Nazari a Kan Sauye-Sauyen Ɗafi a Cikin Jam’in Kalmomin Yara

Cite this article as: Isah, S.S. (2023). Nazari a Kan Sauye-Sauyen Ɗafi a Cikin Jam’in Kalmomin Yara. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, (2)2, 134-142. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2023.v02i02.015.

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Salima Suleiman Isah
Sashen Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya,
Jam’iar Umaru Musa Yar’adua, Katsina

Tsakure

Samuwar harshe na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki na hallitar Ubangiji ga ɗan Adam. Haka ya sa aka himmatu ga nazarin yadda yara da manya ke sarrafa harshensu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Jam’i a harshen Hausa yana ba da gagarumar gudunmuwa a harshen, domin ta hanyarsa ne ake tantance tilo, sannan ta hanyarsa ne ake gane ƙimarabu da adadi. Haka kuma, Jam’i ya kasance abu ne da ake aiwatar da shi yau da kullum. Domin da wuya a yi magana ɗaya ba tare da an aiwatar da shi ba. Manufar wannan maƙala ita ce nuna yadda yara sukan tsara jam’insu a harshen Hausa. An bi matakai na haƙiƙa wato zahiri wajen hanyar gudanar da wannan bincike wato wajen sauraron yara yayin furucinsu, ko kuma faɗin kalma, su kuma su ba da jam’inta gwargwadon fahimtarsu. An yi amfani da ra’in’Emergantism theory’ wato ra’i ne na ‘Machwinneys ’(1989) wanda ya yi nazari a kan harshen Ingilishi da Jamusanci, a inda ya nuna yadda yara suke sauye-sauyen ɗafi a jam’insu a tsakiyar kalma ko a ƙarshen kalma a waɗannan harsunan. Sakamakon bincike ya gano cewa, yara da ke a matakin shekaru takwas zuwa tara sukan tsara jam’insu a kan kuskure, ba tare da la’akari da sun yi daidai ba, ko akasin haka, domin kuwa su a wajensu daidai ne.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Walwalar Harshe, Jam’i, Ɗafi, Hausar Yara

1.0 Gabatarwa

Wannan bincike ya yi nazari ne a kan yadda yara sukan tsara jam’insu a harshen Hausa. Wannan bincike ne da aka gudanar a kan wasu yara guda huɗu, waɗannan yara suna a matakin shekara takwas zuwa tara, kuma an ɗauki mata biyu, maza biyu. Wannan nazari ya gano cewa waɗannan yara da ke a wannan matakin za su iya sakin jikinsu su ba da haɗin kai wajen gano abin da ake so. Domin suna a matakin da za a iya cewa, suna iya tantance abu mai yawa da akasin haka. Don haka, bunƙasar tunanin yara ya dogara ne, a kan dukkan wasu hanyoyi da ke sa ƙwaƙwalwarsu yin aiki. Don haka yadda tunani da harda suke da dangantakar harshe, haka ma ake samun bunƙasar fahinta. Saboda haka, wannan nazari ya dogara ne, a kan yadda bunƙasar tunanin yara yake, da kaifin tunaninsu, dangane da yadda suke tsara jam’insu a harshen Hausa.

1.1 Ma’anar Jam’i

Jam’ i kalma ce mai tantance tilo da yawa. Jam’i hanya ce da ake bi wajen tantance ƙimar abu Haspelmath (2002). Ana samun jam’i a cikin ɓangarorin nahawu. Suna yana zuwa a jam’i ne, wanda a cikinsa ake tantance tilo da yawa. Dihoff (1971). Ana yin amfani da ɗafi ga saiwar kalma yayin jam’inta abubuwa. Ana samun haka, ga abin da ya shafi suna, ko sifa ko aikatau wajen jam’antawa. Haka kuma, ana samun kalmomi, a cikin harshen Hausa masu ɗauke da ɗafi a ƙarshen kalma yayin jam’antawa.

 1.1.2 Kashe-Kashen Jam’i a Hausa

Masana da dama sun kawo yadda za a lissafta kashe-kashen jam’i a Hausa. Masana kamar su Parson (nd), da Dihoff (1971), da Kraft Green (1973), da Zaria (1981) da sauransu duk sun yi tarraya, tare da samun bambancin ra’ayi a wurare da dama game da jam’i da jam’antawa a Hausa. Parson (nd ) ya kasa shi zuwa gida goma, sannan Kraft da Green (1973), su ma sun kawo nasu amma sun raba su zuwa manyan azuzuwa guda huɗu. Haka kuma, Mukoshy (1978), ya kawo nasa azuzuwan guda takwas, ya kawo waɗanda ya ambata da sanannu, a inda ya nuna sauran kuwa ba su cika ɗaukar matsayin wancan ba. Bugu da ƙari, Zaria (1981), ya kawo azuzuwa guda tara ne a kan jam’intawa a Hausa. Abubakar (2001), kuma ya kawo nasa, a inda ya nuna cewa yana ɗauke da ɗafa-ƙeya har guda ashirin da biyu, da ake jam’antawar kalmomi a Hausa. Ya nuna cewa, ana iya kintatarsu dangane da karin sauti da kuma wasulla da tilo da ke gare su.

2. 1 Tsarin Ginin Jam’in Hausa ga Yara Dangane da Musayar Ɗafi

Yara na yin tsarin jam’in kalma gwargwadon fahimtarsu. Suna ɗauko wani ɗafi su yi a ƙarshen kalma ko a tsakiyar kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin jam’i a harshen Hausa. Wannan ɗafi kuwa, ɗafa-ƙeya ne, ko ɗafa-ciki wanda yake zuwa a tsakiyar kalma ko a ƙarshen kalma. Yar’adua (2004), ya bayyana ɗafa-ƙeya, da cewa shi ne abin da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma a ƙarshe a wajen gina kalma. Ƙarshen kalma a nan, shi ne ƙeyarta. Ɗafa-ciki, shi ne yake zuwa a tsakiyar kalma.

Jinju (1980), ya ce ana kiran ɗafi da sunan ƙarin ma’ana. Wato kenan zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana. Misali tilo zuwa jam’i. A harshen Hausa akwai kalmomi da ake jami’nta su ba tare da ƙarin ɗafi a saiwar kalmar ba, kalmar ce take canzawa gaba ɗayanta Leben (1991). A nahawun Hausa akwai kalmomin jam’i da ake jam’inta su wato a iya cewa, jam’in jam’i Bature (1990). Sannan kuma ana samun nannagen kalmomi yayin jam’inta wasu kalmomi a harshen Hausa Yakasai (2006). Yara na tsara jam’insu a harshen Hausa, gwargwadon fahimtarsu. Yara sukan furta waɗannan kalmomi yayin furucinsu. Yara sukan furta waɗannan kalmomi dangane da abin da tunaninsu ya kawo masu, ba tare da la’akari da sun yi daidai ba, ko akasin haka. Dangane da haka, kowane tsarin jam’in da suka yi an sa sunan yankansu a cikin baka. Wannan ya haɗa da Khadijah (KH) da Najibullahi (NJ) da Sa’adatu (SA), da Saifullahi (SF). An ɗauki ɗafin /ukaa/ da /aayee/ da /oobii/domin nuna yadda yara suka yi musayar ɗafi dangane da jam’in kalma a harshen Hausa.

2.1.1 Tsarin Ginin Jam’in Yara Dangane da Musayar Ɗafi Zuwa Ɗafin /ukaa/

Ɗafin/Ukaa/-Yara na tsarin ginin jam’insu gwargwadon fahimtarsu. Yara suna furta waɗannan kalmomi yayin furucinsu, wannan ya haɗa da lokacin da suke wasa ko labari ko faɗa ko makamancin haka. Yara suna yin wannan ba tare da la’akari da sun yi daidai ba ko akasin haka. Duk abin da yaro ya yi shi a wajensa daidai ne. Yara na tsara jam’insu dangane da abin da ya shafi kalmomi masu ɗauke da wani ɗafin, zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, dubi waɗannan misalai;

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Àllóo	all	únàa	all-únàa	slates

Jam’in (NJ) - allúkàa

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - allúnàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - slate

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na all. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. Sannan akan yi mata ɗofanen tsirau. Saiwa ba ta zuwa da wasalin ƙarshe. An samu ɗafin /oo/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana mai ɗauke da ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wani abu ne da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma a ƙarshen kalmar, ƙarshen kalma shi ne ƙeyarta. Ana kiran ɗafa-ƙeya da sauran ɗafi da sunan ƙarin ma’ana watau zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafin /ukaa/, a harshen Hausa dangane da jam’in yara.

 

Kalma	Saiwa	Qarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Bùhúu	bùh	únàa	búh-únàa	sacks

 

Jam’in (NJ) - bùhùkáa

Jam’imta a harshen Hausa - búhúnàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - sack

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na buh. Saiwa ita ce zuciyar kalma, wadda ba ta da sauran ɗofane a jikinta. An samu ɗafin /uu/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wata hanya ce mai yalwa da ake tsira da kumburar kalma. An samu canjin tsari zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Sánhòo	Sánh	únàa	sánh-únàa	woven grass bags

 

Jam’in (SA) - sànhúkàa

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - sánhúnàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - woven grass bag

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na sanh. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana dogarau, ko dai a gabanta ko a bayanta. An samu ɗafin/oo/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizan daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma a ƙarshe. An sami ɗafin /ukaa/ a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Zóomóo	Zóm	áayée	zóom-áayée	hares

 

Jam’in (SA) - zóomúkàa

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - zóomàayée

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilshi - hare

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na zom. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wanda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana, akan yi mata ɗofanen tsirau don samun kalma. An samu ɗafin /oo/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ke zuwa a ƙarshen kalma. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a tsarin jam’in kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma a harshen Hausa.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Aduwàa	adúw	óoyii	adúwóoyii	desert dates

 

Jam’in (KH) - áduwúkàa

Jam’int a harshen Hausa - ádúwóoyii

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - desert date

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na aduw. Saiwa ita ce zuciyar kalma, wadda ɗafin tsirau ke zuwa tare da ita. An samu ɗafin /aa/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na wasali biyu, baƙi, wasali biyu, na /ooyii/, a ƙarshen kalma. Wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.Wannan ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma a ƙarshe a gina kalma, ƙarshen kalma a nan, shi ne ƙeyarta. An samu ɗafin/ukaa/, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Dákalii	dàkál	Ái	dàkàl-ái	doas at front of house

 

Jam’in (SA) - dákálúkáa

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - dákalai

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - doas at front of house

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na dakal. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. An samu ɗafin/ii/, a tilon kalma wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana, na /ai/, a ƙarshen kalma. Wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wata hanya ce mai yalwa da ake tsira da kumburar kalma. An samu musayar ɗafin zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a ƙarshen kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Kófótóo	Kóofát	Ái	kòofàat-ái	hooves

 

Jam’in (NJ) - kóofàtukàa

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - koofatai

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - hoof

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na kofat. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa, kuma nan ne zuciyar kalma. An samu ɗafin /oo/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /ai/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wani abu ne da zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, dangane da jam’in yaro, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Mákáawúyàa	Mákáwúy	óoyii	Mákáwúy-oóyii	Parti coloured cap/turban worn

Jam’in (SA) - mákáawúyúkàa

Jaminta a harshen Hausa - makaawuyooyii

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - parti coloured cap

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na makawuy. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana, ko dai a bayanta ko a gabanta. An samu ɗafin/aa/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na wasali biyu baƙi, wasali biyu, na /ooyii/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Sannan kuma, ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, shi ne abin da aka maƙala wa tushen kalma a ƙarshenta watau a ƙeyarta. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, wanda ya canza tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Fátálwàa	fátálw	óoyii	Fátálw-óoyii	ghosts

 

Jam’in (KH) - Fáálwúkáa

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - fátálwóoyii

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - ghost

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na fatalw. Saiwa sashe ne na kalma wanda ba ya canzawa, kuma ba ta da wasalin ƙarshe. An samu ɗafin /aa/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na wasali biyu, baƙi, wasali biyu na/ooyii/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ƙarin ma’ana ne wanda zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafin zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.

2.1.2 Tsarin Ginin Jam’in Yara Dangane da Musayar Ɗafi Zuwa Ɗafin /aayee/

Ɗafin /aayee/- Yara suna yin tsarinsu dangane da abin da ya shafi wasu kalmomi masu ɗauke da wani ɗafi daban, suna musanya su da ɗafin /aayee/, a harshen Hausa. Yara suna yin wannan tsari ko da kuwa ya saɓa wa tsari na ginin jam’in kalma, su a wurinsu daidai ne. Daga cikin kalmomi da aka yi bincike aka samu akwai;

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Addáa	Add	únáa	add-únàa	matchets

 

Jam’in (KH) - addàyée

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - addúnàa

Ma’anatra a harshen Ingilishi - matchet

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na add. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana dogarau, ko dai a gabanta ko a bayanta. An samu ɗafin /aa/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, shi ne abin da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma a ƙarshe a gina kalmar. Ƙarshen kalmar shi ne ƙeyarta. An samu musayar ɗafin zuwa ɗafin /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Báakii	Bák	ùnáa	báak-únàa	mouth

 

Jam’in (KH) - báakánaàyée

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - báakúnàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - mouth

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na bak. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma, wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. Kuma nan ne zuciyar kalma. An samu ɗafin /ii/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalmar bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, shi ne ƙarin ma’ana wanda zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma a harshen Hausa.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Gàrmáa	Gárm	únàa	gárm-únàa	large hoes

 

Jam’in (SA) - gármáyée

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - gármúnàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - large hoe

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na garm. An samu ɗafina /aa/, a tilon kalma wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ke zuwa a ƙarshen kalma. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wanda ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma a harshen Hausa.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Géemùu	Gém	únàa	géem-únàa	beards

 

Jam’in (KH) - géemàyée

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - géemúnáa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - beard

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /gem/. Saiwa sashen kalma ne wadda ba ta canzawa, kuma ba ta da wasalin ƙarshe. An samu ɗafin /uu/, a ƙarshen kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’anar /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsari zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wata hanya ce ma iyalwa da ake tsira da kumburar kalma. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fssara
Jikàa	Jik	únàa	Jik-únàa	bags

 

Jam’in (NJ) - jikúnàayée

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - jikùnáa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - bag

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na/jik/, An samu ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar rma’anar kalma. An samu musayar ɗafi na ɗafa-ƙeya, a ƙarshen kalma zuwa yin ɗafi na /aayee/, Wannan ya danganci tsarin jam’i na yaro a harshen Hausa.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fsssara
Dóokii	Dók	únàa	dóok-únàa	Horses

 

Jam’in (KH) - dokúnaayée

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - dookunàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - horse

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na/dok/. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma, wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. An samu ɗafin /ii/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsari zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ƙarin ma’ana ne wanda zuwansa ke ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Jirgii	Jirg	Agée	Jir-àagée	aeroplanes

 

Jam’in (SA) - jirgunàayée

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - jiraagée

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - aeroplane

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /jirg/, Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana dogarau ko dai a bayanta ko dai a gabanta. An samu ɗafin /ii/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikkakiya rma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /ee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya a ƙarshen kalma. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ƙarin ma’ana ne wanda zuwansa ke ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Riigáa	Rig	ùnáa	riig-únàa	gowns

 

Jam’in (SA) - rigunàayée

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - rigunaa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - dress

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /rig/. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma, wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. An samu ɗafi /aa/ a tilon kalma a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /ee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake maƙala wa tushen kalma a ƙarshenta. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa yin ɗafi na /ayee/, a ƙarshen kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Kéeke	Kék	únàa	kéek-únàa	bicycles

 

Jam’in (NJ) - kéekánayee

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - kéekúnàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - bicycles

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na kek. Saiwa ita ce sashen kalma, wanda ba ya canzawa. An samu ɗafin /ee/, a tilon kalma, wannan ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake maƙala wa tushen kalma a ƙarshenta. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalmar.

2.1.3 Tsarin Ginin Jam’in Yara Dangane da Musayar Ɗafi Zuwa Ɗafin /oobii/

Ɗafin /oobii/- Yara suna tsarin jam’insu masu ɗauke da kalmomi da ke da wani ɗafi zuwa ga wannan ɗafi gwargwadon fahimtarsu, suna ɗauko wannan ɗafi, su sa shi ga wannan ɗafi dubi waɗannan misalai;

 

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarin ma’ana	Jam’i	Ma’ana
Báahóo	Báh	únàa	báah-únàa	large basin

 

 Jam’in (KH) - baahóohii

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - báahunáa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - big basin

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na bah. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. Sannan akan yi mata ɗofanen tsirau. An samu ɗafin /oo/, a tilon kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa ƙeya, wani abu ne da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma a ƙarshe a gina kalmar. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa yin ɗafi na wasali biyu, baƙi, wasali biyu na /oohii/, a ƙarshen kalmar, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarinma’ana	Jam’i	Fassara
Bàrgóo	Bárg	únàa	bárg-únàa	Blankets

 

Jam’in (NJ) - bargóogii

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - bárgúnàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - blanket

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na barg. Saiwa ita ce zuciyar kalma, wadda ba ta da sauran ɗofane a jikinta. An samu ɗafin /oo/, a tilon kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitaciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wata hanya ce mai yalwa da ake tsira da kumbura kalma. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na wasali biyu, baƙi, wasali biyu, na /oogii/, a ƙarshen kalma.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarinma’ana	Jam’i	Ma’ana
Càrbii	Cárb	únàa	cárb-únàa	rosaries

 

Kalma saiwa ƙarin ma’ana Jam’i Ma’ana

càrb-ii carbunàa carb-unàa - rosaries

Jam’in (NJ) - carboobii

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - carbunàa

Ma’anarta a harshen ingilishi - rosary

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na carb. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana ko dai a bayan ta ko a gaban ta. An samu ɗafin /ii/, a tilon kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma a ƙarshe a gina kalmar. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na wasali biyu, baƙi, wasali biyu na /oobii//, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.

Kalma	saiwa	Ƙarinma’ana	Jam’i	fassara
Máagée	màg	únàa	mág-únàa	cats

 

Kalma saiwa ƙarin ma’ana Jam’i fassara

Màagee magunàa maag-unàa - cats

Jam’in (SA) - máagóogii

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - maagunàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - cat

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na mag. An samu ɗafin /ee/, a tilon kalma wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma a harshen Hausa. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗaƙar ƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /oogii/, a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya danganci tsarin ginin jam’i na yara.

Kalma	saiwa	Ƙarinma’ana	Jam’i	fassara
Húuláa	húl	únàa	húul-únàa	Caps

 

Kalma saiwa ƙarin ma’ana jam’i fassara

Hul hùul-unàa huul-unàa caps

Jam’in (NJ) - húulóolii

Jam’inta a harsshen Hausa - húulúnàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - cap

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /hul/. Saiwa ita ce zuciyar kalma. An samu ɗafin /aa/, a tilon kalma wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu musayar ɗafin zuwa yin ɗafin /oolii/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya danganci tsarin ginin jam’in yara.

Kalma	Saiwa	Ƙarinma’ana	Jam’i	fassara
Karee	Kar	ukáa	Kárnúkàa	dogs

 

Kalma saiwa ƙarin ma’ana Jam’i fassara

Kare karnukàa karn-ukàa - dogs

Jam’in (SA) - karnoonii

Jam’inta a harshen Hausa - karnukàa

Ma’anarta a harshen Ingilishi - dog

Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /kar/. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wanda baya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. An samu ɗafin /ee/, a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa yin ɗafin /oonii/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya danganci tsarin ginin jam’in yara

3.1 Sakamakonbincike

Wannan bincike ya gano cewa, yaro yana da babbar gudunmuwa da yake ba da wa a fagen nazari, domin kuwa an yi ko in kula, dangane da wannan fage. Amma idan aka shiga fagen za a ga cewa akwai abubuwa da dama, da za a iya Nazari dangane da abin da ya shafi yara, musamman a harshen Hausa. Akwai wasu ɓangarori da za a iya yin Nazari sosai a kansu. Sakamakon bincike ya gano cewa, yara na tsara jam’insu bisa fahimtarsu ko da kuwa ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’i a harshen Hausa. Bincike ya gano cewa yara suna yin wasu sauye-sauyen ɗafi a ƙarshen Kalma. Wannan ya nuna cewa, suna yin wasu ɗafe-ɗafe daban, da ya yi masu daɗi a baki, domin jam’inta kalma. Sannan kuma bincike ya gano cewa, akwai kalmomin da ba su da jam’i a harshen Hausa, amma yara suna yin jam’i su. Suna yi masu wasu ɗafe-ɗafe a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma a Hausa. Sakamakon ya gano cewa yara sun ɗauki ɗafa-ƙeya na /ukaa/da //ayee/, da /oobii/. Wajen jam’inta kalma.

4.1 Kammalawa

Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata, wannan takarda ta kawo irin yadda yara suke tsara ginin jam’insu a harshen Hausa. Waɗannan yara suna yin ɗafin wani ɗafi daban wanda ya sha bamban da yadda tsarin jam’in yake a harshan Hausa. Dangane da haka, yara na nuna gwanintarsu ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ya zo masu, su a wurinsu daidai ne. Abin sha’awa a nan, shi ne, kowane yaro da yadda yake tsara jam’insa daban, da wuya a samu tsarin ya zo daidai da na ‘yan uwansa. Ana samun bambance-bambance da dama dangane da yin haka. Don haka wannan bincike ya gano irin hanyoyin da yara suka bi wajen jam’inta kalma a harshen Hausa, da matakan da suka kawo haka. Saboda haka, ga baki ɗaya, wannan bincike ya gano yadda yara suke tsara jam’insu a harshen Hausa.

Manazrta

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