A NUTA A SHAƘO BA BUDUMBUDUMA BA: MISALI A GULBIN NAZARIN WAƘA DAGA MASANIYAR TARIHIN ADABI
Daga
A. B. Yahya
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Najeriya
Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato, Sakkwato
(Malami can dauri a Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato)
+2347031961302; bagidadenlema2@gmail.com
Tsakure
Kowace al’umma tana da adabinta kuma kowane adabin al’umma, musamman wanda take kallo a matsayin nata ne na gargajiya,ya ƙunshi hikimomi iri iri. Waɗansu daga cikin waɗannan hikimomi sun keɓanta ga al’ummar, wasu kuwa kan yi tarayya da na wata al’umma ko dai saboda kasancewarsu gama-gari a duniya, ba mai tinƙaho da su ta ce ita ce ta ƙirƙiro su, ko kuma waɗanda wannan al’umma ta samo sanadiyyar hulɗa tsakaninta da mai su. Wannan muƙala ta kawo misalin wata hikimar waƙoƙin Hausa wadda ga dukan alamu manazarta ba su damu da ita ba amma su mawaƙan Hausa suna sane da ita kuma sukan yi amfani da ita tsawon zamunna. Haka kuma muƙalar manuniya ce ga masana cewa Hausa tana da hikimomin da wasu kan ɗauka ba ta da su har su kai ga ɗauko irin waɗannan hikimomi daga adabin wata al’umma su ce wai sun kawo wa Hausa! A taƙaice muƙalar tana kira ne ga manazarta da su ɗebe ƙwiya su nuta cikin gulbin nazarin adabin Hausa, musamman ɓangaren waƙa, domin su shaƙo waɗannan hikimomi. Muƙalar ta samu haske ne daga fitilar nazarin waƙa ta Farfesa Ɗalhatu Muhammad ta zaƙulo sabon abu ko share fage domin manazarta su bi totar.
1.0 Ganatarwa
Wannan muƙala
tana bukatar manazarta musamman mata, na ko wane fanni su kasance masu yin nuta
cikin gulbin nazarin fanninsu su shaƙo
wani abu, ba wai su tsaya ga yin budumbuduma ba a saman gulbin da kowa ya sha
shiga! Abin farin ciki da ƙwarin gwiwa ne ga Bahaushe mai kishin
Hausa, kuma manarzacin Adabin Hausa musamman na waƙa, idan ya bibiyi gudummuwar da shaihin
malami Ɗalhatu Muhammad (Allah ya yi masa rahama
da shiga Aljannar Firdausi amin) ya bai wa Harshen Hausa, musamman a fagen
nazarin Hausa, tun ma ba ga yin la’akari da fannin nazarin waƙa ba. Manazarci ba zai kasa lura da cewa
kusan dukan inda alƙalamin
Ɗalhatu ya hau to kuwa zayyana ce sabuwa.
Aikin na shaihin mallamin yakan kasance ko dai share fage domin manazarta masu
tasowa su hau, su wakita har su ƙara
da yi wa fagen kwalliya, kamar muƙalarsa
mai gabatar da Waƙoƙin Hausa na Baka da ya fitar a 1971, ko kuma
zaburarwa don samar da abin da da babu shi, kamar muƙalarsa ta 1973 wadda ita ce aiki na
farko da ya kawo kalmomin fannu na adabin Hausa cikin Harshen Hausa. Wannan muƙala ta shaihin Malami Ɗalhatu kamar kira ne da kakkausar murya
ga Hausawa masana da su mutunta kansu ta hanyar yin nazarin aƙalla Adabin Hausa cikin harshensu na
Hausa. Muƙalar ta faɗakar
da masana har ta haifar da tarurrukan ƙara
wa juna sani, ba na cikin ƙasar
nan ba kurum, har ma tsakanin ƙasashe
a 1982 da 1983. Hakan ne ya sa a 1990 Ɗalhatu
ya zama editan ƙamus
na keɓaɓɓun
kalmomin fannu na Hausa na farko, wato, Hausa
Metalanguage (Ƙamus
na Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi).
Tun kamin nan, manazarcin waƙoƙin Hausa ba zai kasa cin karo da
gagarumin aikin Ɗalhatu
na neman digirin digirgir ba wato, ‘Indiɓidual Talent in the Hausa
Poetic Tradition: a Study of Aƙilu
Aliyu and His Art’. Ya yi wannan aiki a 1977. Ɗalhatu
Muhammad, ba sai na zaƙe ba
amma shi ne masani na farko da ya ja hankalin manazarta waƙoƙin
Hausa ga zurfafa binciken karin waƙar
Hausa. Ya kuwa yi haka ne da muƙalunsa
da ya kira ‘The Two Facets of Rhyme in
Hausa Poetry: Syllabic and Tonal’ (1978) da‘Tonal Rhyme: a Preliminary Study of the Role of Linguistic Tone in
Hausa Ɓerse’ (1980) da
kuma ‘Waƙa
Bahaushiya’ (1984). A shekara ta 2006 aka buga muƙalarsa mai nuni da cewa ‘yantar da Hausawa
daga ƙangin koyon ɓangarorin
ilmi cikin baƙon harshe ba zai samu
ba sai an fara rubuta kundayen digiri na uku a kan ilmin harsuna cikin harshen
Hausa zalla. Muƙalar
nan ita ce ya kira, Tsakanin Hamada da
Hamdala: Gudunmuwar Jami’o’i ga Haɓaka Harshen Hausa.
An kawo waɗannan
misalai na kaɗan daga ayyukan Shaihin Malami Ɗalhatu Muhammad don su kasance waɗanda
ke nuni da cewa shi a koyaushe mai buɗa
hanya ne, kuma mai share fage ne ya cire ƙaya
ya haska wa manazarta a nazarin adabin Hausa musamman na waƙa. To sai dai babbar manufar wannan muƙala ita ce ta nuna yadda wata masaniya a
Tarihin Adabi ta bi wannan hanya ta Ɗalhatu
Muhammad. Ta ƙi yarda da ta zama
cikin ƙangin mulkin mallakar Turawa, ta ƙi bari ilminta da nazarce-nazarcenta su
kasance masu bauta wa tunanin Turai. Ta ɗauki
hanyar da Ɗalhatu Muhammad ya
share mana wato, zaƙulo
abubuwan da suke na gadin-gadin ne ga Hausawa har a cikin waƙoƙinsu,
waɗanda
kuma hajoji ne da ana iya shanya su a baje su a kowace kasuwar baje hajar
hikima. Ta haska wa manazarta waƙoƙin Hausa wata hikima da Hausawa suka daɗe da
sani kuma suke amfani da ita musamman a waƙoƙinsu. Wannan masaniyar Ilmin Tarihin
Adabi ita ce, Farfesa Aliyah Adamu Ahmad ta Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Najeriya a
Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato. Sakamakon nazarin da Aliyah ta raɗa wa
suna ‘Waƙa-kwaikwaye’ ta gano cewa Hausawa sun daɗe,
daɗin
daɗewa
da sani da kuma amfani da shi a ɓangaren
adabi da ake kira wasan kwaikwayo, kuma har cikin waƙoƙinsu
suka daɗe da
sanya shi don ya yi musu kwalliya mai armashi. Bari ma a tsakuro kaɗan
daga cikin tarihi domin a san ko wace ce Aliyah.
2.0
Tarihin Aliyah
An haifi Aliyah ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na
shekara ta 1979, cikin birnin Sakkwato a unguwar Minanata. Sunan mahaifinta Alhaji
Adamu Ahmad. Alhaji Adamu mai ilmin Addini ne da na Boko, saboda haka ba abin
mamaki ba ne a sami ‘ya’yansa duk sun yi makarantun Addini da na Bokon, wasu ma
suna kan yi. Alhaji Adamu miji ne ga Hajiya Khadija wadda ita ce mahaifiyar
Aliyah. Da ita da mijinta su ne suka yi reno da tarbiyyar Aliyah tun tasowarta
har ta kai ga kammala digirin digirgir, wato Ph.D.
Kamar sauran ‘ya’yan Hausawa Aliyah ta fara
karatun Addinin Musulunci tun tana da shekaru uku na haihuwa, kuma mahaifinta
ne ya fara koya mata da karatun Alƙur’ani. Daga bisani kuma ya kai ta Makarantar Malam Bala Maiɗori a unguwar Minanata. Mahaifin Aliyah ya kasance mutum mai son
‘ya’yansa su samu ilmi na Addini da na Boko. A dalilin haka ne, kamar yadda
Aliyah ta faɗa wa mai wannan maƙala, ko bayan da ita da ‘yan’uwanta suka
girma har suka kama aiki, da yake mahaifin yana da ilmin Larabci da na Addinin
Musulunci, sannan ga shi ma’aikacin gwamnati, sai ya keɓe musu lokacin da zai zaunar da su ya karantar da su daga abin da Allah
ya hore masa. Wannan al’ada ce da Hausawa suka gada lokaci mai tsawo inda mai
ilmi daga cikinsu kan zama malamin farko ga ‘ya’yansa. Mun san haka ne Shehu
Usmanu ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa ‘ya’yansa kamar Nana Asma’u da ‘yan’uwanta. Hasili
wannan fa koyarwa ce ta Musulunci.
Lokacin da Aliyah ta kai tana da shekaru
shidda a duniya sai ya shigar da ita makarantar furamare ta Boko a 1985. Wannan
makarantar furamare ita ce Uniɓersity
Primary School, Sokoto. Ta
kammala ta a 1990, lokacin da a kai tsaye ta samu shiga makarantar gaba da
furamare ta haɗin kai, wato Unity Secondary School, Illela a jihar Sakkwato daga 1990 zuwa
1992. An mayar da ita zuwa makarantar Goɓernment
Girls College, Sokoto a 1992 inda
ta kammala a 1995. Daga shekarar 1995 zuwa ta 1997 Aliyah ta yi Kwalejin Fasaha
da Kimiyya ta Haliru Binji da ke Sakkwato, wato wadda a turance ake taƙaitawa da Haliru
Binji S.C.A.S.. A wannan kwaleji ta samu takardar shaidar karatun IJMB mai
darajar maki 10. Wannan shi ya ba ta damar shiga kwas na yin digirinta na farko
a Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da
ke Sakkwato. Ta shiga wannan Jami’a a 1997 ta kuma kammala a 2000 da samun
digirin B.A. na ilmin Hausa.
Bayan da Aliyah ta karɓi takardar shaidar digirinta na farko a 2001 ta yi hidimar ƙasa (NYSC) a shekarar 2002. Wannan shi ne
dalilin da ya sa ba ta ci gaba da neman ilmi ba a wannan shekara. To amma fa da
kammala Hidimar Ƙasa nan take
sai ta nemi ta koma jami’a don ta samo digiri na biyu, a nan dai Jami’ar Usmanu
Ɗanfodiyo. Ta kuma yi nasara saboda ta samu
gurbin neman digirin M.A. Hausa Studies
daga 2002 zuwa 2004. Tana kammala wannan karatu sai Aliyah ta ƙara tsunduma cikin neman digirin digirgir,
wato Ph.D. A wannan karo sai ta tsallaka zuwa Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano a shekarar
da ta kammala karatun M.A., wato a shekarar 2004. Aliyah ta kammala wannan
karatu a 2009, aka kuma ba ta takardar kammala karatun a watan Fabrairu na
shekarar 2010 lokacin da ta kare kundin da ta rubuta. A duk waɗannan matakai fa mahaifin Aliyah a tsaye yake da ta hau su ta hanyar ba
ta ƙwarin gwiwa, ko ta nasiha ko ta masu gidan
rana. Wannan haziƙa jaruma fa
duk tsawon shekarun nan tun kammala digirinta na farko ba ta daina fafutukar ƙara neman ilmi ba, domin kuwa a ‘yan
tsakankanin nan sai da ta yi wasu ƙananan kwasakwasai. Waɗannan kwasakwasai sun haɗa da na takardar shaidar samun ilmin sadarwa wadda da Ingilishi ake
kira, Certificate in Mass Communication
da ta samu a 2003, da ta Difloma a fagen ilmin koyarwa, wato wadda ake kira Graduate Diploma in Education, a 2004,
da kuma takardar shaidar nazarin ilmin na’ura mai ƙwaƙwalwa, wato, Certificate in
Computer Studies, ita kuwa a shekarar 2005.
Ta fuskar rubuce-rubuce kuwa Aliyah ba mai
sanyin jiki ba ce. A halin yanzu akwai bugaggun littattafai biyar (5) nata, uku
(3) daga ciki ita ce kurum ta rubuta su, biyu (2) kuwa na haɗin gwiwa ne waɗanda guda da ita da wasu a kan rubutacciyar
Hausa domin makarantun gaba da furamare, guda kuwa da ita da wani. Littattafai
ke nan! Amma ta ɓangaren maƙalu, a halin rubuta wannan maƙala, Aliyah tana da guda-guda har talatin (30) waɗanda aka buga cikin fitattun mujallun da suka shahara a fagen ilmi. A
halin da ake ciki kuma Aliyah tana da tarin maƙalun da ko dai suke jiran a buga su ko take kan rubutawa. Haka kuma ba
ta yi sanyin ƙafa ba wurin riƙa muƙamai da dama cikin jami’ar da take yi wa aiki
da wasu jami’o’i kamar Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna da Jami’ar Yusufu Maitama Sule da
ke Kano da kuma Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo ta
Sakkwato. Takan yi wa wasu hukumomi kamar kafafen watsa labarai da kan nemi ta
kama musu aiki kamar gidan rediyon BBC da ta sha yi wa alƙalancin gasar rubuce-rubucen adabi. A cikin
birnin Sakkwato musamman shiyyar da take zaune, Minanata, ana moriyar baiwar da
Allah ya yi mata. A kan haka ne majalisar Babban Hakimin Minanata ta ba ta
sarautar Jaruma saboda gudummuwar da take bayarwa ga cigaban wannan shiyya ta
fuskoki da dama kamar ilmi da tarbiyya.
Ai kuwa tun ba a lokacin ba ne wannan jurumar
mace ta zama jaruma, domin kamar abin da ma’anar sunanta ke nuni, Aliyah ta
samu kai aliyar fagen neman ilmi ga Boko. A ranar Assabar 18 ga watan Fabrairu
na shekarar 2023 ne Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato, bayan
tantancewar da masana a fannin Tarihin Adabi suka yi, ta aminta da ba Aliyah muƙamin Farfesa. Aliyah ta kai aliyah!!! (Aliyah
2023, Curricullum Ɓitae).
3.0
Nuta da Shaƙowa
A shekarar 2021 ne Farfesa Aliyah ta rubuta
wani sakamakon binciken da ta yi wanda ta kira “Waƙa-kwaikwaye:Daɗaɗɗen Adabin Hausawa na Auren Waƙa da Wasan kwaikwayo”[1].
Cikin wannan muƙala ta
bayyana abin da take nufi da waƙa-kwaikwaye
kamar haka:
Abin
da ake nufi da waƙa-kwaikwaye a
wannan maƙala shi ne, waƙar da aka tsara ta yadda za a ji ko
kalli aiwatarwarta tamkar ana sauraren ko kallon waɗanda ke magana tamkar cikin wasan
kwaikwayo ne ake gabatar da su. Maganar cikin waƙa-kwaikwaye kan kasance ta wasu ce ba ta mawaƙin ba. Haka kuma waƙa ce wadda ita ce gimshiƙin wasan kwaikwayon da ta ƙunsa kuma harshenta da salonta duk na
waƙa ne da ke taimakawa ga bayyana duk
wani saƙo da mawaƙin yake son ya isar ga jama’a. Wannan
tsari da aka kira waƙa-kwaikwaye
akan same shi cikin waƙar
baka da kuma rubutattar waƙa.
(Aliyah
2021: “Waƙa-kwaikwaye:Daɗaɗɗen Adabin Hausawa na Auren Waƙa da Wasan kwaikwayo”)
Wannan muƙala, kamar yadda takenta ke nuni, ta tabbatar da muhimman abubuwa kamar
haka:
Ø Akwai nau’in waƙa da za a iya kira “waƙa-kwaikwaye”
cikin waƙoƙin Hausa.
Ø Wannan nau’in waƙa ya ƙunshi waƙa da wasan
kwaikwayo a tare.
Ø Muƙalar ta nuna cewa waƙa-kwaikwaye da
shi kansa wasan kwaikwayo sanannun ɓangarorin adabi ne ga Hausawa kuma daɗaɗɗu tun kafin Hausawa su yi mu’amala da wata baƙuwar al’umma ko wani baƙon adabi. A taƙaice tushen waƙa-kwaikwaye
da za a iya faɗa shi ne “na gadin-gadin” ko “adabin
gargajiyar Bahaushe” ne.
Ø Waƙa-kwaikwaye na iya kasancewa zubi kacokan ko kuma tsattsafin zubi; zubi
kacokan kamar wasu waƙoƙin wasannin yara; tsattsafi kamar cikin waƙoƙin baka na manya ko kuma rubutattu.
3.1
Zubi
da Tsarin Waƙa-kwaikwaye
Zubi da tsarin wannan nau’in waƙa iri ɗaya ne da sauran waƙoƙin Hausa. Idan a rubuce yake zai bi na rubutattun waƙoƙi, haka kuma idan na baka ne to zai bi na waƙoƙin baka, balle kuma na waƙa ruwa-biyu (waƙoƙin zamani). Abin da wannan ɓangare zai mayar da hankali a kai shi ne muhimman sigogin da ke tabbatar
da cewa waƙa ko baitocin da ake nazari cikin tsarin waƙa-kwaikwaye suke.
3.1.1 Muhimman Sigogin Waƙa-kwaikwaye
Waƙa-kwaikwaye kamar wada Aliyah ta gabatar da
ita tana da sigogin da suka haɗa da zubi da tsari, da aiwatarwa, da salo. A
wannan muƙala za a kawo sigogin da ake ganin sun fi
saura muhimmanci. Su ne sigogin da mai nazarin waƙa-kwaikwaye zai yi la’akari da su. Sigogin su ne salo da kuma aiwatarwa.
Sauran sigogi duka waɗanda aka sani ne waƙoƙin Hausa na baka da rubutattu suka ƙunsa. Ta fuskar salo za a yi bayani a kan salon hira da na zayyana da
kuma na labari.
3.1.2 Salon Hira
Salon hira kamar yadda
Yahya (2016:137), ya yi bayanin sa shi ne salon da zai kawo ko dai mawaƙi da shi da
wani ko wasu; ko mutane biyu ko fiye suna musayar magana cikin waƙa. Tilas ne
wannan salo ya bayyana cikin waƙa-kwaikwaye domin shi ne ke aurar da waƙa da wasan
kwaikwayo.
‘Yanmata yayin da suke tafiya zuwa kai amarya
gidan miji sukan rera wata waƙa-kwaikwaye
suna taɓi kamar haka:
Mun yaye mun yaye
Wa anka yaye
A’i
Wa za a kai ma
Audu
Mun ba shi mun ba shi
Mu ba shi hag ga Allah
(Yahya: 1997, sh.50)
Mai saurare da jin wannan waƙa ya san da cewa ba muryar mutum guda ce ke
cikinta ba. Zai fahimci cewa musayar magana ce ke gudana tsakanin mutum biyu ko
kuma mu ce tsakanin mace mai jagoranci da kuma sauran ‘yan matan da za su kai
amarya gidan mijinta bayan sun ɗauko ta daga gidan iyayenta inda aka sa ta
lalle. A taƙaice dai salon hira ne cikin waƙar nan wanda ya sa waƙar ta zama wadda Aliyah ta kira waƙa-kwaikwaye.
Wani abu da ya kamata a lura da shi a wannan
waƙa shi ne kasancewarta irin waƙar da Aliyah ta yi iƙirarin cewa irin wannan waƙa, waƙa-kwaikwaye, daɗaɗɗiyar abu ce, ba ƙirƙiren bayan da Hausawa suka sadu da wani baƙon adabi ba. Cikin wannan waƙa babu wata kalma da za a iya kafa ƙwaƙƙwarar hujja cewa bayan da Hausawa suka sadu
da baƙon adabi sannan suka ƙirƙiro ta. Mai karatu na iya cewa to kalmomin ‘A’i’ da ‘Audu’ da ‘Allah’,
ai suna nuni da bayan zuwan Musulunci ne Hausawa suka san su. Sosai haka ne! To
amma wannan bai zama dalilin da za a iya cewa sai a lokacin ne wannan waƙa ta samu. To amma muhimmiyar tambaya cikin
waƙar ita ce, ‘Yaushe ne Hausawa suka fara
aure?’ Ba dai bayan da suka sadu da Musulunci ba. Idan kuwa an yarda da lalle
ba bayan da suka sadu da Musulunci ba ne to ashe ana iya cewa, ba tare da
shakka ba, waɗannan kalmomi sun shigo cikin wannan waƙa ne domin a daidaita ta da tunanin Bahaushe
na Musulunci bayan da ya karɓe shi. A can da da daɗewa, kamar yadda Aliyah ta nuna a muƙalarta, da wasu kalmomi aka rera waƙar. Allah Masani.
Rubutattun waƙoƙin Hausa waƙoƙi ne da Hausawa suka aro zubi da tsarinsu
daga Addinin Musulunci. Wannan ne dalilin da ya sa Aliyah ta kawo misalin waƙa-kwaikwaye daga wata waƙa rubutatta kuma tana iya yin haka daga
kowane ƙarni. Ga baitocin da ta kawo daga waƙar ‘‘Yan Jihadi’ ko kuma ‘Halin Duniya
Karuwa’. Daɗaɗɗiyar waƙa ce da aka rubuta cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara:
13. Tana iske mallam ta sa mai shuguli
Takan tungume shi idan ta ga hali
Ta sa mishi gururati don shi yi maili
Ta ce mishi girma da samun ƙabuli
Idan ka biɗe ni shina samuwa
14. Idan ta’ ishe ya wuce zarahinta
Shi tashi shina buga tsawa gare ta
Shi ce ke hi kowa mugunyat tahalta
Shi ce mata ke ag gida na mayata
Da
ke ko kaɗan ba ni son ƙaruwa
15. Ta ce mishi Mallam halan ba ka
san ni
Da yas sa kana ƙin zamanka gare ni
Gari da gari aka zo a biɗe ni
Kwas samu nis so shi ya kwance reni
Ni wance na hi gaban ƙyaluwa
(Rubutu daga odiyo, Aliyah, 2022, Rima
Radio Sokoto).
Cikin waɗannan baitoci za a lura da cewa da
Duniya da mallami ne suke musayar magana. Duniya ce take lallashin Malam don ya
amince ya nemi ta aure shi, saboda duk wanda ya aure ta zai sha daula. Shi kuwa
Malam da yake ya san da halin Duniya, mutum ne mai tsoron Allah Mahalicci, sai
ya ƙi ya yarda da abin da take faɗa masa domin makirci ne take yi don ta
yaudare shi. A taƙaice wannan
zantawa tsakanin Malam da Duniya a waɗannan
baitoci tana cikin tsarin waƙa-kwaikwaye
ne. Rubutun da aka ja wa layi ƙasa
shi ne zancen Duniya, rubutun gicciye shi ne na Malam.
Cikin waƙoƙin
baka na gargajiya waɗanda
mawaƙan ƙarni na ishirin ko ishirin da ɗaya suka yi, kamar rubutattu na
gargajiya irin ‘Halin Duniya’, su ma sukan ƙunshi wannan tsari na waƙa-kwaikwaye. (Dr.) Mamman Shata gwani ne a nan. Shi yakan
fito da tsarin ba ma ta kalmomin da yake furtawa ba, a’a har ma aiwatarwar waƙoƙinsa.
Dubi wasu layukan waƙarsa, ‘Malam
Babba na Ƙofar Gabas’:
…
Shi yai naɗi ni nai naɗi
Amshi:Malam Babba na Ƙofar Gabas
Na je na ce wa Baba a duba mani
Amshi:
Ya ce wai mi za a duba maka
Amshi:
Sheda wa Babba na hanyar Gabas
Taurarin ga ina suka laɓe
Amshi:
Ka in karo da su in ɓace
Amshi:
Sai ya jawo ƙasa na Ƙofar Gabas
Amshi:
Na ga dai yai shirin
ya duba mani
Amshi:
Da yai haka sai na
ga-no yai haka
Amshi:
Ya kimtsa sai na ga
ya wo haka
Amshi:
Ya sake shiryawa na
ga yai wani haka
Amshi:
Ya fidda uku ya ɗauke shida
Amshi:
Sannan ya ɗauke huɗu ya ɗauke tara
Amshi :
Na ga yai gum da ni
yana al’ajab
Amshi:
Ya ce man kai
makaɗi mai
kiɗa
Sha shagalinka cikin duniya
Dub ba abin da zai tamma ka
Gidan tara kake gani kuma nike
Amshi:
Ya ce mani gidan tara
nike ashe ta ruhwa
(YouTube:
https//youtub.be/38Cp7oƙZ13M)
Duk wanda ya kalli Shata
yana rera wannan waƙa zai shedi
yadda mawaƙin yake aiwatar
da ma’anonin abubuwan da yake rerawa. Ita wannan waƙa ta fito da salon hira da kuma na
zayyana wanda za a yi bayani a kansa nan gaba kaɗan. A waɗannan
layuka Shata ya yi amfani da salon hira inda ya je wurin gwarzonsa Malam Babba
na Ƙofar Gabas. Ya tambai Malam Babba da
ya buga ƙasa ya yi masa
duba. Shi kuwa Malam Babba ya amsa masa da tambaya, wai me Shata yake son a yi
masa duba a kai. Shata ya amsa da cewa taurarinsa na sa’a da rashin sa’a yake
son a duba masa don kada ya je ya yi ta rayuwa cikin duhu, inda ya yi ba can
taurarin sa’a suka yi nuni ba. To daga jin wannan bayani da Shata ya yi sai
Malam Babba ya shiga aikinsa na ‘bugun ƙasa’.
A ƙarshe sai ya gano yadda lamarin Shata
yake da kuma yadda zai kasance. Ya dubi Shata da mamaki ya ce masa ya tafi
abinsa ya yi ta abin da ya ga dama domin sa’arsa mai girma ce wadda ba ta bar
kafar wata alka cikin rayuwar Shata ba.
Akwai wani wuri cikin wata
rerawar wannan waƙa inda salon
hira yake a zubi da tsarin waƙa-kwaikwaye.
Wurin shi ne inda matar Shata ta nemi Malam Babba da ya duba mata ko za ta sami
haihuwa, ya kuma duba ya gano za ta sami juna biyu kuma har da gano cewa ɗa ne za ta samu, kuma Shata ya faɗa mana cewa haka ne abin ya tabbata.
3.1.3 Salon Labari da na Zayyana
A cikin muƙalarta
Aliyah ta bayyana yardarta da ra’ayin Yahya (2016:111-113, 141-142) dangane da
ma’anonin salon zayyana da na labari. Shi salon zayyana shi ne ma’anarsa take
kamar haka:
Salon zayyana yana
nufin amfani da kalmomi a cikin waƙa
waɗanda tattare da sauran
maganar da suka fito cikinta za su ƙirƙiro siffar abu ko yanayi a cikin
zuciyar mai karatu ko sauraren waƙar.
(Yahya, 2016, sh.111).
Shi kuma salon labari yana da ma’ana
kamar haka:
Salon labari shi
ne mawaƙi ya kawo
baitoci (ɗiya) waɗanda ke bayyana abin da ya gudana
tsakanin mutane biyu ko fiye.
(Yahya, sh. 141)
An
ambata cikin bayanin misalin waƙar
Dr. Mamman Shata ta Malam Babba na Ƙofar
Gabas cewa akwai salon zayyana. Abin lura shi ne ko da sauraren Shata akayi ba
kallon sa aka yi yana rera waƙarsa
ba, kalmomin da ya furta da yadda ya furta su za su kawo wa mai saurare cikin
zuciyarsa hoton Shata da na Malam Babba. Hoton Shata zai kasance mabiɗin sani inda malami mai bugun ƙasa; shi kuwa hoton Malam Babba zai
kasance na boka ya yi zaune noce da kai yana zane a kan ƙasa, har ya kai ya tayar da kai yana
dubin Shata da mamaki, shi kuwa Shata ya tsura masa ido da kunnuwa buɗe don ya ji ko me aka dubo masa
dangane da rayuwarsa. Haka hoton matar Shata zai kasance yayin da na Malam
Babba zai kasance na malamin duba cike da tabbacin abin da yake sheda wa matar.
A taƙaice dai zuciyar mai saurare za ta ga
malamin duba cike da tabbaci yayin da Shata da matarsa za a gane su farko da
rashin sanin tabbas sannan daga baya cike da fara’a.
Aliyah
ta kuma kawo misalin zayyana cikin waƙa-kwaikwaye
da wasu ɗiyan waƙar Shayi ɗan gidan Labbo wadda Kassu ya yi.
Kassu Zurmi gwani ne na saƙa
waƙa-kwaikwaye cikin waƙoƙinsa.
Yakan saka sigogin hira da zayyana da ma labari cikin tsarin.
A
waƙar da ya yi ta Nomau na Magarya akwai salon
zayyana a wuraren da ya kawo waƙa-kwaikwayen.
Ita wannan waƙa ana iya
kallon ta a matsayin waƙa-kwaikwaye
da salon labari ya kasance ginshiƙin
da salon hira da salon zayyana suka jingina gare shi cikinta. A kan haka ne a
wannan ɓangare aka kawo
wasu ɗiyan wannan waƙa da nufin misalin salon labari da na
zayyana a lokaci ɗaya.
A
ɗiya uku na farko na
wannan waƙa Kassu ya yi
wa gwarzonsa kirarin da ke sanya mai saurare ƙishin ya ji bayani sosai a kan Nomau:
1. Nomau tushen hwaɗa Karen masu gari
Toronkawan tciya uban Mairogo
Ko hwatara tai yawa takan zam iko
Nomau ko ba ka jin batun
masu gari
2. Na Magaji ƙanƙari ba ka jiƙa
Gauɗe ba kamatanki
Baba kaɗe ba ka baka
Nomau tushen hwaɗa karem masu gari
3. Gagarabadau ubangidan ‘Yaj Jimmau
Da Kassu barka da tciya
Banawa kyawon hwaɗa a yo accakwama
Baba a kwaɓa ta baƙi ƙirin
ta ƙare maku can
Na Magaji in ga ham magabata suna hawa
za a biɗa
(Magaji 2016:69)
Domin
Kassu ya ɗebe wannan ƙishi daga masu sauraren sa sai ya fara
amfani da salon labari cikin waƙa-kwaikwayen
da ya mamaye zubi da tsarin wannan waƙa.
Ya buɗe labarin da
tambayar ‘yan tauri da kuma manyan makaɗa
(na su ‘yan taurin). Wato ya fara tsara waƙa-kwaikwaye
domin wannan tambaya tana tamkar hira ce ya buɗe da mutanen da ya ambata. Tambayar dai ita ce:
Na tambaya cikin ‘yan tauri
To kuma na tambaya ga manyan makaɗa
Wa anka ba doki da gangami ba ni ba
A’a doki da gangami sai
Nomau na Magarya
(YouTube,Gargajiya Tɓ Kassu Zurmi5Collections da ƙari kan Magaji, 2016:69)
A cikin wannan tambaya Kassu ya fara
sarƙa salon labari, ɗaya daga cikin sigogin waƙa-kwaikwaye, wanda shi ne ya kasance
ginshiƙin sauran
salailan da ke cikin tsarin na waƙa-kwaikwayen
da Kassu ya gina waƙarsa. Duk abin
da ya biyo bayan wannan ɗan
waƙar ƙarin bayani ne a kansa. Misali idan aka dubi salon
zayyana ga waɗannan
layuka za a ga cewa akwai dangantaka tsakaninsa da salon labari cikin waƙa-kwaikwayen da Kassu ya sarƙa:
8. Niz zo nic ce Saraki
doki nika so
Ku kau nac ce da tarbace za ku saye
Yac ce la-la-la babu ruwana
Kassu in don ni ko anini nau ba ya shiga
Nomau dai bai raga ma kowa Magarya
Sannan wani ba ya sa shi aiki ya tahi
9. Nic ce Allah kau waddan ƙarhin Nomau
Mi ƙarhinka
yad daɗa na Magarya
Tun da ba ka da komi garin ga ba ka da kowa
Ka ga dokin na baz zuwa gida ba ka yi shi ba
Baba in sata kakai yi sata ka saye
In kau ka ga ba ka sata yi hwashe
Amman na baz zuwa gida ba ni da shi
Baba kunya nika ji
Dokin na baz zuwa gida ba ka yi shi ba
In kau na isa gidan bila’i ya kasan.
Sai La’ilaha illal lahu
Daɗa
Kassu ya yi rantsuwak kahhwara
(YouTube, Gargajiya TV Kassu Zurmi5Collections da ƙari kan Magaji, 2016:70)
Cikin
waɗannan ɗiya biyu zuciyar mai saurare za ta ga
aƙalla mutane huɗu: da shi kansa Kassu Zurmi wato mawaƙin, da Saraki na Magarya, da gwarzon
mawaƙin, wato Nomau, da kuma jama’ar ƙauyen Magarya. Kassu ya tayar da batun
dokin da aka yi masa alkawalin za a saya masa. Ya yi ƙoƙarin
tuna wa maigari cewa ai su suka yi alƙawalin
cewa za su sayi dokin kuma da tarbace. Shi kuwa Saraki da Kassu ke yi masa
wannan tuni, nan take ya tashi da faɗa
yana cewa shi ba da shi za a yi wannan tarbace da Kassu ke magana a kai ba. Mamaki
sai ya kama Kassu tattare da boce wa Nomau sakamakon jin abin da Saraki ya ce
game da shi Nomau, cewa ba ya raga wa kowa nan ƙauyen. Ana dai iya ganin Kassu a gaban Nomau yana bayyana
masa takaicin da ya ji. A ƙarshe
dai sai Kassu ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba zai bar ƙauyen Magarya ba sai da dokin nan da aka yi mai alkawali.
Su kuma jama’ar ƙauyen Magarya
da ke kusa sai suka fara sallallami saboda sun ji rantsuwar kaffara da Kassu ya
yi cewa wa lau a ba shi dokin walau ko bala’in aradu ya faɗa masa.
Za
a lura cewa da salon hira da na zayyana da mawaƙin ya bijiro da su cikin waɗannan ɗiya suna jingine ga salon labari da mawaƙin ya buɗe waƙar da shi ne.
Idan
muka waiwayi rubutattun waƙoƙi kuwa waƙar Karuwa ta Malam Mu’azu Haɗeja kyakkyawan misali ne na waƙa-kwaikwaye da ya haɗa waɗannan salailai na hira da zayyana da kuma na labari. Mawaƙin ya fara amfani da salon labari inda
shi ne da kansa yake yi wa mai saurare ko karatu magana, ba tare da jiran mai
sauraren ya amsa masa ba. A taƙaice
dai Mu’azu tamkar malami ne yake yin nasiha ga ɗalibi, ji da yarda ne kurum na ɗalibin:
10. Takan riƙa farfari da ido
Tana zakwaɗi awa gado
Nufinta da kai ku zauna gado
Ta kama jikinka tai sumba
(Haɗeja, 1980:sh.28)
Lamirin kai ne mawaƙin ya yi amfani da shi don ya gina
salon labarin da ya mamaye waƙarsa.
Ta haka ne ya matso da mai sauraren waƙarsa
kusa da shi sosai. Haka kuma da wannan salon ne ya shigo da salon hira da kuma na
zayyana a sauran baitocin waƙar:
16. Kana ɗoki da ka tashi
Ka nemi kuɗi ka ɗau bashi
Ka ba ta kuɗin ƙunshi
Gida ba ka ba su kome
ba
17. Da ta yi fushi kana tuba
Kana ba za ka ƙara ba
Kana Allah shi kori gaba
Kure ne ba halina ba
18. Faɗa mini me ya dame ki
Gama ban so in same ki
Akwai huzini a fuskarki
Gama ba zan ji daɗi ba
19. Ta ce ni ba ni son gama
A sannan za ka fara tsima
Da lallashi da ban girma
Idan ba ta ba ka fuska ba
20. Haba hasken idanuna
Haba masanin asirina
Tsakanina da ke ki shina
Tutur ba za mu saɓa ba
21. Ta ce wani ne ya dame ni
Ya ce wai Wance ta fi ni
Ina zan sami bai ba ni
Kaza ba za ni samu ba
22. Gama wai duk manemana
Giri ne babu mai so na
Kullum sai yawan magana
Ba za a ji sun yi kome ba
23. Sukan daman da surutu
Da ban haushi awa in mutu
Walau murjanu yaƙutu
Ba za ka ga sun saya mini ba
(Haɗeja, 1980:sh.28)
Cikin
waɗannan baitoci amfani
da salon hira a bayyane yake tsakanin karuwa da mabiɗinta. Haka kuma zuciyar mai saurare ko
karatun baitocin take za ta nasarta ganin yadda karuwa ke amfani da muryarta da
gaɓoɓin jikinta domin ta motsa zuciyar mabiɗinta har ya kai ga yi mata abin da
take bukata. Zuciyar mai sauraren za ta hango shi yana shiga cikin damuwa
sakamakon tasirin kalamai da motsin gaɓoɓin wannan mata da yake tsananin ƙauna. Wannan shi ne zayyanar (hoton)
da kyamarar zuciyar mai sauraren baitocin Mu’azu ta ɗauka, in ma ba fiye da yadda aka faɗa ba a nan. Haka kuma duk wannan
bayani kan fito ne sakamakon fahimtar da manazarcin waƙa-kwaikwayen da Aliyah ta fito mana da
shi ne.
Kammalawa
Wannan gajerin tsokaci ya yi ƙoƙarin
nuna cewa lalle Aliyah Adamu Ahmad ta yi amfani da fagen da ta karanta, wato
Tarihin Adabi, ta gano abin da za a iya a kira waƙa-kwaikwaye, zubin waƙa wanda Hausawa suka daɗe da shi a tsawon zamani tun kafin su sadu da baƙin adubban wasu al’ummomi. Haka kuma
Aliyah ta bi sahun Shaihin Malami Ɗalhatu
Muhammad na leƙawa cikin
adabin Hausawa domin share wa Hausawa manazarta fagagen nazarin adabinsu. Share
fagen da ta yi shi ne na waƙa-kwaikwaye
wanda ta bayyana cewa yana da sigogin zubi da tsari irin na sauran waƙoƙin
Hausa da aka sani, da kuma muhimman sigogin salon hira da salon labari da salon
zayyana. A ƙarshe wannan
bincike na Aliyah manuniya ce ga matasa manazarta mata, har ma da maza cikin
manazarta matasan, da cewa har yanzu zaune ba ta ƙare ba ga zurfafa bincike cikin hikimomin da Adabin Hausa
ya ƙunsa, ba lalle sai sun gaggauta cewa
hikima kaza ta adabi aro ne Hausawa suka yi daga wani baƙon adabi ba.Shi kuma wannan tsokaci ya
nuna cewa dangane da amfani da salon labari salon yakan iya mamaye sauran
salailan hira da na zayyana da waƙa-kwaikwaye
ya ƙunsa.
Manazarta
1.
Aliyah, A. A. (2017), Rupert
Moultrie East 1898-1975: Tarihinsa da Sharhi a kan Gudummawarsa ga Adabin Hausa, Kaduna: Whales Adverts Limited.
2.
Aliyah, A. A. da Yahya, A. B. (2020), Kukan Kurciya cikin Waƙoƙin
Korona Biyu, Zaria: ABUPRESS.
3.
Aliyah, A. A.
(2021), “Waƙa-kwaikwaye:Daɗaɗɗen Adabin Hausawa na Auren Waƙa da Wasan kwaikwayo”, cikin kundin
Karramawa ga Farfesa Sa’idu Muhammada Gusau na Bayero Uniɓersity, Kano wanda ke kan hanyar
fitowa.
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Ɗangambo, A. (2007), Ɗaurayar
Gadon Feɗe Waƙa
(sabon tsari), Zaria:
Amana Publishers ltd.
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Gusau, S. M. (2013),
Wasanni Don Yara. Kano:Century Research and Publishing Company.
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Haɗeja,
M. (1980), Waƙoƙin
Mu’azu Haɗeja, Zariya: Northern Nigerian Publishing
Company (NNPC).
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Magaji, A. (2016), Kassu
Zurmi da Waƙoƙinsa. Zaria:Spectrum Books Limited.
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Muhammad, Ɗ. (1977), ‘Individual
Talent in The Hausa Poetic Tradition: A Study of Aƙilu Aliyu and His Art’,
kundin Ph,D. London.
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Muhammad, Ɗ. (1978), Waƙa Bahaushiya”, cikin Studies in Hausa Languages, Literature And
Culture I, Kano: Bayero University.
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Ɗ.
(1973), “A Vocabulary of Literary Terms In Hausa”, cikin Harsunan
Nijeriya III, Kano: Bayero University.
11. Muhammad,
Ɗ.
(1990), Hausa Metalanguage-Ƙamus Na
Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomin Hausa, Ibadan: I.U. P. Limited.
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Ɗ.
(2006), “Tsakanin Hamada da Hamdala: Waiwayen Gudunmuwar Jami’o’i ga Haɓaka Harshen Hausa”
cikin ALGAITA Journal of Current Research in Hausa Studies, Vol. 1 No. 4. Kano: Bayero University.
13.Radio-Teleɓision
Sokoto (RTƁ Sokoto).
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in FAIS JOURNAL Of HUMANITIES Vol. 3/ N0.1 (2004),
Kano: Jami’ar Bayero University,, shafi na 217 –
232. An gabatar da wannan muƙala a1986 a taron ƙara wa juna sani
wanda Hukumar Raya Wallafar Littattafai ta Nijeriya (wato Nigerian Book Deɓelopment Council, NBDC) ta gudanar a Durbar Hotel a Kaduna daga 5
zuwa 8 ga watan Mayu, 1986.
15.Yahya, A.B (1997),
Jigon Nazarin Waƙa, Kaduna: Fisbas
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(2004), “Tsattsafin Raha Cikin Waƙoƙin Alƙali Alhaji Haliru Wurno”,
maƙalar
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Guaranty Printers.
YouTubes:
https//youtub.be/38Cp7oqZ13M
YouTube, Gargajiya TV Kassu Zurmi5Collections da ƙari kan Magaji, 2016:69
[1] A shekarar da ta gabatar da wannan
muƙala ce Sashen Koyar da Harsunan
Najeriya na Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato a Sakkwato ya nemi hukumar Jami’ar da ta ba
shi damar gudanar da gasar waƙa
a kan waƙoƙin da suka ƙunshi wannan nau’in waƙa. Jami’ar ta amince da hakan kuma
an saka gasar har aka samu waƙoƙi da dama, na baka da rubutattu,
aka kuma yi alƙalanci akan
su. Sai dai kash! Har yanzu ba a samu gudanar da bukin rera waɗannan waƙoƙi ba saboda wasu dalilai.
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