A Historical Overview of National Development Planning in Nigeria 1946-1986

Cite this article: Abubakar, M. N. 2023. A Historical Overview of National Development Planning in Nigeria 1946-1986. Sokoto Journal of History Vol. 12. Pp. 60-78. www.doi.org/10.36349/sokotojh.2023.v12i01.006

     A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN NIGERIA 1946-1986

MOHAMMED NASIRU ABUBAKAR

Department of History, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
nasiruhistory@gmail.com
08055551901

Abstract: Within the period 1946-1986, Nigeria attempted to operate a centrally planned economy based on a program of economic development planning with social welfarist characteristics which was later renamed “National Development Planning” after Independence. From 1962-1986, National Development Policies were conceived and implemented based on a series of development plan documents. This paper starts with a brief survey of colonial development planning in Nigeria in general and thereafter focused on the National Development Planning programme which was operated within the period between 1946 and 1986.

Keywords: Nigeria, Colonial Development Planning, National Development Planning

Introduction

The remote antecedents of the state-facilitated process of economic and social development in Nigeria could be traced back to the establishment of basic colonial infrastructure of transport and communication, notably, roads, telegraph, sea ports and railroads, as well as other public utilities and services, up to the time when the expansion of colonial economic activities and the subsequent pressure by nationalists agitations for improved living conditions in the colonies led to the promulgation of the Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1946. Under the auspice of this Act, the Colonial Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare was implemented which continued to serve as the basic model for the post independent National Development Planning programme, which was undertaken during the period 1962 to 1985.The paper then examines the legal, statutory and constitutional basis of development planning in Nigeria and the foundation of the institutional framework within which the implementation of the development plans were carried out. The paper also provides an overview of the four national development plans in terms of sectoral financial allocations and expenditure, plan implementation strategy, as well as timeline and project execution, project performance and evaluation accordingly. The paper takes stock of some of the achievements of the development planning as well as its failures as reflected in the wide ranging criticisms of both the individual plans and the entire programme of national development planning of Nigeria.

Colonial Ten-Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria

The history of colonial Ten Year Plan of Development in Nigeria could be traced from 1944 when the then Secretary of State for the Colonies called on the governments of all British Colonies to formulate plans for the economic and social development of their territories for a period of ten years.^[1] This call by the secretary of State for colonies led to the introduction in 1946 colonial ten-year plan by the Colonial Government, under the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund. This was Nigeria’s first attempt at long-term planning. Hitherto, economic activities in the country had almost entirely been commercial and colonies were considered centres for the production of raw materials and consumption of foreign manufactured goods.^[2]

Under the “Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria” a total planned expenditure of ₤53.3 million for the period was projected from April 1^st , 1946 to March 31^st , 1956.^[3] Part of this planned expenditure, was to be met with funds provided under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act.^[4]

The formulation and implementation of the Programme were centred on the Central Development Board, set up in 1944.^[5] The Board was made up of senior colonial government officials under the chairmanship of the Development Secretary.^[6] Other members of the Board included the three Chief Commissioners in charge of the three regions that then constituted Nigeria (East, North and West), the Financial Secretary, the Commissioner for the Colony of Lagos and the Director of Public Works.^[7] An Area Development Committee was also set up for each of the three regions to advise the Central Development Board on the requirements of the regions.^[8] Advisory bodies were also established in each of the provinces and divisions in the regions to assist the Area Development Committees.^[9]

The main emphasis of the Programme was on building transport and communications infrastructure with little provision for industrial development.^[10] With respect to agriculture, attention was concentrated on a limited range of cash crops such as cocoa, palm products, cotton, groundnut and timber.^[11]

With the introduction of a federal system of government in Nigeria in 1954, the Ten -Year Plan came to what has been described as a rather premature end. The new constitutional arrangements made each of the regions autonomous, thus in 1955, each of the then regional governments and the Federal Government launched its own Five-Year Development Plan for the period 1955 to 1960. After a series of reviews, the estimated total cost of the programme was fixed at about N328 million under a federal system of government. The actual federal expenditure, during the implementation of the plan was mainly on highways, the construction of bridges and other public works such as posts and telegraphs, amounting to about N292.8 million.^[12]

In terms of economic achievements, growth estimates show that the economy grew at an average rate of 4% per annum in real terms in the decade 1950-1960.^[13] Almost all sectors of the economy developed rapidly with the overall growth depending on the performance of the agricultural sector. The Gross Domestic Product in agriculture grew by about 28% during the period while the manufacturing sector also recorded some remarkable growth. Major export products increased both in quantity and value between 1950 and 1960. ^[14]

However, the Ten-Year Plan attracted several criticisms, some of which point out that the colonial development plan could hardly be called a development plan in any serious sense. The plan was no more than a shopping list of projects which did not take into consideration the population being planned for.^[15] The programme also suffered from inadequate planning machinery and clearly defined national objectives. As a result of the move towards federalism in the country and the rising cost of the programme, the plan had to be revised in 1951. However, the revised plan which was to cover a period of five years (1951-1956), did not deviate from the earlier plan in any appreciable sense especially in terms of inter-relationship of plan projects and overall national objectives. ^[16]

Statutory Basis and Institutional Framework of Development Planning in Post Independent

Statutory Basis

Statutory basis as used here refers to the laws in the context of legal acts or constitutional provisions which provides the necessary statutory or legal backing on the basis of which economic development planning in Nigeria was implemented by the Nigerian government.^[17] But the institutional framework is understood to constitute the designated Commissions or Agencies and Institutions which were established purposely to undertake the conception and implementation of the development policies contained in the plan documents. The colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1946 may have provided the initial statutory basis for development planning in Nigeria. This was succeeded by subsequent parliamentary acts and constitutional provisions as well as other military edicts and enactments on economic development in Nigeria. It also seems by implication as Tukur^[18] suggests, that the National Development Plan Documents themselves and other associated documents, might have been regarded as some kind of statutory documents or instruments, with an intrinsic legal force which gave the plans both legitimacy and legal backing. This measure invested the development planning programme in its entirety with a statutory integrity which won for it a widespread acceptance among Nigerians.

Institutional Framework

Institutional framework refers to the various commissions or agencies as well as committees and institutions which served as planning institutions whose sole purpose was to assist in executing the development planning programme of the nation. This include the manpower that was mobilized and trained to serve as the technocratic structure to facilitate the formulation and implementation of the development policies in the development plans.^[19] Thus as a first step in the development of such institutional framework, the colonial administration created an office of Development Secretary, and in 1948, the first set of Nigerians were appointed as Development Officers to assist in supervising the execution of the plan.^[20] Similarly, the office of statistician was created in the same year. In 1950, a committee was set up to undertake an estimate of Nigeria’s national income. In 1951, another committee was appointed to design a system of revenue allocation between the central colonial administration and the group of provinces which were later to become regions under a new constitution.^[21] Subsequently, a Census Commission was appointed and a nationwide national population census was conducted in 1952. Pius Okigbo has indicated that the promulgation of a new constitution in 1954 which created regions and which coincided with the publication of the World Bank Economic Missions Report on Nigeria set the stage for a new framework of development planning for the Federal and Regional Governments.^[22]

Following the recommendation of the World Bank Mission, more development institutions were created to serve as coordinating and monitoring agencies in the implementation of the development policies, execution of projects and their monitoring and evaluation as well as the formulation of future plan objectives.^[23]

To this effect, the National Economic Council was created in 1955 with the Governor-General serving as the chief presiding officer, while the regions were represented by four ministers. The Council was to coordinate economic affairs and policies that cut across regions. The Joint Planning Committee was created to serve as the official arm of the National Economic Council. In 1958, the colonial administration created a ministry of economic development which served also as the secretariat of the National Economic Council. The permanent secretary to this ministry served as unofficial economic adviser to the prime minister. The colonial government also appointed a committee to develop a national income series known as the Okigbo series of 1950-1957.^[24] Between 1962 and 1963 another national population census was conducted.^[25] Similarly, with the assistance of Food and Agricultural Organization FAO, a census of Agricultural products was conducted^[26] and the Ashby commission on Higher Education was appointed to work out modalities for the establishment of institutions for higher education.^[27] It is said that the manpower report produced by the Ashby Commission was deemed to be the most authoritative reports on manpower produced in Nigeria. The report continued to serve as the basis for future manpower training in Nigeria.^[28] In addition to these measures, the Central Bank of Nigeria was created in 1958,^[29] in order to among other things serve as a source of financing investments and other productive activities within the national economy while acting at the same time as facilitator of economic growth in general.

By the time the Progress Report on the first two years 1962-1964^[30] of the First National Development plan was issued, several of these institutions for promoting economic development had already been established and were providing the basic institutional framework for nation building and serving as foundation for the second National Development Plan and subsequent development efforts.

One of these important development institutions was the Nigerian Industrial Development Bank the role of which was central to the industrial development aspect of the plan.^[31]Similar credit institutions included National Agricultural Credit Bank for financing the development of Agriculture. Invariably, the central planning institution in Nigeria during this period was the National Economic Council (NEC).^[32] This was a ministerial body comprising the Prime Minister as Chairman, the Regional Premiers and some Federal and Regional Ministers. The National Economic Council had the responsibility for coordinating the economic development activities of governments both at Federal and Regional levels.^[33] However, most of the work of the council was done by the Joint Planning Committee appointed by the Council. The Joint Planning Committee was a committee comprising officials from both the Federal and Regional Governments with Economic Adviser to the Federal Government as Chairman. One of the functions of the committee was to advise the National Economic Council on the formulation of Development plans and on any other matters as referred to it by the Council. It is important to note that apart from the National Economic Council and the Joint Planning Committee which functioned as the central planning organ, at the same time, both the Federal Government and the regional governments had their separate, but complementary planning organizations. The Federal Government had its planning unit whereas the regional governments had various ministries of economic planning. These organizations were responsible for the initial preparation of the plans for the respective levels of government.

Much more than a mere ‘planning unit’ of the central government, the economic planning unit of the Federal Government in Nigeria was responsible for the coordination of the Federal and Regional development planning programmes and to ensure that the two levels of government were consistent with each other as well as with that of the counterparts in the private sector components of the national development planning.

By the time of the implementation of the Second National Development Plan (1970-195) new auxiliary national planning institutions had been created.^[34] For example, the Federal Office of Statistics was developed and reorganized to implement a programme of statistical development approved by the Joint Planning Committee.

Similarly, the National Manpower Board, comprising of representative of universities, private industry and trade unions, as well as various government ministries and organizations involved in manpower development was established to advise on and coordinate manpower development policies, especially in relation to national manpower budgeting, productivity, employment and unemployment.^[35] Because of the centrality of research in development planning, a number of key research Institutes and Centres were also established to continually engage in high-quality up to date research in all areas relevant to the short-term and long-term needs and objectives of national development planning. One of such centres is the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER) located at the University of Ibadan that was reconstituted later, into a national institute for applied economic research to undertake basic studies of the economic and social development questions facing the nation.^[36] A similar institution namely, the Economic Development Institute was also established at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

The National Council for scientific and Industrial Research was also established to promote and coordinate all research activities to ensure a maximum utilization of the result of scientific research and technology in the development of Nigerian economy. This elaborate institutional framework was supported by the expansion and orientation programmes in the then five Nigerian Universities, namely University of Ibadan, University of Lagos, University of Nigeria, University of Ife and Ahmadu Bello University. As is indicated in the preceding passages “with beginning of the implementation of the Second National Development Plan (1970-1975) it could be said that the National Development Planning programme in Nigeria had properly begun.

Bureaucratic Structure and Technocrats of the National Development Planning Programme

The Bureaucratic Structure

The Bureaucratic structure was formed by the aforementioned institutions each of which with relative autonomy to form a network whose central point of convergence and operation was the Ministry of Economic Planning. Thus the various commissions, committees, institutes and agencies came to form the ‘planning’ machinery which assisted in the execution of the development planning programme of the nation. These institutions formed the base upon which the Ministry of Economic Planning played a general supervisory role over the work of the various institutions in conjunction with the Federal Ministry of Finance and its budget and planning units as well as the Central Bank of Nigeria and some other commercial banks.

The Technocrats

Some of the names that became intimately associated with Nigeria’s National Development Planning programme include Professor Adebayo Adedeji who served then as Minister of National Planning and Reconstruction; Chief Gilbert Obiajulu, a Director in the Ministry of Statistics who headed the then newly created Central Planning Office established by the Federal Military Government headed by General Yakubu Gowon. Other members of the Central Planning Office (CPO) included Mr Oluyemi Falai who later became SGF (1984-1993), Mr John Oyegun, who later became Governor of Edo State (1991-1993) Dr Chukwu Emeka Eziefe who later became Governor of Anambra State (1991-1993). Other members of the Planning Office included Dr. S.O. Omobomi, Mr Joseph Oyewole Okuntulire, Mr. Boye Ilori, Mr. Peter Aliu, Mr. Funso Adetiba, Chief Ayo C. Olumese, Mr. G.C. Ndagoba, Mr. A. Ajijo, Chief Femi Akande, Remi Oluwude, Chief J.B. Ilori Otumbe, Gbenga Tiamiu, Chief John D. Edozien, Chief Ime Ebong and Chief N. Okubadejo respectively.

Earlier Dr. P.N.C. Okigbo was appointed to compute the National Account estimate for the period 1950-1957 and since then he had continued to play significant advisory roles in the general policy making and planning implementation strategy. As can be seen in the passages that follow, within the tenure of these men, spanning the periods of the First, Second and Third National Development Plans many projects were commenced and completed and reasonable progress was made towards implementing new ones.

Some of the projects undertaken during the timelines of the First, Second and Third Developments Plans included the cement production factories at Calabar, Ukpilla, Nkalagu, Shagamu, Yandev and Ashaka. Others were the automobile assembly plants at Ibadan (Volkswagen) and Kaduna (Peugeot), the pulp and paper industries at Jebba, Calabar and Iwopin.^[37] Three refineries petrochemical at Warri, Port Harcourt and Kaduna, two iron and steel industries at Ajaokuta and Aladja; and three steel rolling mills at Katsina, Jos and Oshogbo were also completed during the perid. Similar progress was also recorded in the transport sector where over ten thousand (10,000) kilometers of roads were constructed or rehabilitated including highways such as Lagos-Ibadan, Lagos-Badagry, Enugu-Port Harcourt and Benin-Shagamu.^[38] In the Aviation industry, new Airports were built in most of the state capitals including the Lagos International Airport. Similarly, Seaports were developed and expanded in Lagos, Warri, Calabar and Port-Harcourt.^[39]

Outlines of the Four National Development Plans

The First National Development Plan (1962-68)

The First National Development Plan was launched in June 1962^[40]and was to be implemented within a period of six years. A capital expenditure of N2,132 million^[41] naira was proposed for the implementation of the plan and the execution of its projects, part of the total expenditure of public sector investment in the plan amounted to N1.352.3 million,^[42] whereas N780 million^[43] was assigned to private sector as shown in Table one.

It is worthy of note that sectoral financial allocations in the public sector investment shows Transport, Electricity, Primary Production, Trade and Industry as well as Education to be the dominant sectors that attracted the largest percentage of financial allocation and or Investment.^[44] Thus out of the total capital expenditure of N1, 352.3 invested by the Public Sector, about 13.6% was allocated to primary production and 13.6 percent to Trade and Industry.^[45] Electricity Transport and Education were allocated 15.1, 21.3 and 10.3 percent respectively.^[46] The Plan proposed an economic growth rate of 4% per annum, a saving ratio of 15 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), at an increase of 1.0 percent per annum in per capita expenditure.^[47] By the end of the plan period, (1968), many capital projects in were completed or were in advanced stage of execution. These included projects in various sectors such as Transport and Communications, Manufacturing, including some major trunk roads, such as Lagos-, Ibadan Ports, and nationwide telephone installations. Among manufacturing industries, there were the Jebba Paper Mill, the Bacita Sugar Mill and many other such projects,^[48]

Table1: Total Planned and Actual Capital Expenditure 1962-68 (Public Sector)

Sector	Planned Expenditure (N million)	% of Total Planned Expenditure	Actual Expenditure (N million)	% of Total Actual Expenditure
I. Economic 1. Primary Production 2. Trade and Industry 3. Electricity 4. Transport 5. Communications 6. Water (excluding Irrigation)	963.6	71.3	675.3	62.9
	183.5	13.6	105.0	9.8
	180.5	13.6.	95.1	8.9
	203.5	15.1	161.4	15.0
	287.6	21.3	242.2	22.6
	60.0	4.4	22.1	2.0
	48.5	3.6	49.5	4.6
II. Social Overhead	282.8	20.9	162.3	15.2
7. Education	139.5	10.3	91.3	8.5
8. Health	34.2	2.5	14.9	1.4
9. Town and Country Planning	84.5	6.3	39.3	3.7
10. Co-operative & Social Welfare	17.3	1.3	7.4	0.7
11. Information	7.3	0.5	9.4	0.9
III. General Administration	98.6	7.2	209.6	19.5
12. Judicial	1.9	0.1	2.5	0.2
13. General	96.7	7.1	207.1	19.3
IV. Financial Obligations
14. Financial Obligations	7.8	0.6	25.8	2.4
Total	1,352.3	100.0	1,073.4	100.0

Source: First National Development Plan 1962-68

The Second National Development Plan (1970-74)

The Second National Development Plan 1970-74 was launched shortly at the end of the civil war as a means of reconstructing the facilities damaged during the war as well as promoting economic and social development in general throughout the nation.^[49] The Plan aimed at a capital expenditure programme of N3.192 billion^[50] during the four years. The amount was distributed between the public and private sectors. Although the nominal public investment programme was N2.100 billion,^[51] the effective size of the programme was N1.560 billion^[52] while the private sector was expected to make an investment of N1.632 billion.^[53] The implementation of this capital programme was expected to result in the rise in the gross output of the economy, from a level of N3.028 billion in 1969-70 to N3.987 billion in 1973-74, in real terms.^[54] The average growth rate expected throughout the Plan period was about 7 per cent per annum.

The Second National Development Plan focused on the post-civil war reconstruction programme. The experiences and lessons of the war influenced the philosophical basis of the formulation of the plan. The Second National Development Plan is the embodiment of the National Philosophy of the entire National Development Planning programme of Nigeria. The philosophy is spelt out in the objectives of the Second Development Plan which have been widely publicized.

The overall aims and objectives of the Second National Development Plan were to establish Nigeria firmly as:

i)          a united, strong and self-reliant nation

ii)         a great and dynamic economy

iii)        a just and egalitarian society

iv)        a land of bright and full of opportunities for all citizens

v)         a free and democratic society^[55]

In terms of both projects and expenditure, the plan was bigger in size and more diversified. It is also rated to be the first truly national plan in the strictest sense of the word. This Plan differed from its predecessors in several distinct ways. Besides being much bigger in size and more diversified in its project composition, it was in fact the first truly national and fully integrated Plan which viewed the economy as an organic unit; the twelve states were fully integrated both policy wise as well as in operational sense into the national development plan. According to Ayo, the Second Plan was formulated wholly by Nigerians.^[56]

Under this Plan, a total capital expenditure programme of about N4.9 billion was to be undertaken. Out of this, the proposed public sector investment was about N3.3 billion while the private sector was expected to make an investment of N1.6 billion. In terms of clear targets, it was expected that the above investment would result in an increase in the gross output of the economy from a level of N3.028 billion in 1969/70 to N3.987 billion by the end of the Plan period. Emphasis was placed on the reconstruction of infrastructural facilities which were destroyed during the war. Accordingly, sectors such as Transport, Social Services, Defence, General Administration and Agriculture featured prominently in the Plan. For instance, Transport received about 23.1%^[57] of the total actual public capital expenditure as shown in Table 2 that provides details on planned and actual public capital expenditure. At the end of the Plan period, sectors such as Transport and Communications; and Mining and Quarrying justified their increased prominence in the Plan by their tremendous contributions to the GDP, while Agriculture in spite of the priority given to it in the Plan, recorded a negative growth rate of about 0.06%.^[58] On the whole, although the economy was expected to grow at an average rate of 6.3% per annum^[59] in the Plan period, actual estimates show that the gross domestic product rose from N9.442 billion^[60] in 1970/71 to N14.410 billion^[61] in 1974/75, indicating an average growth rate of about 11% per annum.^[62]

 

 

 

Table 2: Planned and Actual Public Capital Expenditure 1970-74

Sector	Planned Expenditure (N million)	% of Total Planned Expenditure	Actual Expenditure (N million)	% of Total Actual Expenditure
I. Economic	1,779.1	53.1	1,099.1	49.0
1. Agriculture	268.0	8.0	173.2	7.7
2. Livestock, Forestry & Fishery	63.7	1.9	45.4	2.0
3. Mining	36.7	1.1	20.9	0.9
4. Industry	192.4	5.7	88.5	4.0
5. Commerce and Finance	45.3	1.4	56.3	2.5
6. Fuel and Power	108.6	3.2	113.0	5.0
7. Transport	901.8	26.9	516.8	23.1
8. Communications	129.2	3.9	54.2	2.4
9. Resettlement & Rehabilitation	33.4	1.0	30.8	1.4
II. Social	889.6	26.5	616.2	27.6
10. Education	400.0	11.9	254.6	11.4
11. Health	152.6	4.6	112.0	5.0
12.Labour & Social Welfare	41.4	1.2	28.3	1.3
13.Information	86.8	2.6	41.6	1.9
14. Town & Country Planning	64.0	1.9	49.8	2.2
15. Water & Sewage	144.8	4.3	129.9	5.8
III. Administration	607.9	18.1	476.4	21.3
16. General Administration	261.7	7.8	476.4	10.9
17. Defence & Security	346.2	10.3	231.7	10.4
IV. Financial Obligations
14. Financial Obligations	73.6	2.2	46.0	2.1
Total	3,350.2	100.0	2,237.7	100.0

Source: Second National Development Plan 1970-74

The Third National Development Plan (1975-80)

The second National Development Plan made the primary goal of economic planning in Nigeria quite clear: the achievement of rapid increase in the nation’s productive capacity with a view to improving the standard of living of the people.^[63] The Plans so far drawn up by successive administrations since the achievement of independence tried to address themselves to this goal. But the one which made the most impact was the Third National Development Plan. Launched in 1975,^[64] the plan was billed to be completed in December, 1980. In terms of size and scope, the plan was bigger than any before it. While the first and Second Plans envisaged capital expenditures of N2.2 billion and N3.2 billion^[65] respectively, the original expenditure of the Third Plan was N30 billion.^[66] The public sector share which was initially N20 billion^[67] was later revised to N43.3 billion.^[68]

The Third National Development Plan 1975-80 represented a watershed in the process of Economic Development Planning in Nigeria.^[69] Apart from its huge initial investment of about N30 billion^[70] (later revised to N43.3 billion^[71]) which was ten times the size of the Second National Development Plan and nearly fifteen times that of the First Plan, its preparation involved extensive consultations with the private sector of the economy through the National Economic Advisory Council created since 1972. The Council which was chaired by the Federal Commissioner responsible for economic planning consisted of a number of government officials and representatives of private organizations and Trade Unions, Chambers of Commerce, Manufacturers’ Associations, Agricultural Associations and the professionals.

            The five cardinal objectives of the Third National Development Plan were^[72]

i)          increase in per capita income;

ii)         more even distribution of income;

iii)        reduction in the level of unemployment;

iv)        increase in the supply of high level manpower;

v)         diversification of the economy;

vi)        balanced development; and

vii)       indigenization of economic activities.

The Third Plan was also an improvement over the Second Plan in terms of definition of objectives. The overall strategy of the Plan was to utilize the resources from oil to develop the productive capacity of the economy and thus permanently improve the standard of living of the people.

The huge size of the Plan was as a result of the optimism generated by the unusually favourable financial circumstances under which the Country was operating on the eve of the Plan. There had been sharp increases in both the price of crude oil as well as its level of production. By March, 1975, the country’s oil production was at a record of 2.3 million^[73] barrels a day while the price stood at $14.69 per barrel^[74] having risen from $3.56 in 1973.^[75] Nigeria’s oil production was projected to reach 3.0 million^[76] barrels a day by the end of the Plan period. This was however not realized due to the prevailing world economic depression which resulted in production and price decline to the extent that the estimated value of oil exports in the first year of the Plan in 1975/76 fell by about N1.0 billion^[77]. Apart from this, barely two months after the launching of the Plan, a number of other problems which were not much in evidence at the time of the Plan preparation emerged to pose a serious threat to the successful implementation of the Plan. These included the effects of the growing congestion at the Nigerian sea ports and rising inflation which did not only distort Plan priorities but also eroded the living standards of people all over the country. With the change of government in July 1975, a reappraisal of some of the national objectives of Development Planning in Nigeria was undertaken.

Consequently, the Third Plan was reviewed with more emphasis placed on those projects which had direct effects on the living standard of the common man. Sectors such as Agriculture, Health, Housing and Water Supply were therefore given more priority. For instance, the target number of hospital beds proposed earlier in the Plan was raised from 87,000 to 120,000.^[78] The target number of housing units was also raised to 200,000^[79] as against 60,000^[80] units in the earlier Plan. Other sectors that featured prominently in the revised Plan included Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing and Craft, Power and Transport. This priority was however dampened by the shortfall in projected revenue.

In spite of the shortfall in projected revenue, estimates show that the GDP at 1977/78 factor cost grew from a level of N27.4 billion in 1975/76 to N35.2 billion^[81] in 1979/80. This represents an average growth rate of 6.5% per annum as compared with the target growth rate of about 9.5% per annum.^[82] The fastest growing sector during the Plan period was Building and Construction which recorded an average rate of growth of 17.1% in 1977/78 factor cost.^[83] The Building and Construction Sector was followed by other services with 10.7%,^[84]Mining and Quarrying with 9.6%, Manufacturing 8.3%,^[85] Utilities 7.2%^[86] and Transport 4.7%.^[87] Agriculture however recorded a negative growth rate of 0.1%^[88] in spite of the pride of place accorded the sector in the Plan.

Table 3: Planned and Actual Public Capital Expenditure 1975-80

Sector	Planned Expenditure (N million)	% of Total Planned Expenditure	Actual Expenditure (N million)	% of Total Actual Expenditure
I. Economic	26,651.2	61.5	17,187.4	58.4
1. Agriculture	1,681.3	3.9	975.6	3.3
2. Irrigation	639.0	1.5	828.2	2.8
3. Livestock	486.8	1.1	183.1	0.6
4. Forestry	135.6	0.3	85.8	0.3
5. Fishery	100.0	0.2	34.4	0.1
6. Mining and Quarrying	2,645.9	6.1	1,470.0	5.0
7. Manufacturing and Craft	5,485.9	12.7	2,569.7	8.7
8. Commerce and Finance	776.0	1.8	518.9	1.8
9. Co-operative and Supply	208.7	0.5	207.1	0.7
10. Power	1,285.3	3.0	1,721.4	5.9
11. Transport	9,677.5	22.3	6,814.1	23.2
12. Communication	3,529.2	8.1	1,779.1	6.0
II. Social Services	5,011.8	11.6	4,048.0	13.8
13. Education	3,222.1	7.4	2,994.5	10.2
14. Health	1,172.9	2.7	602.9	2.1
15.Information	387.2	0.9	337.4	1.1
16.Labour	27.4	0.1	1.3	0.0
17.Social Development, Youth & Sports	202.2	0.5	111.9	0.4
III. Regional Development	6,034	13.9	3,114.4	10.6
18. Water Supply	1,549.0	3.6	871.0	2.9
19. Sewerage, Drainage & Refuse Disposal	462.3	1.0	84.0	0.3
20. Housing	2,256.4	5.2	1,200.2	4.1
21. Town and Country Planning	1,589.3	3.7	766.5	0.7
22. Community Development	177.0	0.4	192.7	0.7
IV. Administration	5,616.5	13.0	5,084.1	17.3
23. Defence and Security	4,350.2	10.0	2,852.4	9.7
24. General Administration	1,266.3	3.0	2,231.7	7.6
Total	43,313.5	100.0	29,433.9	100.0

Source: Third National Development Plan 1975-80

The Fourth National Development Plan 1981-85)

The Fourth National Development Plan was launched in 1981 to cover the period 1981-85. It was intended to further the process of establishing a solid foundation for the long-term economic and social development of Nigeria. Emphasis was consequently placed on key sectors such as Agriculture, particularly food production; Manufacturing, Education and Manpower Development and Infrastructural Facilities.^[89]Further areas of priority included Social Services particularly, Housing, Health and Water Supply, with a view to improving the quality of life in both the rural and urban areas.^[90]

            The Fourth Plan contained several distinguishing features. To begin with, it was the first Plan to be formulated by a democratically elected government under a new constitution based on the Presidential system of government. Secondly, with a projected capital expenditure of about N82 billion^[91], the Plan was considerably bigger than all its predecessors. Thirdly, it was the first Plan in which the local governments participated in their own right following their constitutional position as a distinct level of government with specific responsibilities. They participated in preparing the Plan and had their own separate programmes under the Plan. The specific objectives set for the Fourth Plan period were as follows:

i)          increase in the real income of the average citizen;

ii)         more even distribution of income among individuals and socio-economic groups;

iii)        reduction in the level of unemployment and under-employment;

iv)        increase in the supply of skilled manpower;

v)         reduction of the dependence of the economy on a narrow range of activities;

vi)        balanced development – that is, the achievement of a balance in the development of the different sectors of the economy and the various geographical areas of the country;

vii)       increased participation by citizens in the ownership and management of productive enterprises;

viii)      greater self-reliance – that is, increased dependence on local resources in seeking to achieve the various objectives of society. This also implied greater efforts to achieve optimum utilization of Nigeria’s human and material resources;

ix)        development of technology;

x)         increased productivity; and

xi)        the promotion of a new national orientation conducive to greater discipline, better attitude to work and cleaner environment.^[92]

The capital investment target of N82.2 billion of the Plan was expected to generate a real growth rate of about 7.2% per annum.^[93]This capital expenditure programme was shared between the public and private sectors of the economy with public sector investment put at N70.5 billion^[94] while the balance of N11.7 billion^[95] was to be taken up by the private sector. Table 4 shows the public sector capital investment allocations in the various sectors of the economy during the Plan period. It is clear from the table that about 67.9% of the total planned public sector capital expenditure was allocated to the economic sector with Transport, Agriculture and Manufacturing receiving 16.1%, 12.7%^[96] and 15.1%^[97] respectively. The social sector was allocated 11.3%^[98], Education and Health were allocated 7.2%^[99] and 2.8%, respectively.^[100] The Plan was based on a projected oil production of over 2 million barrels per day and a selling price of over $40 per barrel during the Plan period.

No sooner was the Plan launched in 1981 the world oil market weakened. By 1983, the level of Nigeria’s oil production had dropped substantially from 2.1 million barrels per day in 1981 to less than one million barrels per day in February 1983 while the selling price also fell from about $40 to $30 per barrel during the plan period.

The Plan therefore had to be reviewed in 1984 in view of the sharp decline in the resources available for its implementation. The review exercise centered on a shift of resources from non-directly productive sectors such as Trade, Construction and Social Services, to the directly productive sectors of Agriculture and Industry with emphasis on the maintenance of the existing utilities and infrastructural facilities. This was done in the context of what could be achieved within the remaining two years of the Plan. It was projected that the production of crude oil for the two years would stabilize around 1.3 million barrels per day with a selling price of $30.0 per barrel.^[101] This was expected to yield petroleum revenue of about N7,794 million and N7,776 million in 1984 and 1985 respectively.^[102] This conservative estimate against an increased oil production quota of 1.45 million barrels per day^[103] was taken in view of the volatile nature of the international oil market.

Under the revised Plan, the manufacturing sector received a lion’s share of the government’s resources with an allocation of about N843.90 million^[104] and N8612.9 million^[105] in 1984 and 1985 respectively. These figures represented about 21.1% and 22.8%^[106] of the anticipated total expenditures of N4.0 billion and N3.8 billion in 1984 and 1985 respectively.^[107] In view of the importance attached to the execution of the Liquefied Natural Gas project, the Mining and Quarrying Sector gained an increased prominence with the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation’s projects alone receiving an allocation of about N453.6 million and N443.3 million^[108] which were 11.3% and 11.7%^[109] of the projected total expenditures for the remaining two years respectively. Agriculture (including Livestock, Forestry, Fisheries, Rural Development and Water Resources) received about 15.5% and 14.5%^[110] of the anticipated total expenditures in 1984 and 1985 respectively. This priority was in line with the Government’s declared policy of stimulating the agricultural sector for the production of food and raw materials. Table 4 shows the sectoral distribution of total anticipated capital expenditures in the revised Fourth Plan. Other sectors that featured prominently in the reviewed Plan included Transport 9.9%; Power 8.7%; and Defence and Security 8.7% in 1984 and 13.6%, 4.6% and 9.2% in 1985 respectively.^[111]

In broad aggregates, the Economic Sector received about 72.8% in 1984 and 73.8% of the anticipated total expenditure in the 1985^[112] while the Social Sector received 5.3% and 6.0% of the projected total expenditure in the corresponding period.^[113] The rationale was to provide a strong base for the economy.

The performance of the economy during the Fourth Plan period was however generally poor. The Plan which was prepared at a time when the prospects for oil markets were highly favourable and which envisaged an ambitious investment programme raised the hopes of the populace especially in the Social Sector with massive governmental intervention in subsidized housing, free education and health services. Various projects which had been slated for execution during the Plan period were in most cases underfunded as a result of the financial crisis resulting from the sudden slump in oil markets on which developments in the other sectors of the economy had predicated. Available estimates show that the economy with a base of N30.0 billion gross domestic products at 1977/78 factor cost in 1980 and which had been expected to grow at about 7.2% per annum during the Plan period declined to about N26.9 billion in 1984^[114] representing a decline in growth rate of about 3.0% per annum.^[115] Major sectors such as Agriculture (including Livestock, Forestry and Fishery), Mining (including Crude Petroleum), Manufacturing and Construction recorded 1.1, -9.3, 0.5 and -7.6 per cent per annum respectively^[116] as against target growth rates of 4%, 2%, 15% and 5% per annum.^[117]

Table 4: Summary of Public Sector Expenditure of the Fourth National Development Plan (1981-1985)

Sector	Planned Expenditure (N million)	% of Total Planned Expenditure	Actual Expenditure (N million)	% of Total Actual Expenditure
Economic
1. Agriculture (Crops)	2,962.7	7.0	925.5	5.3
2. Rural Development			279.0	1.6
3. Water Resources	2,000.0	4.7	1,712.0	9.9
4. Livestock	252.8	0.6	1,712.0	9.9
5. Forestry	97.2	0.2	50.2	0.3
6. Fishery	87.3	0.2	46.0	0.3
7. Mining and Quarrying Petroleum & Energy	5,409.0 12.8		1,498.4 8.6
8. Manufacturing and Craft	6,368.0	15.1	2,322.1	13.4
9. Commerce and Finance	286.5	0.7	38.2	0.2
10. Co-operative and Supply	32.5	0.1	11.2	0.1
11. Power	2,400.0	5.7	357.0	14.5
12. Transport	6,790.5	16.1	2,507.3	14.5
13. Communications	2,000.0	4.7	716.8	4.1
Sub-Total	28,686.5	67.9	10,598.7	60.9
Social Services
14. Education (including N.U.C)  Science and Technology
	3,050.0	7.2	1,483.9	8.6
15. Health	1,200.0	2.8	432.9	2.5
16. Information	300.0	0.7	169.3	1.0
17. Labour	74.5	0.2	13.6	0.1
18. Social Development, Youth & Sports	150.0	0.4	43.3	0.3
Sub-Total	4,774.5	11.3	2,143.0	12.5
Environmental Development
19. Water Supply	-	-	-	-
20. Sewerage, Drainage & Refuse Disposal	-	-	-	-
21. Housing and Environment	1,619.0	3.8	800.0	4.6
22. Town and Country Planning	2,648.0	6.3	69.1	0.4
23. Community Development	-	-	-	-
Sub-Total	4,265.0	10.1	869.1	5.0
Administration
24. Defence and Security	3,940.0	9.3	2,026.4	11.7
25. General Administration	534.0	1.3	602.7	3.5
26. Federal Capital Territory	-	-	1,094.5	6.3
Sub-Total	4,474.0	10.6	3,723.6	21.5
Grand Total	42,200.0	100.0	17,334.4	100.0

Source: Federal Republic of Nigeria, Fourth National Development Plan, Federal Ministry of National Planning Lagos.

 

 

An Assessment and Critique of the Nigerian Development Plans

The Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare was pegged at a total planned expenditure of N110.0 million covering the period 1946-1956. The process of formulation and implementation of the plan up to 1954 was highly centralized. This was because the plan was prepared under the direction of a small central Development Board consisting exclusively of senior colonial government officials. N46 million out of this planned expenditure was to be sourced from funds designated under the colonial development and welfare act. The focus of the colonial development plan was on the establishment of infrastructure of transport and communication needed to aid primary commodity production. In terms of achievement, economic growth estimates indicate that the economy grew at an average of 4% per annum in real terms.

The first national development plan covered the period 1962-1968 and involved a capital expenditure of N2.2 billion. The second plan 1970-74 was inaugurated in 1970 and lasted up to 1975. The plan involved a capital expenditure of N3 billion. The third national development plan 1975-1980 involved a capital expenditure of N30 billion. The fourth National Development plan involved a total capital expenditure of N82 billion and conceived to cover the period 1981-1985.

Both the colonial development plans and the post independent national development plans recorded relative achievements as well as some failures. For example, during the period of the implementation of the Colonial Development Plan up to 1960 economic growth estimates show that the economy grew at an average of 4% per annum in real terms as indicated earlier. Almost all sectors of the economy developed rapidly spurred by the performance of the export-driven agricultural sector. About N292.8 million was expended on highways and bridges, post and telegraphs and other public works. Despite these relative achievements, the colonial plan was criticized for a number of deficiencies: The Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare, despite the name was not a development plan in the proper sense of the word, being according to its critics a mere ‘list of projects’ whose preparation did not take into consideration the needs of the Nigerian people whom the plan ought to serve. The plan also suffered from the inadequacy of required national statistics and data and the absence of clearly defined national objectives.

Under the First National Development Plan (1962-68) the performance of the economy was impressive. The period recorded more rapid growth in the sectors of mining and industry. Similarly, many major projects of the plan were successfully completed, which included the Port-Harcourt Oil Refinery, the Nigerian Security and Minting Plan, the Jebba Paper Mill the Bacita Sugar as well as the ‘Kanji Dam.

Some of the criticisms against the plan include failure to achieve the plan target and the dependence of the plan on foreign sourcing for 50% of its total capital expenditure. Similar and other criticisms were made against the second, third and fourth national development plans.

Conclusion

The paper conducted a survey of the major historical developments that led to the initiation of Economic Development Planning Programme in Nigeria from the colonial to independent periods and how it transformed into National Development Planning. The paper also presented an outline of the four National Development Plans and their contents. This was done by way of uniting the four plans through a single framework which provided an overview of the plans and their features in terms of capital expenditure allocation according to various sectors of the economy as well as in terms of projects execution. There are also some highlights on some of the notable criticisms made against the plans. The chief criticism being against the theoretical basis of the development planning programme of the country which according to the critics was rooted in the Neo-classical free market ideological traditions. This deficiency accounts for the ultimate abandonment of Nigeria’s national development planning programme in the mid-1980s.

Bibliography

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_____‘Industrial Location and Development Policy. The Nigerian Case’ Nigerian Journal of Economics and social Studies vol. 10, No. 3 November 1968

_____‘Problems in Plan Revision, Nigeria Journal of Economics and Social Studies VOl. 7, No. 2 July 1965

_____ Foundations of an African Economy: A Study of Investment and Growth in Nigeria New York: Frederick A. Praeger 1966.

Adedeji A. “Federalism and Development Planning in Nigeria” in Reconstruction and Development in Nigeria Oxford University Press Ibadan 1971.

Agida A.A. and Onitiri H.M.A., (eds), Reconstruction and Development in Nigeria. Oxford University Press Ibadan 1972.

Akinjogbin L.A. and Osoba S.O., (Eds.), Topics on Nigerian Economic and Social History. Ife History Series 1980.

Alan M. The Economic Revolution in British West Africa. London 1926

Alkasum, A., The Nigerian Economic Crisis Causes and Solutions, Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1985.

Ayida, A.A. ‘Contractor Finance and Supply Credit in Economic Growth’, Nigerian Journal of Economics and Social Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 July 1965

Baldwin, K.D.S., The Niger Agricultural Projects: An Experiment in African Development. Oxford Basil Blackwell, 1957

Bauer, P.T., West African Trade: A Study of Competition, Oligopoly and Monopoly in a Changing Economy, London Routledge and Kegan Paul 1963.

Bauman H., Connoly C. and Whitney J., ‘A Situation Report on Agricultural Credit in Nigeria’ (E. Lansing: Consortium for the Study of Nigerian Rural Development. No. 3, June 1966

Brinkman, G.L., Reconciling Proposed Investment in Agriculture Education Infrastructure and Production in Nigeria 1968-1985 (E. Lausing, Consortium for the Study of Nigerian Rural Development (No. 32), June 1969.

Carl K.E and Carl L. (Eds), Growth and Development of the Nigerian Economy Michigan State University Press, 1970.

Chenery, H.B., ‘Comparative Advantage and Development Policy’ American Economic Review, vol. 51, 1 March 1961

Clark, P.B., ‘Economic Planning for a Country in Transition: Nigeria’, in Everett E. Hagen (Ed) Planning Economic Development, (Homewood, III: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. 1963).

_____ ‘Factors Impeding the Implementation of Nigeria’s Six-Year Plan’ Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies vol. 8, No. 1 March 1966

Dean, E.R., Plan Implementation in Nigeria: An Analysis of the 1962-66 Experience

Debb, M.H., An Essay on Economic Growth and Planning, Routledge and Kegan Paul. London 1960

Edozien, E.C., ‘Linkages Direct Foreign Investment and Nigeria’s Economic Development’, Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 10, No.1 July 1968

Ekundare, R.O., An Economic History of Nigeria 1860-1960, London Methuen 1973

Helleines, G.K; Peasant Agriculture Government and Economic Growth in Nigeria Homewood Irwin 1976

Langly K.M., ‘The External Resource Factor in Nigerian Economic Development’ Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 10, no 2, July 1968

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_____Development Planning: The Essentials of Economic Policy, Allen and Unwin London 1966

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Federal Ministry of Economic Development, First National Development Plan 1962-68 Government Printer Lagos 1962

Federal Ministry of Economic Development, Second National Development Plan 1970-74 Federal Ministry of Information Lagos 1970

Federal Ministry of Economic Development, Third National Development Plan 1980-83 Government Printer Lagos 1970

Federal Ministry of National Planning, Fourth National Development Plan 1981-85, National Planning Office Lagos 1981

Federal Republic of Nigeria, Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan 1981-1985. Federal Ministry of National Planning Lagos 1981

Federal Republic of Nigeria, Guidelines for the Third National Development Plan 1975-1980. Federal Ministry of Economic Development and Reconstruction Lagos 1975.

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_____ National Development Plan 1970-74, Progress Report

Federal Ministry of Economic Development Lagos

_____ National Development Plan 1975-80 Progress Report

 

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[1] A Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria, 1946, (Sessional paper no. 24 of 1945), (Lagos: Government Printer 1946); Federal Republic of Nigeria Second National Development Plan Federal Ministry of Information Lagos 1970 pp6-7

[2]P.T. Bauer, West African Trade Routledge and Kegan Paul London 1963 pp. 195-201

See also J.C., Wells, Agricultural Policy and Economic Growth in Nigeria 1962-1968 Oxford University Press, Ibadan 1977 pp.11-13

[3] Nigerian Secretariat, A Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria 1946

See also E.J. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press, Ibadan 1988 pp1-2

[4] Nigerian Secretariat, A Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria 1946

[5] Nigerian Secretariat, A Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria 1946

[6] Nigerian Secretariat, A Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria 1946

[7] Nigerian Secretariat, A Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria 1946

[8] Nigerian Secretariat, A Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria 1946

[9]Federal Republic of Nigeria Second National Development Plan Federal Ministry of Information Lagos 1970.

[10] Nigerian Secretariat, A Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria 1946

[11] Nigerian Secretariat, A Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria 1946

[12]J.E. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press Ibadan 1988 pp.21-22

[13]Federal Republic of Nigeria Second National Development Plan Federal Ministry of Information Lagos 1970

[14]Federal Republic of Nigeria Second National Development Plan Federal Ministry of Information Lagos 1970

[15] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning’ in Nigeria since 1960 Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[16] E.J. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press, Ibadan 1988 p2

[17]Ibrahim Abdulsalami, ‘Development Administration as an approach to Nation Building in Nigeria’. Inaugural Lecture Series No. 9 Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria 1998 pp. 9-13

[18] M.M. Tukur, Leadership and Governance in Nigeria Hodder and Stoughton London 1999 p.424

[19]Federal Republic of Nigeria National Development Plan Progress Report 1964

[20] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning’ in Nigeria since 1960 Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[21]Second National Development Plan op.cit p.6                                                              

[22] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning in Nigeria since 1960 ‘Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[23] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning in Nigeria since 1960 ‘Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[24] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning in Nigeria since 1960 ‘Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[25] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning in Nigeria since 1960 ‘Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[26] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning in Nigeria since 1960 ‘Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[27] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning in Nigeria since 1960 ‘Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[28] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning in Nigeria since 1960 ‘Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[29] P.N.C. Okigbo, ‘Economic Planning in Nigeria since 1960 ‘Paper presented at the National Conference on Nigeria since Independence held at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, March 28^th – 31^st 1983 pp4-5

[30]Progress Report1964 op.cit

[31]Progress Report1964pp 22-23

[32]Progress Report1964pp 22-23

[33]Progress Report1964pp 22-23

[34] See Federal Republic of Nigeria Third National Development Plan 1985-80 vol. 1, Federal Ministry of Information Lagos 1975 pp.20-21

[35] See Federal Republic of Nigeria Third National Development Plan 1985-80 vol. 1, Federal Ministry of Information Lagos 1975 pp.20-21

[36] See Federal Republic of Nigeria Third National Development Plan 1985-80 vol. 1, Federal Ministry of Information Lagos 1975 pp.20-21

[37]Progress Report 1964 op.cit

[38]Progress Report First National Development Plan

[39]Progress Report First National Development Plan 1964

[40]Second National Development Plan op.cit pp.10-11

[41] E.J. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press, Ibadan 1988 p2

[42] E.J. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press, Ibadan 1988 p2

[43] E.J. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press, Ibadan 1988 p2

[44] E.J. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press, Ibadan 1988 p2

[45] E.J. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press, Ibadan 1988 p2

[46] E.J. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press, Ibadan 1988 p2

[47] E.J. Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press, Ibadan 1988 p2

[48]Progress Report National Development Plan 1964 op.cit pp.82-104

[49]Third National Development Plan,Vol 1 op.cit p.11

[50]Third National Development Plan,Vol 1 op.cit p.11

[51]Third National Development Plan, Vole 1 op.cit p.11

[52]Third National Development Plan Vol 1 op.cit p.11

[53]Third National Development Plan, Vol 1 op.cit p.11

[54]Third National Development Plan, Vol 1 op.cit p.11

[55]Second National Development Plan op.cit p.32

[56] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit p.10

[57] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit p.10

[58] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit p.10

[59] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit p.10

[60] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit p.10

[61] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit p.10

[62] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit p.10

[63]Second National Development Plan op.cit pp.31-32

[64]Third National Development Plan op.cit p.4

[65] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp10-11

[66] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp10-11

[67] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp10-11

[68] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp10-11

[69] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp10-11

[70] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp10-11

[71] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp10-11

[72]Third National Development Plan op.cit pp.10-11

[73] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[74] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[75] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[76] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[77] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[78] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[79] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[80] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[81] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[82] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[83] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[84] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[85] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[86] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[87] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[88] E.J. Ayo, Development Planning in Nigeria op.cit pp.30-31

[89] Federal Republic of Nigeria the Fourth National Development Plan Ministry of National Planning Lagos 1980. Also see Edward Jide Ayo Development Planning in Nigeria University Press Limited Ibadan 1988 p.14

[90] Federal Republic of Nigeria Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan Ministry of National Planning Lagos 1980

[91] Federal Republic of Nigeria Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan Ministry of National Planning Lagos 1980

[92]Fourth National Development Plan

[93]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[94]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[95]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[96]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[97]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[98]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[99]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[100]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[101]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[102]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[103]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[104]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[105]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[106]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[107]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[108]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[109]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[110]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[111]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[112]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[113]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[114]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[115]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[116]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

[117]Guidelines for the Fourth National Development Plan

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