Walwalar Harshen Hausa a Hausar Turai

Cite this article as: Ali, I.G., Salisu, A.A. & Garba, S. (2023). Walwalar Harshen Hausa a Hausar Turai. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, (2)2, 190-196. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2023.v02i02.022.

Daga

Ibrahim Gali Ali
Kwalejin Ilimi Na Sa’adatu Rimi, jihar Kano
Ibrahimyakasai3@gmail.com
08037337850

Da

Auwal Abdullahi Salisu
No.1 Lawan Dambazau KSSSMB Kano State
Hikima1980@gmail.com
080232386915

Da

Dr. Salisu Garba
Sashen koyar da Harsuna da Al’adun Afirka,
Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria
Salisukargi@gmail.com
08036020230 

Tsakure

Wannan muƙala an nazarci walwalar harshen Hausa a Turai. Kamar yadda aka sani, harshe abu ne da yake da walwala, don haka ne ma yakan iya aro daga wani harshen zuwa wani, ko kuma a samu bambance-bambancen lafazi daga wani rukuni na al’umma ko nahiya da suke amfani da harshe ɗaya. Don haka, muƙalar ta gano akwai hargitsa-ballen Faransanci da Hausa inda aikin ya kira irin wannan yanayi da Farausa. Haka kuma, an sami hargitsa-balle na Jamusanci da Hausa a nan kuma aka samu Jamausa hakazalika, an samu Ingausa da Arabsa. da ake samu a sakamakon haɗa Hausa da Ingilishi a lokaci guda da kuma haɗa Hausa da Larabci. Daga ƙarshe aikin ya ƙirƙiro sababbin kalmomi da ya kira su da Jamausa da Farausa kamar yadda ya gabata a baya.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Arabsa, Jamausa da Hargitsa-Balle

1.0 Gabatarwa

Yin Hargitsa-balle ko Ingausa a cikin zance karɓaɓɓen salo ne na magana, da mutane masu sadarwa da harshe fiye da ɗaya suke yi domin isar da saƙo. Don haka, bincike ya tabbatar da cewa, mutane na surka wasu kalmomi daga wani harshe zuwa wani harshen bisa wasu dalilai kamar haka: don isar da saƙo cikin sauƙi don yin ɓad-da-bami don asirta zance don nuna ƙwarewa (Bollinger, 1975) . Baya ga waɗannan dalilai da suke sa a yi hargitsa-balle a cikin zantukan yau da kullum akwai zumunci ko ƙabilanci (Holmes, 2008:35).

Wannan maƙala za ta mayar da hankali ga walwalar harshen Hausa a Turai, ta abin da ya shafi hargitsa-balle a harshen masu amfani da Hausa, kodai a matsayin harshensu na farko ko kuma a matsayin harshensu na biyu ma’ana suna da harshensu na farko, amma larura ko yanayin zamantakewa ta sa tilas sai sun yi amfani da harshen Hausa don isar da saƙo a tsakanin jinsina mabambanta da suka tsinci kansu a Tuirai, musamman daga ƙasashen Afirka. Waɗannan gungu na al’umma su ake kira da Hausawan Turai.

1.1 Hausawan Turai

Hausawan Turai wasu gungun al’ummomi ne, da suka fito daga ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma da wasu sassa na Afirka suke magana da harshen Hausa a matsayin harshen da suka fi shahara da shi kuma suke kiran kansu da Hausawa (Gali, 2021). Waɗannan mutane sun fito daga ƙasashen irinsu, Nijeriya da Nijar da Ghana da Togo da Afirka ta Tsakiya da Benin da Togo da Mali da Sudan da Burkina da sauransu. Hausawan Turai sun shiga ƙasashen Turai bisa dalilai daban-daban tun daga na karatu da kasuwanci da matsi da ci-rani da kwallon ƙafa da kuma neman abin kaiwa bakin salati. Waɗannan ƙasashe na Turai da Hausawa suke zaune sun haɗa da manyan birane, irin su biranen Landan a Ingila da Basalona a Sifen da Paris a Faransa da Hambugr da Frankfut da kuma Bonn a Jamus (Al-hassan, 2021). Sai dai binciken ya zaɓi ya taƙaita a kan garuruwan birnin Landan a ƙasar Ingila da birnin Paris a Faransa da kuma Hamburg a Jamus

1.2 Hargitsa-balle

Hargitsa-balle na nufin tsarma wani harshe cikin wani a lokacin magana, ta hanyar ɗaukar dogon lokaci, sannan a dawo cikin harshen da ake magana da shi. Masana irin su Heller (1988) da Romaine (2000) da Li (2000) da Ugot (2009) da Woolard (2004) da Hamers da Blank (2000) da Umar (2017) da McCormick (1995) da Muysken (2000) da Ɓan Dulm (2007) da Milroy da Gordon (2003) da Singh (2012) da Holmes (2013) Li (2012) da kuma Altman (2013) sun tafi a kan wannan ma’anar. Ko kuma a wata ma’anar hargitsa-balle yana nufin hargitsa harsuna fiye da ɗaya a cikin magana don isar da saƙo (Gali, 2021). Don haka, wannan maƙala ta tabbatar da samun hargitsa-balle a cikin Hausar mazauna Turai, kasancewar sun yi nisa da ƙasashensu na haihuwa, kuma sun tsinci kansu a ƙasashe irin su Faransa da Ingila da Jamus da Sifaniya da Beljiom da dai sauransu, wanda ya sa tilas sai sun zaɓi wani harshe a cikin harsunan Afirka don ya zama harshensu na sadarwa, musamman lokacin zaman fada a fadar Hausawan Turai da ke Paris ko kuma sauran ofisoshin hakimai da ke sauran birane na ƙasashen Turai. Saboda haka, da wannan dalilin ne ya sa aka zaɓi harshen Hausa a matsayin harshen sadarwa a duk lokacin da aka zo zaman fada ko kuma gabatar da wani sha’ani da ya shafi ɗaya daga cikin al’ummar Hausawan Turai kamar ɗaurin aure ko raɗin suna kai ko kuma abin da ya shafi al’umma baki ɗaya kamar bikin salla da dai sauransu. Sai dai wannan maƙala za ta taƙaita ne a ƙasashe guda uku da kuma nau’o’in hargitsa-balle da ake samu a waɗannan ƙasashe kamar haka:

2.1 Hargitsa-Ballen Hausa Cikin Faransanci (Farausa)

Hargitsa-balle wani salo ne na tattaunawa wanda masu amfani da harsuna fiye da ɗaya suke amfani da shi don fita daga wani harshe, zuwa wani don isar da saƙo (Romaine, 2000). An sami irin wannan yanayi na hargitsa-balle a tsakanin Hausawan Turai mazauna Faransa a lokuta da dama, musamman a lokacin zaman fada, ko aiwatar da wani sha’ani (Gali, 2022).

Don haka, an bayyana yadda Hausawa mazauna Faransa suke amfani da hargitsa-balle na salo da na tilas a cikin zantukansu na yau da kullum, wannan ya faru ne saboda tasirin harshen Faransanci a kan Hausa. An kira irin wannan nau’i na hargitsa-balle da Farausa, wato tsarma harshen Faransanci cikin Hausa ko kuma Hausa cikin Faransanci. Don haka an fito da misalai da dama daga cikin hirarraki da aka yi da Hausawa mazauna Turai kamar haka:

Sarkin Hausawa Jankaɗo a lokacin ɗaurin auren Zilƙifilu da mai ɗakinsa mutuniyar Maroko ya yi hargitsa-ballen Hausa da Faransanci kamar haka:

“Il n’y a pas d’autre marriage anterieur sur ɓous parce ƙue ca c’est l’une des conditions les plus importantes on ne celebre pas un marriage sur un marriage ɓous pouɓez nous paide 2000 euros les sadak, rassurer aujourd’hui deɓant tous les temoins ƙue ɓous n’aɓez pas d’autres marriage”.

Ma’ana:

“Babban abin da yake sa aure ya tabbata shi ne sadaki da kuma shaidu kuma ki tabbatar babu wani aure a kan ki kuma mutane za su shaida wannan magana. Ina mai tabbatar muku idan muka ɗaura muku aure a nan ya zama auren sunna don haka wakilin ango ya bayar da sadaki Yuro dubu biyu 2000 a matsayin sadaki”.

A nan za a ga yadda sarki a fadarsa ya saki harshen Hausa ya koma Faransanci a cikin jawabinsa inda bayan ya fara da cewa, yanzu zamu ɗaura muku aure bisa sunnar Ma’aiki (S.A.W) sai ya koma Faransanci inda yake cewa, “Il n’y a pas d’autre marriage anterieur sur ɓous parce ƙue ca c’est l’une des conditions les plus importantes on ne celebre pas un marriage sur un marriage ɓous pouɓez nous rassurer aujourd’hui deɓant tous les temoins ƙue ɓous n’aɓez pas d’autres marriage”.

Haka kuma a ƙarshen ɗaurin auren ya ƙare da cewa;“tammat bihamdullahi” maimakon muna godiya ga Allah. Saboda haka wannan wani salo ne, da ya saka harshen Larabci a ƙarshen zancensa (Gali, 2022).

2.3    Hargitsa-ballen kwalliya na Arabsa da Farausa da Ingausa

A nan za a nazarci yadda Hausawan Turai suke gwamutsa harsunan Faransanci da Ingilishi da Larabci a cikin jumla ɗaya. Don saƙon ya ƙara fitowa fili idan aka dubi misali daga jawabin sarkin Hausawan Turai wato Surajo Jankaɗo inda yake cewa, Misali: “Tammat bi Hamdullahi, merci sosai,” ma’ana, mun cika da godiya ga Allah, mun gode sosai.

Anan an nuna ƙwarewar harsuna, inda aka riƙa haɗa harshen Hausa da na Larabci da kuma na Faransanci, duk don saƙon da ake son isarwa ga jama’a ya isa kunnuwansu, kasancewar jawabin da sarki ya yi a fada ya yi, akwai waɗanda ba Hausa suke ji sosai ba. Don haka, sarki Jankaɗo ya yi amfani da salo iri biyu don saƙon da ake son isarwa ya je kunnuwan masu sauraro. Saboda haka, akwai buƙatar a yi Ingausa ko Farausa ko kuma Arabsa a cikin jawabansa, kasantuwar akwai mutanen Maroko da Tunusiya da Misira waɗanda ko ba komai auratayya ta haɗa tsakanin su Larabawan da sauran al’ummomin Afirka, wanda harshen Hausa shi ne harshensu na farko.

Hakazalika, an gano wani hargitsa-balle na ƙwarewa a jawabin Mubarak Ɗan Nijeriya, wanda ya yi a lokacin naɗin Hakimai a Fadar Sarkin Hausawan Turai dake Paris, a shekarar 2020. A lokacin da yake bayani an ji inda ya gwama harshen Hausa da na Faransanci, saboda tasirin da Faransanci yake da shi a kan harshensa. Misali:

 “Mai martaba sarkin Hausawan Turai na umartar ka da ka riƙe wannan sarauta hannu diuz- diuzu a maimakon hannu biyu-biyu a daidaitacciyar Hausa”.

Anan Sakataren sarki Mubarak ya yi hargiste balle na ƙwarewa, wajen saka Faransanci cikin Hausa inda Faransanci ya rinjaye shi a cikin jawabinsa.

Haka kuma ya ƙara irin wannan hargitsa ballen a cikin jawabinsa kamar haka;

Sarki na umartarmu da mu guji dukkan wata mummunar aƙida da ka iya jefa mu cikin hatsari a tsakaninmu ko da abokan zamanmu. Okay Idan Allah ya kai mu shekara mai zuwa za mu yi gagarumin biki mai massey-massey. Wato mai ban mamaki.

2.4 Hargitsa-Balle Na Tilas

A wannan bincike an tattauna da Alhaji Muhammad Mustapha Ikujo kuma wanda yake shi ne sarkin Musulmin Jamus, ɗan kimanin shekara 53 da haihuwa, wanda ya shafe kimanin shekara 27 a Turai, wanda ɗan asalin ƙasar Togo ne ɗan garin Lome sanadiyar zuwan sa Turai ci-rani ne ya kai shi. A lokacin da ake tattaunawa da shi wannan aiki ya lura da cewa, akwai tasirin Jamusanci a bakinsa kwarai, sannan akwai tasirin harshen Ingilishi, wanda abin mamaki, maimakon a samu tasirin Faransanci tunda ƙasar da ya fito, ƙasa ce rainon Faransa. A wannan tattaunawa, an sam hargitsa-balle na tilas, a yayin da waɗansu kalmomi ko ganga da jumloli ba sa iya zuwa a harshen Hausa. Wannan kuwa ya faru ne sakamakon nisa da harshen Hausa da ya yi da kuma cewa, mu’amalarsa da harshen Jamusanci tafi yawa in aka haɗa shi da harshensa na asali ko kuma harshensa na ƙasa. Misali, lokacin da aka yi masa tambayar a ina suke samun abincinsu na gargajiya? Maimakon ya ce, “ akwai shagunan siyar da abinci na ‘yan Afirka da Asiya”, sai ya ce, Akwai wajen Asian-Afro Chop”. Sannan da ya zo faɗar sunan “ƙungiyar ci haɗin kai da ci gaban Tijjaniyya da ke Hamburg”, wannan suna ƙin fassarawa ya yi zuwa Hausa, sai dai ya fassara da harshen Jamusanci kamar haka, Tijjaniyya Moɓement Kop Hamburg. Ya ci gaba da cewa, a nan ana samun kifaye kamar su; tun fish da tunafan-las. Waɗanda duk waɗannan kalmomin Jamusanci ne ba Hausa ba.

Hakazalika, a dai abin da ya shafi hargitsa-balle na tilas, an tattauna da Alhaji Muhammad Habib, ɗan asalin ƙasar Gana da ci-rani ya kai shi Turai inda a yanzu yake zaune a Hamburg, kuma shi ne ‘President Germen Zango House of Chief’. Ɗan kimanin shekara 64, sannan ya yi kimanin shekar 37 a Turai. Shi ma a tattaunawar da aka yi da shi, an samu Hargitsa-balle na tilas, musamman shi ma inda yake so ya yi bayanin inda suke samun abincin gatrgajiyya, inda hakan ya gagara, sai cewa ya yi, Asian-Afro Chop. Ma’ana, shagunan siyar da abinci na mutanen Eshiya da Afirka. Baya ga haka, an samu hargitsa-ballen harshen Ingilishi na tilas a tattaunawar da aka yi da shi. Wannan ba ya rasa nasaba da cewa, akwai tasirin harshen Turawan Mulkin mallaka da suka mulki ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, wato Gana. Misali; ya kawo ganga a harshen Ingilishi kamar haka: unless you go to zoo, maimaikon ya ce, sai dai ka je gidan zuu, haka kuma ya ƙara kawo ganga kamar haka, does not pick up, ma’ana ba zai fahimta ba ko ba zai gane ba a harshen Hausa. Sannan kuma ya yi amfani da kalmomin Ingausa kamar haka; information a maimaikon sanarwa. Miɗed maimakon haɗa wa.

Baya ga haka, an ci karo da irin wannan hargitsa-ballen a bakin Mal. Yakubu Bafulatani mazaunin Hamburg ɗan asalin ƙasar Togo, amma mai tushe daga Wurno ta Sakkwato wanda jinin Shehu Ɗan fodiyo ne da kakanninsu suka kai addini Arewacin Togo. Alal haƙiƙa an samu tasirin Ingilishi fiye da Jamusanci da Faransanci, saboda zama da ya yi a Ingila kafin ya zo ƙasar Jamus. Sannan ya daɗe rabonsa da Togo, an samu hargitsa-balle kamar haka ya family duka mai makon ya iyali baki ɗayansu, haka kuma ya ƙara kawo irin wannan hargitsa-ballen inda ya ce, three months na yi a maimakon wata uku na yi.

A tattaunawa da aka yi da Alhaji Ibrahim mazaunin Hamburg ɗan asalin ƙasar Gana, wanda ci-rani ne ya kai shi Turai, wanda Bahaushen Gana ne an sami irin wannan hargitsa-balle na tilas, sannan an samu wani nau’i na hargitsa-ballen tilas cikin hargitsa-balle. Dalili kuwa, shi ne, abubuwa da dama, kodai ya faɗe su da Ingilishi ko kuma da Hausar Gana, misali an sami hargitsa-balle na tilas a lokacin da ake tattaunawa da shi kamar haka; block wanda kalmar ana ƙiranta da tubali da Hausa a kuma Hausar aro, ana ƙiranta da bulo. Hakazalika, kalmar sement, a maimakon siminti da Hausar aro. Sannan ya yi amfani da kalmar Ingilishi da ta Hausar Gana inda ya ce, lemon yami, a maimakon lemon tsami. Haka kuma ya yi amfani da kalmomin Hausar Gana a lokacin tattaunawa da shi kamar haka; kalmar fugu ‘yar shara da fatakari babbar riga da diko a maimakon ɗan kwali ko adiko a wani karin harshen, sannan ya yi amfani da kalmar kakadiro a maimakon citta. A wannan gaɓar, sai binciken ya fahimci cewa, baya ga tasirin harshen da aka je aka tarar, akan iya samun kodai tasirin Hausar yankin da wanda ake tattaunawa da shi ko kuma tasirin harshen hukuma a cikin Hausarsa da ya ɗauka a matsayin harshensa na farko a Turai.

2.5 Hargitsa-Balle Na Burgewa

An samu hargitsa-balle na burgewa, a tattaunawa da aka yi da Ma Hassana, mazauniyar Hamburg ta ƙasar Jamus, ‘yar kimanin shekara 34 a duniya, ‘yar asalin ƙasar Gana, wanda aiki ne ya kai ta. An samu irin wannan nau’i na hargitsa-balle kamar haka; a lokacin da ake tambayar ta kayan kwalliya na Hausawa, an samu tasirin Ingilishi a Hausarta misali, ta ce, irin wanda mata suke make up maimakon ta ce irin wanda mata suke kwalliya da shi. Sannan ta kawo irin kalmomin pencil a maimakon jagira, sannan ta kawo red fish a maimakon jan kifi, cat fish, a maimakon kifi mai siffar mage, caɓege, a maimakon kaɓeji, haka orange, a maimakon lemo. A nan a iya cewa, harshen Jamusancin bai yi tasiri a Hausarta ba, sai dai harshen Ingilishi, wannan ba ya rasa nasaba da cewa, shi kansa Ingilishin ya yi tasiri a harshenta ne duba da cewa, harshen hukuma ne na ƙasar da ta fito wato Gana.

Hakazalika, an samu irin wannan hargitsa-ballen a tattaunawar da aka yi da jakadiyar sarkin Hausawan Turai, mazauniyar Landan Hajiya Hauwa Funtuwa kamar haka; senior councilor a maimaikon babban jakada. Sannan ta kawo irin wannan hargitsa-ballen kamar haka; Kwatakwalli foundation a maimakon harsashin kwatakwalawa.

2.6 Hargitsa-Balle Na Gaba Ɗaya

An gano cewa, akwai hargitsa-balle na gaba ɗaya a harsunan Hausawa mazauna Turai, musamman ‘ya’yayensu ƙanana wanda kadadar binciken bai shafe sub a, sai dai an kawo su a babin misali da kuma hasashen abin da zai je ya zo. Misali, a tattaunawa da aka yi da Hajiya Fatima ‘yar kimanin shekara 33 mazauniyar Hamburg, kuma ‘yar asalin jihar Kano ta bayyanawa binciken cewa shekararta takwas a Jamus amma ba a samu tasirin harshen Jamusanci a bakinta na a zo a gani ba, sai dai wani abin mamaki, akwai ɗanta ɗan kimanin shekara bakwai mai suna Anas ba ya jin Hausa kwata-kwata sai Jamusanci, saboda cuɗanya da ‘ya’yan Jamusawa da yake yi fiye da iyayensa. Kuma ba ya ga haka a can aka haife shi. Daɗin da ɗawa mahaifansa duk ‘yan Kano ne Hausawa.

Hakan bai tsaya nan ba, an samu irin wannan yanayi a wajen ‘ya’yan hakimin Hamburg, amma dai sai dai su mahaifiyarsu Bajamushiya ce, mahaifin ne ɗan asalin Kano. Da wannan ne binciken ya hasasho cewa, a nan gaba za a iya samun ‘ya’yan Hausawan da ba sa jin Hausa sai dai harshe na biyu da suka taso a matsayin harshensu na farko.

3.1 Kammalawa

Duk wani bincike da za a yi na ilimi dole ne a samu wani sakamako wanda wannan binciken zai dogara da shi, haƙiƙa wannan binciken ya fito da sakamakon da ake nema, musamman idan muka dubi yadda sunan wannan binciken yake ɗauke da shi mai suna “Walwalar Harshen Hausa A Hausar Turai.” Binciken ya fitar da sakamako kamar haka: an fito da su wane ne suka haɗu suka haɗa Hausawan Turai da sigar Hausar Turai ta fuskar sarrafa harshe, musamman irin matsayin da harshen Hausa ya samu a nahiyar Turai.

Hakazalika, binciken ya gano nau’o’in hargitsa-balle a Hausar Turai, musamman a bakin Hausawan Turai, misali, hargitsa-balle na tilas da hargitsa-balle na ƙwarewa da kuma hargitsa-ballen salo kamar yadda ya gabata.

 An gano cewa, ma’amala ta yau da kulum takan haifar da tasirin wani harshe a kan wani, musamman harshen da aka samu a gidansa yakan yi tasiri a kan wanda ya je ya same shi ta fuskoki da dama, misali, an ga inda Faransanci ya yi tasiri a kan Hausa, har takai Hausawa mazauna Faransa zai yi wahala su tattauna a tsakanin su ba tare da kodai su tsarma Faransanci a cikin Hausa ko kuma su bar Hausa ta ɗan wani lokaci a koma Faransanci. Wanda hakan ya haifar da hargitsa-balle na tilas ko ƙwarewa ko na salo ko kuma na birgewa. A taƙaice, wannan aikin ya gano hargitsa-balle na tilas da na ƙwarewa da kuma na salo wato na burgewa. Kuma a wannan gaɓa ne za a iya cewa an samu Farausa, wato haɗuwar Faransanci+Hausa da Jamausa da Ingausa da kuma Arabsa.

Baya ga haka, wannan aikin ya ƙirƙiro kalmomin Farausa, waton kwaɗon Faransanci da Hausa, sannan ya ƙirƙiro Jamausa, waton kwaɗon Jamusanci da Hausa. Hari la yau ya gano Ingausa, wato kwaɗon Ingilishi da Hausa wanda da ma akwai shi. Misali:

1.       Na yi shekara die fünf jahre kacal ma’ana Na yi shekara biyar kacal . Hakazalika, a sakamakon da aka samo a wannan bincike, an gano hargitsa-ballen Faransanci da Hausa kamar haka: Na Haɗu da Sarki a Shekarar Mille neuf cent ƙuatre maimakon na Haɗu da Jankaɗo a Shekarar 1994

Baya ga haka, wannan aikin ya gano cewa, a kan iya samun hargitsa-balle cikin hargitsa-balle, wato nau’in hargitsa-ballen da aka yi amfani da harsuna fiye da biyu, kasantuwar Hausawan Turai a fadar Turai, al’umomi ne da suka tafi daga nahiyar Afirka mabambanta juna ta fuskar harshe, amma Hausa ta zama harshensu kamar yadda ya gabata.

Baya ga hargitsa-balle da Ingausa ko Farausa ko Jamausa da wannan bincike ya gano cewa, akwai hargitsa-balle da wannan aikin ya kira shi da hargitsa-balle nag aba ɗaya, ma’ana nau’i ne na hargitsa-balle da ya shafi ‘ya’yan Hausawan Turai da aka haifa a can ƙasashen Turai wanda kusan gaba ɗaya Hausar ta ƙwace musu sai kame-kame, alal misali, akwai waɗanda aka nemi a tattauna da ‘ya’yayensu abin ya faskara, wanda za ka samu in a Jamus ne sai dai Jamusanci suke yi in kuma a Faransa ne sai dai Faransanci ne ya rinjayi harshensu na asali.

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