari a kwata ko a gefen kwalta duk wannan tana nuna
irin ƙasƙancin
da rashin aure ke haifarwa ga waɗanda ba su yi ba. Ta yi amfani da irin wannan salo
domin isar da saƙon waƙrta da kuma yadda za ta ƙayatar
da burge masu sauraro.
3.2 Tsattsafin
Harshe
Hikima ce da makaɗi ke
amafani da wani harshe na daban saɓanin harshen Hausa da a ka gina saƙon waƙar a kansa. Harshen Hausa ya samu
shigar wasu harsuna a cikinsa ko dai ta kai tsaye ko kuma a kaikaice. Harshen
Larabci da na Ingilishi suna daga cikin harsuna da suka yi kaka-gida a cikin
harshen Hausa saboda hulɗoɗi da ma’amaloli daba-daban da suka wanzu a tsakani,
masu asali da dalilai mabambanta. Baya ga waɗannan
harsuna akwai waɗansu da suka samu shiga cikin harshen Hausa kuma ake
dama wa da su, waɗanda suka haɗa da Fulatanci da Yarbanci da Barbarci da Nufanci da
sauransu.
Tsattsafin harshe shi ne manazarta
suka fi kiransa da ‘aron harshe’. Akan samu makaɗan
Hausa su yi waƙoƙinsu
cikin harshen Hausa amma saboda wata manufa ta daban ko kuma don su yi kwalliya
ga waƙarsu sai su yi amfani da wasu kalmomi ko jimloli na
wani harshe daban. Kuma hakan ba ya sanya ma’anar waƙar ta canza, ko kuma a shigar da mai nazari duhu, akan yi haka don ƙawata waƙar ne kawai. Maryam Sale Fantimoti
tana aiwatar da irin wannan salo a waƙoƙinta kamar haka:
Jagora
Mikawwiyal amri za ka ba ni,
Ka ba ni dan Sayyadil shuhuba.
(Maryam Sale Fantimoti: Waƙar ‘Almukarrima’)
Maryam Sale Fantimoti tana amfani
da tsattsafin harshe yayin da take aiwatar da waƙe-waƙenta musamman na yabo. A wannan ɗan waƙa na
sama ta yi amfani da kalmomi irinsu "Mikawwiyal amru" wanda yake
nufin Majiɓincin al’amari da kuma kalmar "sayyidi sshuhuba" wadda take
nufin shugaban kowa. A sauran waƙoƙin nata kuwa, akan samu tsattsafin harshen larabci wanda wasu kalmomin
sun zama jiki a wajen Bahaushe domin amfanin yau da kullum
Har ila yau, an samu wasu kaɗe-kaɗen
nata ɗauke da irin wannan salo, misali cikin waƙar
Marigayi Galadiman Kano Alhaji Tijjani Hashim ta kuma kawo ɗan waƙar da ya ce:
Jagora
Turawa sun ga Baba sun tashi da sauri,
Har da
faɗin Excellent suna kama mafari, Sun ga ruwan kwarjini a fuskar
alkhairi, A ajjiye girma ga masu shi ko
ba a so ba.
(Maryam Sale Fantimoti: Waƙar ‘Galadiman Kano’)
Idan aka lura a wannan ɗan waƙa, za a ga babu wata kalma da makiɗiyar ta yi amfani da ita wadda ta jefa mai sauraro
cikin duhu, ta aiwatar da waƙarta
ne kamar yadda ya kamata, illa kawai ta sanya wani harshe ne domin ta adonta waƙarta ta yi mata kwalliya da tsattsafin harshen aro ta yadda zata ƙayatar. Ta kawo kalmar Turanci Eɗcellent wadda
take nufin dakyau kwarai da gaske. Abin da take son ta sanar da masu sauraro
shi ne gwaninta Galadiman Kano mutum mai kamala da kwarjini da cikar zati ta
yadda duk wanda ya ganshi zai tabbatar ya isa ba ma sai an yi ma bayanin waye
shi ba.
A wani misalin daga wata waƙar ta yi amfani da tsattsafin harshe ta yi amfani da harshen Fulatanci a
cikin ɗan waƙar kamar haka:
Jagora
Allah reni barkama,
Allah
sure barkama,
Allah
seni barkama,
Baba
Usman Abbo,
Yau
muna bikin shanu,
Ƙasar
Kamaru tai haske,
Garin Ngoudere ba masaka tsinke.
(Maryam Sale Fantimoti: Waƙar Bikin Shanu’ ta Usman Abbo)
Abin lura a nan Maryam Sale
Fantimoti ta yi amfani da salon tsattsafin harshe a tsakanin saɗarun
waƙar guda uku, inda ta kawo "Allah reni
barkama" da "Allah sure barkama" da "Allah seni
barkama", waɗanda dukkanninsu kalmomi ne na Fulatanci da ke ɗaukar
ma’anoni kamar haka: Kalmar ‘seni’ ta samo asali daga kalmar Fulatanci ta
‘senu’, wadda take nufin tsarki. "Allah seni barkama," na nufin Allah
ya tsareka da lafiya. "Allah Reni barkama," na nufin Allah ya kare ka
da lafiya. "Allah sure barkama," na nufin Allah ya maka rahama.
Dukkannin waɗannan kalamai kirari ne da makiɗiyar ta kawo domin kwarzanta Usman Abbo cikin wata
siga amfani da tsattsafin harshe don yin kwalliya ga waƙarta, da nuna gwaninta a waƙoƙinta da kuma nuna ƙwarewa
a harasan Turanci da Larabci da Fulatanci da Hausa.
An samu ƙarin ire-iren waɗannan misalai a sauran wasu waƙoƙinta ta suka haɗa da
ta Marigayi Sarkin Kano Alhaji Ado Bayero da ta Alhaji Musa Brifkes da sauransu
waɗanda za a same su cikin rataye.
3.3 Tsattsafin
Al’adu
Al’ada wani bigire ne mai faɗi a
fannin Hausa, domin hanya ce da ta ƙunshi
dukkannin rayuwar mutum da abin da yake aikatawa na sarari ko na ɓoye
wanda yake gudana a rayuwarsa tun daga haihuwarsa har zuwa mutuwarsa wadda ta
danganci ilimi da imani. Waƙa tana
magana a kan al’adun Bahaushe. Hakan kan sa a yi mamakin samun irin wannan salo
a cikin waƙoƙin
makaɗan baka na Hausa. Ba abin mamaki ba ne, kasancewar kowane makaɗi yana
da ɓangaren da ya karkata a kai na fannin kiɗansa.
Wasu makaɗan kan yi kaɗe-kaɗensu a kan yabo na addini, wasu kuma yabo baduniye
suke taɓawa. Wasu kuma a cikin kaɗe-kaɗen nasu kan sanyo wa’azi ko faɗakarwa
da sauransu. Wasu daga makaɗan kan yi kaɗe-kaɗensu a kan fannonin rayuwa daban-daban da suka haɗa da
sana’o’i ko waɗanda suka shafi tallace-tallace da siyasa da
sauransu, waɗanda idan aka duba za a ga sun shafi al’adar Bahaushe kai tsaye.
Dukkannin kaɗe-kaɗen nan akwai harshen, da ake amfani da shi wajen aiwatar da waƙarsa. Harshen da yake kiɗan yabon addini ko na faɗakarwa,
akan samu barbaɗen wasu kalmomi masu ayyana al’adun ƙasar Hausa, su ne ake kira da salon tsattsafin al’adu na cikin waƙa.
Salon tsattsafin al’ada ba kasafai
aka fiye samunsa a sauran kaɗe-kaɗe na fannonin rayuwa ba, an fi samun su a cikin waƙoƙin yabo na addini da na faɗakarwa.
Maryam Sale Fantimoti ba a bar ta a baya ba wajen aiwatar da irin waɗannan
salo cikin kaɗe-kaɗenta na yabo na addini da na faɗakarwa.
An yi katarin samun irin wannan salo a cikin waƙar
‘Mukarrima’ da ta ‘Tuzuru’. Ga yadda suka zo a ɗiyan
waƙar:
Jagora
Mutum yakan fito cikin mutane,
Kamar
mutum sai a gan shi zaune,
Dumar
sayarwa ake wa zane,
Abin kwarai bai zuwa da sauƙi.
Jagora
Ka ba wA"laryam ina ta roƙo,
Annabi
har na taho da ƙoƙo,
To ka
ba ni nawa sai ka ba ni saƙo,
Ni ma na bai wa masu son ma’aiki.
(Maryam Sale Fantimoti: Waƙar ‘Almukarrima)
An samu kalmomin al’adun Hausawa
da suka haɗa da kalmar duma da roƙo da ƙoƙo, dukkanninsu abubuwa ne waɗanda
al’adar Hausawa ta samar don amfani na musamman. Duma wani abu ne da ake
samunsa a cikin wani ɗan tsiro da yake yaɗo,
yakan fito da mabambanta yanayi, wani yana girma, wani ƙarami, wani kuma a same shi madaidaici. A jikin duma ne ake samun masu
aiwatar da sana’ar gargajiya (‘yan fafa) waɗanda
ke samar da ƙwarya da ƙoƙo da luddai da shantu da mara da
gora da sauransu. Waɗannan mutane ne ke sarrafa duma ta zama kayayyakin
amfanin yau da kullum, su ne ke zana jikin duma domin samar da ta sayarwa.
Zanen jikinta ke ƙawata ta har a yi sha’awa ko da
kuwa za a saya don kwalliyar dankin ɗaki, ko kuma don ajiya, ko don amfanin gida na yau
da kullum.
Bisa al’ada akwai wani abin kiɗa da
ake kira da duma wanda ake yin sa daga bushasshiya gora babba wadda ake fafe
samanta sannan a rufe bakinta da fata. Masu kaɗe-kaɗen
gargajiya ne ke amfani da ita wajen kiɗan tauri sauran kaɗe-kaɗe na
buƙata.
Ƙoƙo wani abu ne da al’ada ta samar wanda ake samunsa daga duma, a al’adance
ana amfani da ƙoƙo
wajen jiƙa maganin gargajiya ko ɗibar
ruwa ko kuma malmala tuwo. Mabarata ma na amfani da ƙoƙo domin neman sadaka.
Roƙo
kalma ce wadda gargajiya ta samar da ke nufin ‘Makaɗi’,
Makaɗa kan kira kiɗa da roƙo wani
lokaci kuma su kira waƙa da
roƙo. A zamanin baya idan makaɗa za
su fita kiɗa ba su cewa za su je yin waƙa, sai
dai za su je su yi kiɗa ko za su je su yi roƙo.
Bunza, (2009: sh123). Roƙo
dabara ce da makaɗa kan yi amfani da ita domin miƙa ƙoƙon
bararsu ga uban gidansu ta hanyar faɗin abin da suke buƙata
kai tsaye ko ta hanyar saye, ko kuma ta amfani da kalmomin zugar roƙo.
Maryam Sale Fantimoti ta yi amfani
da waɗannan kalmomi na al’ada domin ta nuna sai an jajurce wajen neman lahira,
tare da nuna ƙauna da yabo ga fiyayyen halitta
muddin ana neman dacewa. Makaɗiyr ta yi amfani da irin wannan salo ne domin
burgewa da ƙawata waƙarta.
Haka kuma a cikin waƙar Tuzuru akwai irin wannan salon a tsattsafin al’ada kamar haka:
Jagora
Na ga idanunsa a juye kamar mai ƙwanƙwamai,
Tuzuru,
Don ba
ya iya yin waige ya ce ‘yar wuya ta samai,
Tuzuru,
Wai in
nuna mai ina ne shagon wanzamai,
Tuzuru,
Babu
ruwan wanzan a cikin cutar da take damunka tuzuru.
(Maryam Sale Fantimoti: Waƙar ‘Mazan Fama’)
A wannan ɗan waƙar ta yi amfani da kalmomin al’adar Bahaushe waɗanda
suka haɗa da ƙwanƙwamai
da ‘yar wuya da wanzamai. Wanzamai suna ne na likitocin gargajiya. Bisa ga
al’ada wanzami shi ne mutumin da yake kula da ba da magungunan wasu cututtuka
da suka shafi ‘yar wuya ta manya da yin shayi ga yara maza ko yin ƙaho ko kuma cire ‘yar wuya ga jarirai da sauran ire-iren waɗannan
lalurai.
Mai ƙwanƙwamai kuwa shi ne wanda aljanu
suka shiga jikinsa har suke sa shi hauka ko kuma su sanya ya zama mai ba da
magungunan gargajiya, wannan dalili ya sanya ko da ba hauka mai ƙwanƙwamai yake ba, da ka yi arba da
shi za ka iya ganin idanunsa a juye yana zazzaro su kamar wani mai taɓin hankali, ma’ana za a gan shi a firgice ba nutsuwa a
tattare da shi. A taƙaice shi
ne mutumin da aljani ya shige shi.
‘Yar wuya tsiro ne da ke fitowa mutum a cikin baki. Idan ta
zama ciwo tana kama da maruru. Ciwon yana farawa ne da gefe guda na cikin baki
idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba ya mamaye duk
gefe biyun. Yana hana cin abinci da sukuni gaba ɗaya.
Maryam Sale Fantimoti ta yi amfani da dabarar tsattsafin
al’ada domin ta nuna wa Tuzuru babu wani abu da ya kamace shi a rayuwa da ya
zarce aure. Duk wani abu da yake ganin yana damunsa idan ya yi aure zai nemi
shi ya rasa, ta yi amfani da wannan salo ne domin ta nuna masa aure shi ne
mafita a dukkan al’amurransa na rayuwa. Illa, ta kawo ɗiyan waƙar
cikin burgewa da ƙayatarwa.
Har ila yau, an samu wani salon na tsattsafin al’ada a gaban
ɗan da ya gabata kamar haka:
Jagora
Yan ƙananan cuta a jikinsa sun fi guda hamsin,
Tuzuru,
Ku
tambayi masu kemis kullum sai ya sai indosi
Tuzuru,
Na ji
yana tambaya ran nan a kan falalar yasin,
Tuzuru,
Abin da ka damunka na gaya maka
babu ruwan laya da guru.
(Maryam Sale Fantimoti: Waƙar ‘Tuzuru’)
Maryam Sale Fantimoti ta yi amfani
da kalmomin guru da laya da ysin a cikin ɗan waƙarta.
Kamar yadda yake a al’adar Bahaushe guru wani abu ne dogo maras kauri da ake
rufa shi da jemammiyar fata, wanda Bahaushe ke ɗaurawa
a ƙugu domin kariya ko wata manufa ta musamman. Ita ma
laya tamkar guru take, sai dai ita dunƙulalliya
ce, ana rufa ta da fata jemamma ko a naɗeta da zare. An haɗata da
wasu abubuwa na daban da suka haɗa da ƙahon
rago ko na wata dabba daban, domin tsarin gida, ko kuma a ɗaurata
a wuya ko a damatsa ko a ƙwauri
ko kuma a saka ta a aljihu domin yin baduhu ko don kariya daga dawa ko kuma don
buƙata ta musamman ga mutumin da ya ɗaura.
Yasin nassi ne na Alƙur’ani mai girma wanda ya tsunduma cikin al’adun Hausawa sanadiyyar
malaman tsibbu wasu daga Hausawa sun yi imani da yasin a kan abubuwansu da
daman a rayuwa. Mafiya yawa daga malaman tsibbu malamai ne na al’ada waɗanda
suka tasirantu da ilmin addini. Yawa-yawansu sun fito neman karatu, samun saɓani
tsakaninsu da malamansu kan haifar da fanɗarewa su zama malaman tsibbu. Wasu daga cikinsu kuma
sai da suka samu ilmin sosai sannan suka kama sana’ar tsibbu. Suna amfani da
surar Yasin wajen aikata sihirce-sihirce iri daban-daban, sun yi imani sun
yarda a kan tana biya musu dukkannin buƙatun
da suka nema daga ita. sakamakon haka, har sunaye a ka samar mata kamar haka:
akwai Yasin mai kusurwa, da Yasin mai almakashi da Yasin mai fuka-fukai da dai
sauransu da dama. Wannan dalili ya sanya a cikin ɗan waƙar makaɗiyar ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin wata waraka da
Tuzuru yake nema, ta kuma tabbatar masa a kan ba ita ce warakarsa ba illa dai
ya je ya yi aure.
A taƙaice,
wannan waƙa mai suna ‘Tuzuru’, tun daga
sunan waƙar za a riski tsattsafin al’ada,
domin Tuzuru suna ne da al’ada ta tanadar ga mutumin da ya ɗau
lokaci mai tsawo bai yi aure ba. Haka kuma, akwai wurare da dama a cikin waƙar da aka sami yayyafin al’adar bahaushe kamar na tashe da amfani da
kalmomi iri daban-daban da sauransu.
3.4 Kammalawa
Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a wannan takarda an yi
nazarin dabarar salo na tsattasafi ne waɗanda suka haɗa da tsattafin haliyya da na harshe da kuma al’ada a wasu waƙoƙin Maryam Sale Fantimoti. A cikin takarda an kawo tarihin
rayuwar Maryam Sale Fantimoti. Haka kuma an kawo dabaru da hanyoyi da aka bi
wajen samun nasarar kammaluwar takardar. A ƙarshe an yi nazari salon tsattafi ta hanyar fito da misalai
tare da yin sharhi daga wasu ɗiyan waƙoƙin Maryam Sale Fantimoti.
Manazarta
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Publications Centre Limited.
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D. (1997). “Adon Harshe Cikin Rubutaccen Adabin Hausa”. Kundin Digiri na Biyu.
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya. Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
Gusau, S. M. (2011). Adabin
Baka a sauƙaƙe. Kano Centuary Search
Publishers Limited
Lanham, R. A. (1991) A
handlist of rhetorical terms. Second Edition. University of California
Press.
Lawal, N. (2016). “Nazarin
Waƙoƙin
Makaɗan Bege na Hausa”.
Kundin Digiri na Biyu. Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya. Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
Mainasara, A. (2016). “Nazarin Adon Harshe Waƙoƙin Sani Sabulu Kanoma (1957-2000)”. Kundin Digiri na Biyu.
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
Mukhtar, K. B. (2014). “Amfani da Adon Harshe a Wasu Waƙoƙin Siyasa na Baka a Jamhuriya ta Huɗu”. Kundin Digiri na Biyu. Sashen Koyar da Harsunan
Nijeriya.Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
Muhammad, H.I. (2019). “Nazarin adon harshe a waƙoƙin sarauta na Haruna Aliyu Ningi”. Kundin Digiri na Biyu.
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Quinn, A. (1982). Figures of Speech: 60 Ways to Turn a
Phrase. New York: Gibbs Smith Publisher.
Sarɓi, (2007) Nazarin Waƙen
Hausa, Kano:
Samarib Publishers Limited
Wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics
Yahya, A. B. (2016). Salo
AsirinWaƙa, Sokoto: Guaranty Print
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Koyar da Harsunan Nijeiya. Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
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G. (2012). “Adon Harshe a Waƙoƙin Shata na Masu Sarauta”.
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HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.