Kowace Kwarya Da Abokin Burminta: Auna Wasu Wakokin Sa’idu Faru A Bahaushen Kari

Citation: Isma’il, H.A. & Alhassan J. (2024). Kowace Ƙwarya Da Abokin Burminta: Auna Wasu Waƙoƙin Sa’idu Faru A Bahaushen Kari. Four Decades of Hausa Royal Songs: Proceedings from the International Conference on the Life and Songs of Makaɗa Sa'idu Faru, 3(3), 362-367. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i03.051.

Kowace Ƙwarya Da Abokin Burminta: Auna Wasu Waƙoƙin Sa’idu Faru A Bahaushen Kari 

Daga 

Hauwa Abubakar Isma’il

Sashen Koyar da Hausa,
Federal College of Education, Kano
08037709491
hauwaabubakarismail@gmail. com 

Da

Jamilu Alhassan
Bayero University Kano
07035849121
jamilung2016@gmail.com

Tsakure

Ma’aunin Waƙa ra’i ne da ake amfani da shi wajen auna waƙoƙin Hausa, musamman na baka. Manufar wannan takarda ita ce auna wasu waƙoƙin Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru a kan Bahaushen kari na cikin Ma’aunin waƙa, domin a gano dacewarsu a kan karuruwan. An yi amfani da littattafai da kundaye da mujallu da muƙalu a matsayin hanyoyin tattaro bayanai na gudanar da wannan bincike. A ƙarshe an auna waƙoƙi guda bakwai, kuma kowacce ta hau karin da ya dace da ita, daga cikin karuruwan da aka tanadar na Bahaushen kari, da suka haɗa da: Cikakken kari da kari mai dungu ɗaya da kari mai dungu biyu da Kari mai wushirya da kari mai cassawai da kari mai giɓi gaba da kuma kari mai giɓi baya. Ana sa ran wannan bincike zai zama zakaran gwajin dafi wajen ɗaukar waƙoƙin baka a auna su, domin sanin tsayayyen karin da makaɗin ya yi amfani da shi domin ƙulla waƙar tasa.

Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi: Ma’auni da Cassawai da Wushirya da Kari da Illa da kuma sauyi

1.0              Gabatarwa

Kari ko awon baka, wani reshe ne na nazarin waƙa. Masana da suka kai gwauro suka kai mari wajen ƙoƙarin yi wa wannan fage gata, sun yi aikace-aikace da dama don ganin ya sami gindin zama daram a fagen nazari. Daga cikin waɗannan masana da suka yi wannan namijin ƙoƙari akwai: Gusau (1995) da Muhammad (1973) da Zaria (1973) da Galadanci (1975) da Sheshe (1977) da Sipikin (1978) da Sani, (1978) da Junaidu (1981) da Schuh (1988) da Zulyadaini (2003) da Dumfawa (2003) da Ɗangambo (2007) da Bello da Sheshe (2013) da Bello (2014) da Bello (2015) da Fagge (2015) da Sa’id (2016) da Tilde (2016) da kuma Dala (2018) ds. Duk da cewa an yi yunƙurin Hausantar da fannin, inda aka sami ra’o’i mabambanta, kamar: Ra’i mai nasaba da tsarin sauti (Junaidu) da kuma Ra’in Muhammad da Ɗangambo wato mai nasaba daAdabin baka, da ya ƙunshi hanyoyi daban - daban da suka jiɓanci waƙoƙin ‘yan mata da na makaɗa da mawaƙa da ma carar zakara Bello (2015:101). Sai kuma na huɗu wanda Bello (2015) ya kira ra’i Raba Gardama. Har wa yau, akwai ra’i da Dumfawa (2003) ya kira, “Ma’aunin Waƙa. ” Ma’aunin Waƙa ra’i ne da ya fi mai da hankali wajen auna waƙar baka ta Hausa, a yayin da sauran ra’o’in suka karkata wajen auna rubutacciyar waƙa. A nan ana iya cewa “kowane allazi da nasa amanu”! Masu gudanar da wannan aiki, sun zaɓi su aza nasu binciken a kan wannan ra’i, kasancewar kowane bakin wuta da nasa hayaƙi. Wannan aiki ya ƙunshi taƙaitaccen tarihin Makaɗa Sa’idu Farui da ma’anar waƙar baka da ma’anar bahaushen kari da kuma nazarin Karin wasu waƙoƙin Sa’idu Faru a kan bahaushen kari.

1. 1 Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Sa’idu Faru

An haifi makaɗa Sa’idu Faru a garin Faru cikin ƙasar Maradun, ƙaramar Hukumar Talatar Mafara a jihar Zamfara a wajejen shekara ta 1932. Ana kuma yi masa laƙabi da ‘Ɗan Umma’ wanda matar ƙanen ubansa ta sanya masa, saboda ba ya faɗin sunanta, sai dai yana kiran ta Umma. Shi ya sa ita kuma ta dinga kiran sa Ɗan umma amma wannan laƙabi bai shahara a tsakanin mutane ba, balle ya danne sunansa na yanka watau, Sa’idu. Shi kansa Sa’idu Faru yakan yi wa kansa kirari yana cewa:

 

Jagora: Ɗan Umma Rungumi,

 Ɗan Tunba Rungumi

Sunan mahaifin Sa’idu Faru shi ne makaɗa Abubakar ɗan Abdu, shi kuwa makaɗa Abdu, Alu mai Kurya ya haife shi. Ashe ke nan Sa’idu Faru shi ne ɗan Abubakar ɗan Abdu da alu mai Kurya.

Gadon Kiɗa:

Sai’idu Faru kamar sauran makaɗan Fada ya yi gadon kiɗa ta wajen mahaifinsa. Kakansa makaɗa Alu makaɗin Kurya ta kiɗin yaƙi ne wadda ake yi wa kirari da “Kurya gangar mutuwa. ”

Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru yana da fasaha da naƙaltar harshen da yake waƙa da shi, kuma ya iya zubin waƙa yadda za ta yi kyau da ma’ana. Fahimtarsa ga waƙa shi ya sa yake kiran kansa da malamin waƙa. Dangane da yawan waƙoƙin da Sa’idu Faru ya yi shi kansa ba zai iya ƙididdige yawansu ba, sai dai ya nuna cewa tun sa’ar da ya fara waƙa, bai taɓa komawa cikin wata ba, kuma bai ɗauki waƙar mahaifinsa ya sake maimaita ta ba. Sa’idu Faru yana cewa:

“Ni kam ba ni iya faɗa maka yawan waƙoƙin da na yi domin na yi waƙoƙi da yawa nawa na kaina tun ranar da na fara tawa ta kaina nike ƙagawa ban yi ta mahaifina ba. Ka san mutum yana iya ɗaukar waƙar babansa ya yi, amma ni tun ran da na tashi ban yi waƙar babana ba, tawa nike yi wadda na ƙaga da kaina kuma na yi su da yawa. Saboda haka yana da wuya in ce ga yawan waƙoƙina, sai dai wadda ka ji kawai. ”

2. 0 Ma’anar Waƙar Baka

Masana da dama sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu, dangane da ma’anar waƙar baka, kamar Gusau (1993:2 da 1995) da Ɗangambo (2007:1) da Mukhtar (2005:2) da Sarɓi (2007:1) da Abdul-Ƙadeer (2015:1) ds. Idan muka kalli bayanan da waɗannan masana suka bayar dangane da waƙa, za a ga ba su fita daga da’irar cewa, waƙa magana ce ta hikima da ake shiryawa cikin gunduwa-gunduwar layuka a rera ta da tattausar murya.

2. 1 Ma’anar Bahaushen Kari

Bello da Shehe (2013:20), sun bayyana ma’anar kari da cewa, ‘Wanzuwar ƙafafuwa masu bibiyar juna cikin tsari a baitin waƙa ko da baitin mai layi nawa ne. Kuma ƙafa ɗaya tana iya maimaita kan ta a baiti ko baitocin waƙa domin ba da karin waƙar’ Shi kuwa Bahaushen kari, kamar yadda Dunfawa (2003:20), ya yi bayaninsa, cewa ya yi, ‘Abin da ake lura da shi a wajen fitar da awon Bahaushen kari shi ne gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshe a cikin layukan kowane baiti. Domin su waɗannan gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshen kowane layi su ne sautin da kiɗan ke maimaitawa, wanda ke tafiya tare da waƙar, wanda kuma shi ke bayar da karin waƙa. Wato ke nan kiɗa shi ne abin da ake lura. da shi wajen auna Bahaushen kari ba yawan gaɓoɓin da ke cikin layin baiti tamkar na Larabci ba.

Nazarin Karin Wasu Waƙoƙin Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru

A nan an zaɓi waƙoƙin Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru guda bakwai. Waƙoƙin da aka zaɓa sun haɗa da: (i) Waƙar Tsakin Tama na Abashe da (ii) Waƙar Sarkin Sudan na Kwantagora Sa’idu da (iii) Waƙar Gwabron GiwaUban Galadima Ɗan Sambo Ginshimi da (iɓ) Waƙar Kana Shire Baban yan Ruwa Na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo da (ɓ) Waƙar Kwasan na Aluu dangalin gabas da (ɓi) Waƙar Galadiman Kano da kuma (ɓii) Waƙar Sarkin Kudu Alh. Muh’d Macciɗo.

3.1              Cikakken Kari

Shi ne wanda ake samun dogayen gaɓoɓi huɗu a ƙarshen kowane layi (ɗa, ɗango), alamcinsa na kasancewa kamar haka: (- - - -) misali:

--------/ -- -- ----

Jagora: Tooron giiwaa/baa toogeewaa,

-- -- -- ɓ -- /-- -- ɓ --

 Y/A: Ɗan Haashim ƙanen /Sarkin Kanoo,

 

ɓ --ɓ -- -- /ɓ ɓ ----

Jagora: Tsayee da kyaawoo zam/ne da kyaawoo

--ɓɓ --ɓ ɓ-- /---- ɓ --

Y/A: Aamadu Kamfaragin/ Sarkin Kanoo

-- ɓ-- ɓ--/----ɓ--

 Karsanin Galaa/diiman Kanoo,

---- ɓ -- /--------

 Kuukan karee /mai ban tsooroo

------ ɓ-- /-- --ɓ --

 Ɗan Haashim ƙanen/ Sarkin Kanoo.

 

(Waƙar Tsakin Tama na Abashe)

Idan aka duba wannan baiti na sama, za a ga baiti ne da aka gina a kan cikakken kari, sai dai a layi na biyun baitin an sami shigar sauyi[1] mai rage gajerar gaɓa. al’amarin da ya canja wa ƙafar sura, ta dawo haka (---- ɓ --) maimakon haka: (-- -- ----). Haka zalika, an samu shigar sauyi a wasu layuka na baitin. Da suka haɗa da: layi nauku da huɗu da biyar da kuma layi na bakwai kuma na ƙarshe.

3. 2 Kari Mai dungu Ɗaya:

Shi ne wanda ake samun gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshen kowane ɗango su zama kamar haka: (ɓ -- -- --), wato gaɓa ta farko ta zama gajera sauran kuwa su zama dogaye. Misali:

------ ɓ --/ ɓ-- -- --

Jagora: Har dai in yi mai /kiɗin yaaƙii,

 --ɓ--ɓ / ɓ -- -- --

Y/Amshi: Ban ganee shi /da tsooroo baa,

 -- ɓ ----/ɓ-- ----

 Tun da gaadon/ faɗaa yay yii,

 -- ɓ-- ɓ / ɓ ------

 Tankwafan na/mijin zaakii,

 ɓ -- ɓ-- ɓ / ɓ ---- --

 Sa’iidu bai ta/ɓa tsooroo baa,

ɓ --ɓɓɓ -- /ɓ ---- --

Jagora: Nagwaamatse da yai/ sarautaa tai,

-- ɓ-- -- / ɓ------

Y/Amshi: Bai yi tsaahii /da kaazaa baa,

-- ɓ --ɓ/ ---- -- --

Jagora: Sai da yan naɗee/ kullii nai,

-- ----ɓ / ɓ---- --

 Haaɓee sun ka /ji tsooroo nai,

 --ɓ-- ɓ /ɓ------

 Tankwafau na/mijin zaakii,

 ɓ --ɓ--ɓ / ɓ -- -- --

 Sa’iiduu ai ta/ɓa tsooroo baa.

 (Waƙar Sarkin Sudan na Kwantagora Sa’idu)

Idan muka duba wannan baiti na sama, za mu ga karin ya fita lafiya, sai dai a layi na takwas an samu shigar sauyin ragi, inda ya rage/shafe gajeriyar gaɓa. In ban da wannan, babu wani sauyi da ya shiga cikinsa.

3.3              Kari Mai Dungu Biyu:

Shi ne wanda ake samun gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshen kowane ɗango su zama biyu na farko gajeru ne biyu na ƙarshe dogaye, kamar haka: (ɓɓ -- --) Misali:

-- ɓ ɓ-- ---- /ɓɓ ----

Jagora: Bii da mazaa ɗan Joo/ɗi na Rwaafii,

----ɓ---- -- / ɓɓ-- --

Y/Amshi: Iiroo Magaajin Shee/hu da Belloo

 -- ɓ ---- -- ----/ ɓɓ----

Jagora: Daawayaa kooraaɗiimau/na Wakiilii

 -- ɓ ---- -- -- --/ ɓ ɓ -- --

Y/Amshi : Daawayaa kooraa ɗiimau/ na Wakiilii,

 --ɓ ---- --ɓ---- /ɓ ɓ -- --

Jagora : Daawayaa kooraa na ɗiimau/ na Wakiilii

 --ɓ ---- ------/ɓ ɓ ----

Y/Amshi : Daawayaa kooraa ɗiimau/ na Wakiilii,

 ɓ--ɓɓ ɓ -- / ɓɓ ----

Uban S/gida Bel/lo da Yaarii,

(Waƙar: Gwabron Giwa Uban Galadima Ɗan Sambo Ginshimi,)

Haka zalika, idan muka duba wannan baiti na sama, za mu ga karin ya fita lafiya babu wani sauyi da ya shiga cikinsa.

3.4              Kari Mai Wushirya:

Shi ne karin da ake samun tsarin gaɓoɓinsa huɗu na ƙarshen kowane layi su zama kamar haka, (-- ɓ ɓ --) wato ɗaya ta farko doguwa biyu na tsakiya gajeru ɗaya ta ƙarshe kuma ta zama doguwa. Misali:

 ɓ ɓ -- ɓ ɓ -- ɓɓ/-- ɓ --

Jagora: Tafiyag ga da kayyi da baa ni nan,

-- -- ɓɓ -- --/-- ɓ --

Y/Amshi: Sai nib bi Gusau sai/ niw wucee,

 -- --ɓɓ -- ɓɓ/ -- ɓ--

Sai nib bi Kwatarkwashi /niw wucee,

 ɓ ɓ-- ɓɓ----ɓ--ɓ --

 Kuma nib bi ta Tcaaheei/naa guduu,

-- --ɓ ɓ-- -- /--ɓ--

 Can naa kusa kaiwaa/Zaariyaa,

 -- ---- -------- / -- ɓ--

 Dan nan Daudaa niikoosai/ nitc tcayaa.

(Waƙar: Kana Shire Baban yan Ruwa, Na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo)

Idan muka duba wannan baiti na sama, za mu ga karinsa wato (mai wushirya), (-- ɓ ɓ --) ya koma (-- ɓ --), wannan ya nuna mana sauyin ragewa ya shiga ya shafe gajeriyar gaɓa ɗaiɗai a kowane baiti, tun daga farko har ƙarshe.

3.5 Kari Mai Cassawai:

Shi ne karin da ake samun gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshen kowane ɗango tsarinsu ya zama kamar haka: (ɓ -- ɓ --) wato ɗaya ta farko gajerata biyu doguwa ta uku gajera ta huɗu kuma doguwa. Misali:

-- -- -- -- / ɓ -- ɓ--

Jagora: Niidai faatan /da niy yimaa,

ɓ --ɓ ɓ---- /ɓ--ɓ--

 Kwasan na Aluu dan/galin gabas,

 ---- ɓ ɓ --/ -- ɓ--

Y/A: Don naaka gamaa/ laafiyaa

-- -- ɓ ɓ-- /-- ɓ--

Jagora: Don naaka gamaa/ laafiyaa

 ɓ-- ---- --ɓ -- / ɓ --ɓ--

Y/A: Na sarkin Goobir na Sam/bo ginshimii,

 -- ɓ ɓ -- / ɓ -- ɓ --

Jagora: Ban da guduu ban/ da raazanaa,

-- ------ -- /ɓ -- ɓ--

Y/A Ka san Sarkii baa/ shu waiwaya

 --ɓ --ɓ/ɓ-- ɓ--

 Koo da jan Di’/o yag gani.

(Waƙar Kwasan na Aluu dangalin gabas)

Har wa yau, wannan baiti na sama, za mu ga karin da aka aza shi a kai ya fita lafiya babu wani sauyi da ya shiga cikinsa, in ban da a layi na uku da na huɗu inda aka samu shafe gajeriyar gaɓa ta farkon karin.

3.6              Kari Mai Giɓi Gaba:

Shi ne karin da ake samun gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshen kowane layi su zama kamar haka: (- ɓ - -), wato ta farko doguwa ta biyu gajera, biyu na ƙarshe kuma su zama dogaye. Misali:

 --------ɓ / --ɓ -- --

Jagora: Naamun daajii su/naa da daamaa,

 ------/ -- ----

 Gaa Giiwaa/ gaa Zaakii,

 ------ /---- --

 Gaa Ɓaunaa /gaa Musshee

 --ɓ /-- ɓ ----

Y/Amshi: Ban ga /wanda yak kai,

 ɓ ɓ -- ɓ--/-- -- --

 Ga mu’ijjizag/ Giiwaa baa,

 --ɓ / --ɓ -- --

Ban ga /wanda yak kai,

 ɓ ɓ -- ɓ --/ -- -- --

 Ga mu’ijjizag /Giiwaa baa

(Waƙar: Galadiman Kano).

Shi ma dai wannan kari, idan muka duba da kyau za mu tarar wannan baiti na sama, ya hau kansa ya zauna daram. Amma an samu shigar sauyi a layi na biyu da na uku da na biyar da kuma na bakwai. Da sauyin ya shiga sai ya rage gajeriyar gaɓa ta biyu, a madadin haka (-- ɓ -- --) sai karin ya koma haka (-- -- --).

3.7              Kari Mai Giɓi Baya:

Shi ne karin da ake samun gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshen kowane ɗango tsarinsu ya zama kamar haka (- - ɓ -), wato biyu na farko dogaye ta uku gajera, sannan ta huɗu ta ƙarshe ta zama doguwa. Misali:

--ɓ -- --ɓ/ -- --ɓ--

Jagora: Gardayee zoo ka/ yii man isoo,

 ɓ -- ɓ ɓ--/ -- -- ɓ --

‘Y/Amshi : Faɗaa mishi mur/naa niz zakaa,

 -------- ɓ--/------

 : Ɗan Sardauna jii/kan Hassan,

- -- --ɓ ----/----ɓ --

 : Babban ɗa ga Bauraa/ Sarkin Kuduu.

 -- ɓɓ -- --ɓ-- /----ɓ --

Jagora: Mai raba kaayaa uban/ sarkin zagii,

 ------ -- ----/-- -- ɓ--

 Ƙii faasaawaa Mamman/ ɗan Aamaduu.

 

 ----ɓɓ-- ɓ/ ɓ-- ɓ--

Jagora: Shii ad da halin ga /na Buubakar,

 --ɓ -- -- ɓ -- -- /---- ɓ --

Baada dookii garai baa/ koomai ba naa.

(Waƙar: Sarkin Kudu Alh. Muh’d Macciɗo)

Daga ƙarshe, idan muka lura da wannan baiti na sama, za mu ga karin ya fita lafiya, sai dai an samu shigar sauyin ragi inda layi na uku ya koma (-- -- --) maimakon (-- -- ɓ --), shi kuma layi na bakwai ya koma (ɓ -- ɓ --) a madadin ya zama haka (-- -- ɓ --). Wannan ba zai sa a canza wa tuwo suna ba.

3.8 Kammalawa

Wannan bincike kamar yadda aka gani an nazarci waƙoƙi guda bakwai da Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru ya yi, aka ɗora su bisa Bahaushen kari wanda Dumfawa (2003) ya samar. A nazarin an gano cewa duk waƙoƙin sun hau karuruwa guda bakwai ɗin da aka samar domin su. Waƙar Tsakin Tama na Abashe ta hau Cikakken kari, a yayin da waƙar Sarkin Sudan na Kwantagora Sa’idu ta hau kari mai dungu ɗaya. Waƙar Gwabron Giwa Uban Galadima Ɗan Sambo Ginshimi ita ce ta dace da kari mai dungu biyu, a yayin da waƙar Kana Shire Baban yan Ruwa, Na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo ta hau kari mai wushirya, waƙar Kwasan na Aluu dangalin gabas, ita ce ta hau kari mai cassawai, waƙar Galadiman Kano ita ce waƙar da aka aza a kan kari mai giɓi gaba, daga karshe waƙar Sarkin Kudu Alh. Muh’d Macciɗo ta hau kari mai giɓi baya, ta zauna daram.

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[1]Sauyi a Bahaushen Kari: Shi Bahaushen kari ba kamar na Larabci yake ba, don ba a samun sauye-sauye da yawa a cikinsa. Ga abin da aka gani, sauyi iri biyu ne kawai ake samu a cikin Bahaushen Kari. Wato sauyin ragi da na rabawa. Shi sauyin ragi shi ne wanda zai shiga a cikin Bahaushen kari ya rage masa doguwa ko gajerar gava daga cikin tsarin gavovinsa. Sai kuma sauyi na biyu, wato sauyin rabawa. Shi ne wanda ke shiga tsarin kari sai ya sauya wata doguwar gava ta koma gajerun gavovi biyu. Wanda ba a samun irin wannan a Balaraben kari. 

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