Nazarin Sauye-Sauyen Wasulan Karin Harshen Katsina Da Maraɗi

Cite this article as: Haruna, A., Idris, Z.B. & Yankara, M.M. (2023). Nazarin Sauye-Sauyen Wasulan Karin Harshen Katsina Da Maraɗi. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, (2)2, 143-151. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2023.v02i02.016.

Auwal Haruna
 07051012207
aharuna3@fudutsima.edu.ng

&

Zahraddeen Bala Idris 
08036793221
zbidris@fudutsima.edu.ng

&

Muhammad Musa Yankara
08062367496
mymuhammad@fudutsima.edu.ng
Department of Hausa, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria

Tsakure      

Bincike ya nuna cewa, harshen Hausa na da kare-kare masu yawa, daga cikinsu har da Karin harshen Katsinanci Bello (1962). Kazalika, a karin harshen Katsinanci, Sakamakon yawan al’umma da ke amfani da shi da kuma faɗin ƙasa da Katsinanci ya mamaye ana da hasashen cewa akwai ƙananan kare-karen harshe, ciki har da karin Maraɗi. Domin tabbatar da haka an yi amfani da hanyar tattara bayanai ta ganawa da lura ta ƙwaƙƙwafi domin samun bayanan da za su tabbatar da haka. Haka kuma, an yi amfani da ra’in tsarin sautin tsirau wajen tantance bayanan da aka samu kamar yadda Chomsky da Halle (1968) suka yi amfani da shi a littafinsu na (Sound Pattern of English) (S.P.E). Kamar yadda aka yi hasashe da farko binciken ya tabbatar da cewa, an samu sauye – sauye tsakanin karin harshen Katsinanci a birnin Katsina da na birnin Maraɗi a wasu wurare da suka haɗa da sauyawar baƙi da wasali, saƙala sauti, shafe ƙwayar sauti, musayar gurbi, kore raunanar baƙi, kore ganɗantawa da kuma kore hanɗantawa. A wannan takarda an yi ƙoƙarin kawo sauye-sauyen da suka shafi wasulla.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Karin Harshe, Walwalar Harshe, Harshen Rukuni, Wasula

1.0 Gabatarwa

Masana harsunan duniya sun karkasa harsuna zuwa kashi biyar, domin samun sauƙin nazarinsu da kuma fahimtar asali da dangantakar kowannensu. Daga cikin waɗannan manyan harsuna guda biyar akwai wanda aka kira a harshen Ingilishi da (Afro-Asiatic) wato kakan harsunan Afirika da Asiya. Har wa yau, daga cikin waɗannan harsuna ne aka sami harshe wanda ya zama uba ga harsunan yankin tafkin Chadi (Proto-chadic) wato harsunan mutanen da suke zaune kusa da tafkin Cadi (Chadic languages) da kewayensa, kafin su watsu zuwa sauran sassa na yammacin Sudan. Bunƙasa da ci gaban wannan harshe, ya haifar da rarrabuwarsa zuwa manyan rukunai biyu wato rukunin A’ (Chadic A) da kuma rukunin ‘B’ (Chadic B).

Sakamakon nazarin masana harsuna, ya danganta wasu harsuna kamar harshen Bolanci da Angas da Karekare da harshen Hausa da sauransu a matsayin misalai na harsunan da aka kira (Chadic Languages),

Hausawa da harshen Hausa sun kasance suna rayuwa a wani wuri da masana tarihi suka kira ‘Sudan ta Tsakiya’. Bahaushe yana wannan wuri yana rayuwa tun shekaru da dama da suka wuce, shi kaɗai a bisa tsari na bin nau’o’i na rayuwa da suke da dangantaka da al’adarsa da kuma adabinsa. Kuma a ƙoƙarin tafiyar da waɗannan abubuwa biyu, wato al’ada da adabi duk da harshe ake amfani wajen gudanar da su daidai da tsarin zamantakewa. Masu nazarin harsuna sun yarda da cewa, harsuna sun bambanta da junansu, haka nan ma suka ƙara da cewa, harshe abu ne da yake ci gaba, kamar yadda jikin Ɗan’adam yake ginuwa ko haɓaka yau da kullum. A harshe ɗaya, sakamakon yawan Al’ummomi da ke amfani da shi, yakan bunƙasa ya kai wani mataki da akan iya fahimtar wasu ’yan sauye-sauye da ke wakana a cikin harshen. Irin waɗannan sauye-sauye su ne sannu a hankali sukan kai wani adadi na lokaci da akan iya danganta su da wani karin harshe. Kuma ana iya fahimtar wannan sauyi ta fuskar tsarin sauti ko ƙirar kalma ko kuma ginin jumla.

Don haka, a wannan takarda za a yi ƙoƙarin fito da sauye-sauye ƙwayoyin sautikan wasulla a tsakanin Karin harshen birnin Katsina da birnin Maraɗi.

  1.1 Dalilan Bincike

Dalilan da suka assasa wannan bincike sun haɗa da cewa, tun kafin zuwan Turawan mulki ƙasar Hausa, ƙasar Katsina ta ƙunshi manyan garuruwa cikinsu har da Maraɗi, wato al’umma ɗaya ce, masu gudanar da mu`amala iri ɗaya, kuma suna tarayya a karin harshe ɗaya. Amma a sakamakon zuwan Turawa ƙasar Hausa, sai ƙasar Katsina ta rabu gida biyu: Katsina a yankin Nijeriya (Jahar Katsina) da kuma Katsina a yankin Nijar, wadda aka fi sani da Maraɗi a yau. Saboda haka, a yau wannan ƙasa ta Katsina ta kasu gida biyu; kuma kowane ɓangare daga cikin waɗannan ɓangarori a kan ji aukuwar sauye-sauyen lafazin magana, da bambance-bambance ta fuskar tsarin mulki, kuma mu`amala tsakanin waɗannan al’ummomi ta ragu. An kuma sami bambance -bambance ta fuskar baƙin al`adu da tasirin bambancin tsarin ilimin boko da tsari na mulkin siyasa. Saboda haka ake da zimmar fito da waɗannan yan sauye-sauye da suka shafi nazarin harshe zalla.

 A sakamakon ɗaukar dogon lokacin rabuwar waɗannan al’ummomin biyu, tattare da wannan bambance-bambance a tsakanin waɗannan al’ummomin na al’adu, ya sa a mahanga ta wannan takarda, ake da tunanin cewa, shin ko karin harshen Katsinanci a waɗannan al`ummomi yana nan yadda aka san shi? Ko kuwa an sami wasu sauye-sauye. Bisa ga waɗannan dalilai ne takarda ke ƙoƙarin gabatar da wannan gudunmuwa ta sauye-sauye wasulla a tsakanin Karin harshen birnin katsina da na Maraɗi.

Bugu da ƙari, duk da cewa akwai bincike da dama da aka gudanar  waɗanda  suka shafi karin harshen Katsinanci kamar irin gudunmuwar Dan’Alhaji (2014) da kuma waɗanda suka shafi al’ummomin Nijeriya da Jumhuriya Nijar  kamar irin gudunmuwar  Yakasai, (1999) da Aichatou (1996) da Malka (1978) da sauransu, waɗanda suka zama jagora ga manazartan da suka biyo baya. Ita ma wannan takarda, ana hasashen za ta yi wa sauran manazarta jagora a nan gaba, musamman waɗanda nazarce-nazarcensu suka shafi al’ummomin ƙasar Najeriya da kuma na Jumhuriyar Nijar. Haka kuma, karin harshen Katsinanci yana ɗaya daga cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa kuma yana buƙatar kyakkyawar kulawa ta fuskar nazarin abin da ya shafi sauye-sauyen furucin wasulla da ke wanzuwa a cikinsa. Waɗannan yana daga cikin dallilai da suka assasa ƙoƙarin gudanar da wannan takarda.

1.2 Farfajiyar Bincike

Nazarin karin harshe, fage ne mai faɗi saboda ya kasance wani ɓangare na harshe da ake magana da shi na wata nahiya ko sashen ƙasa ɗungurungum. Haka kuma nazari ne da ya shafi karin harshen wasu rukunin al’ummomi (sociolect) ko karin harshen wani mutum wato, (idiolect).

An taƙaita wannan bincike ne a kan nazarin karin harshe nahiyar birnin Katsina da birnin Maraɗi ta la’akari da furuci da tsarin sauti kaɗai, wato bai shafi ƙirar kalma ko ginin jumla ba.

1.3 Mazhabar Bincike.

An ɗora wannan bincike a kan mazhabar “tsarin sautin tsirau” (Generatiɓe Phonology). Mazahabar ta ƙunshi nahawun tsirau na bai ɗaya da Noam Chomsky da Halle (1968) suka samar, domin mazahabar kai tsaye ta shafi ɓangaren sauyi da bambbance -bambancen ƙwayoyin sauti a da’irar furucinsu tare da gurin samar da dokar nazarin waɗannan bambance –bambance ko sauye - sauye ta bai ɗaya.

Mazahabar tsarin sautin tsirau ana kallon ta a matsayin wadatacciyar mazahaba a ɓangaren fayyace ko ƙalailaice furucin harshen ɗan’adam musamman a ɓangaren tsarin sauti ko gamayyar tsarin sauti da tasarifi. Manazarta da dama irin su: (Kisse Birth 1979 da Anderson 1979 da 1980) da sauransu duk sun yi amfani da wannan ra’i a nazarin harshe.

1.4 Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ƙasar Katsina

Ƙasar Katsina, babbar masarauta ce wadda ta yi iyaka da Jamhuriyar Nijar daga arewa wato ƙasar Maraɗi da kuma, ƙasar Daura daga gabas da masarautar Kazaure daga gabas maso kudu da masarautar Zazzau daga kudu da kuma masarautar ’Yandoto daga yamma maso Arewa. Katsina, tana da kirari na ‘tudu garin Ɗanmarina’ kamar yadda ake faɗa. Asalinta ya samu ne tun a farkon ƙarni na goma sha uku, kuma mazaunin wannan masarauta a tarihi na wannan gari yana a wani wuri da ake kira “Ambuttai” cikin garin Katsina na yanzu (Birth 1963:475-476).

Akwai ra’ayoyi da dama mabambanta dangane da kafuwar Katsina da masarautarta. A wani ra’ayi ana ganin cewa akwai mutane da ke zaune a wurare irin su: Durɓi-ta-kusheyi ƙaramar  hukumar Mani, da Bugaje ƙaramar hukumar Jibiya, da Ruma ƙaramar hukumar Batsari, da Runka ƙaramar hukumar Safana, da Gozaki ƙaramar hukumar Ƙafur, da Maska ƙaramar hukumar funtuwa da sauransu (Usman,1981:7:45-49). Mazaunan waɗannan wurare sun zaɓi wannan wurare ne domin gudanar da sana’o’i irin su: noma, da kiwo da haƙar tama. Waɗanda ake danganta su da masarautar Katsina kuwa, duk da cewa akwai ra’ayoyi da dama ana iya cewa tsarin sarautar Katsina ya samu ne a ƙarƙashin ƙarni na sha uku.

Haka kuma, wani ra’ayin ya zo da bayanin cewa, Sarkin Katsina na farko shi ne, wani Sarki mai suna; Kumayau ɗan Sarkin Daura Bawo ɗan Abu Yazid (Bayajidda).An ce Kumayau ya kafu a karagar sarautar Katsina bayan cinye birnin Durɓawa da yaƙi. Daga nan zuriyarsa suka ci gaba da riƙon Katsina har zuwa lokacin da aka sami Sarki Korau daga Yandoto ya karɓe mulki daga hannunsa ya ci gaba da nasa mulkin.To, ko yaya asalin Katsina ko kafuwar Katsina ya ke, ta fito a sarari wato inda aka santa a tsakanin karni na (13-14), Wato tun lokacin da aka gina ganuwar Amina kusa da ƙoramar Tula da ƙoramar Gizu. A lokacin kasuwancin noma, da kiwo da fatauci da kuma wanzuwar tsari na addini, na daga cikin abin da ya fito da Katsina a fili da masarautarta. Akwai al’umma da dama da ke zaune a ƙasar Katsina kuma mafi rinjayensu Hausawa ne da kuma Fulani. Wannan yanki na ƙasar Katsina ana iya kallon sa ta fuska ko ɓangare biyu. Wato Katsina kudu. A nan idan an ce, Katsina kudu ana nufin Katsina da ke yankin Nijeriya, sai kuma Katsina Arewa, wato Katsina da ke yankin Nijar. Saboda haka a nan an yi bayanin yankin ƙasar Katsina dangane da yankunan da aka Ambata a sama.

Katsina Kudu: wannan yanki Allah ya al’abarkace shi da ƙasar noma da wuraren kiwo wato, dazuzzuka da kuma duwatsu manya da matsakaita. Haka kuma, wannan yanki yana da manyan koguna jefi-jefi misali: kamar kogin Karaɗuwa, da kogin zobe (Dutsin-ma) da kogin Jibiya, da kogin Ajiwa da sauransu. Bayan haka, ƙasar Katsina tana da tafkuna da dama da ke ajiye ruwa, haka kuma wannan yanki yanayin ƙasarsu mai laka ce, kuma akwai wadatar itatuwa.

Katsina Arewa:- wannan yankin shi ma ta fuskar noma, yanayin ƙasar ya bambanta da Katsina arewa, ƙasar noman Jigawa ce, wadda aka fi cin gajiyar noman gyaɗa, da gero, da wake, da soɓorodo da sauransu. Kuma wannan yankin, na da tsaunuka waɗanda ke ƙunshe da ma’adanai a ƙarƙashinsu. Haka kuma, akwai manyan koguna da ƙoramu misali: kamar gulbin Maraɗi, gulbin haɗe yaro (gawo da cibi) da ke Dankama. Wannan yanki na da itatuwa jefi-jefi, amma ba kamar na yankin Katsina ta kudu ba. Haka kuma, wannan yanki na da yawan burtali wato hanyar dabbobi. Usman (1981).

1.5 Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Maraɗi

Maraɗi ta kasance gari ne mai iko da dukkanin sassan garin a wani wuri da ake kira gulbin Maraɗi. Katsinawa ne waɗanda sakamakon sabon tsarin mulki da aka samu daga ’Yandoto, ya sa al’ummomin tsohuwar daular Katsina gusawa daga Katsina suka yi arewa, wasu daga cikin al’ummomin sun zauna a Dankama, wasu suka matsa gaba bakin gulbi da ake kira gulbin Maraɗi. A sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da gulbin ya yi, wasu al’ummomin sun yi hijira daga wurinsu na ainahi zuwa sabon gari a shekara ta (1945).

A sakamakon wani bincike da hukumar ƙidaya ta yi a (2001) an samu adadin mutane kimanin (148,017) waɗanda suke a cikin maraɗi waɗannan ƙabilu sun haɗa da: Hausawa, da Fulani, Bugaje da Zabarmawa,da Bare-bari,da Tubawa, da Larabawa, haka kuma akwai sauran ƙabilu da ke zaune a cikin garin kamar yarbawa, da zugu, kwatakwalawa, da Fallon, da Ibo, Bambarci da sauran yaruka daban-daban.

Ta fuskar sana’o’i kuwa, al’ummomin wannan wuri, na gudanar da sana’ar kiwo, da noma, da fataucin dabbobi da sauransu. Maraɗi gari ne da ya ƙunshi manoma, makiyaya, yan kasuwa da ma’aikatan gwamnati. Akwai kafafen yaɗa labarai kamarsu R.J.M, Amfani, Sarauniya, Tenene, Garkuwa. Sannan ita ce babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta ƙasar Nijar, kasancewarta tana da albarkar ƙasar noma musamman gyaɗa. Maraɗi ta bunƙasa a cikin shekara ta (1980), wannan ya biyo bayan samar da garin Maraɗi bisa babban titin da ’yankasuwa daga ɓangarori da dama na yammacin Afirika ke amfani da shi domin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci.  Nama’aji (2017).

2.1 Ma’anar Harshe

Masana da dama sun yi bayani mai gamsarwa dangane da ma’anar harshe. Ladan (1996) ya ce, “Harshe abu ne da ya ƙunshi alamomi da Ɗan’adam yake amfani da su wajen bayyana tunaninsa. Ya cigaba da cewa alamomin harshe sun ƙunshi sautukan da ake furtawa a jajjere, kuma ake amfani da su cikin tsari”.

Shi kuwa Fagge (2001) cewa ya yi; “Harshe wata hanyar sadarwa ce da Ɗan’adam yake amfani da sauti mai ma’ana wanda kuma ta haka ne kowacce al’umma da ke zaune a doron ƙasa take fahimtar abubuwan da ke ƙunshe a zukatan jama’a, kamar tunani, ra’ayi, hikima, sha’awa da sauransu”.

2.2 Ma’anar Karin Harshe

Akwai masana da dama da suka kawo ma’anar Karin harshe, wasu daga ciki sun haɗa da: Zarruƙ da wasu (1990:9) wanɗanda suka bayyana ma’anar Karin harshe da cewa:

“Karin harshen Hausa yana nufin ‘yan bambance-bambancen lafazi da na kalmomi da jimloli a tsakanin rukunonin al’umma ko shiyoyin ƙasa mai harshe ɗaya.”

Shi kuwa, Wurma, (2005:36) ya bayyana ma’anar karin harshe da cewa:

“Karin harshe, shi ne harshe wanda ake amfani da shi takamaimai a wani ɓangare ko sashe na ƙasa. Ana gane shi a wajen lafazin kalmomi da jumloli tsakanin mutane”

A taƙaice za a iya cewa Karin harshe, rarrabuwa ce da ake samu a cikin harshe, da kuma yadda ake tafiyar da wannan tasirin rarrabuwar wajen amfani da harshe ɗaya.

2.3 Ire-Iren Karin Harshe

Karin harshen Hausa yana da manyan rassa guda biyu: Karin harshe na nahiya da Karin harshe na rukuni/zamantakewa, kowanne ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan rassa ko ɓangare yana da nasaba da kuma tasiri ga juna.

2.3.1 Karin Harshen Nahiya

Masana irin su Haugen (1972:98) ya nuna cewa, a ƙasar tsohuwar Girka, kare-karen harsunan ƙasarsu ne suke amsa sunayen lardunan da ƙasar ke da su. Waɗannan nau’o’i na Karin harsuna ba a amfani da su a zance ko magana, sai dai kowanensu na nan a rubuce. Ana amfani da su a fannoni na musamman kamar a fagen rubuce-rubucen adabi. Misali Karin harshen ‘Lonic’ ana amfani da shi wajen yin bayanin abubuwan da su ka ƙumshi Tauhidi. Sauran kare-karen harshen irin su: ‘Domic’ da ‘Attice’ ana amfani da su wajen rubuta waƙoƙi da wasannin kwaikwayo na ban tausayi.

Karin harshen nahiya shi ne Karin harshe da ake amfani da shi a tsakanin manyan garuruwa kuma shi ne kare karen harshen da ake samu a sakamakon bambance-bambancen da ke tattare da garuruwa. A taƙaice dai, Karin harshen nahiya shi ne, wanda yake fayyace rukunin mutane ko yanki, kuma yana nuna wurin da suka fito. A ƙasar Hausa kuwa, an lura, kusan kowace Daula ko masarauta tana da irin waɗannan bambance-bambance. Wato kowace masarauta tana da Karin harshe daban wanda ya saɓa da na kusa da shi. Hasali ma, sunan masarautar shi ne ɗauke da laƙabin Karin harshen. Misali Dauraci daga Daura, Kananci, daga Kano, Katsinanci daga Katsina, Zazzaganci daga Zazzau (Zariya) da sauransu (Zarruk, da wasu 1990:9).

2.3.2 Karin Harshen Rukuni/Zamantakewa

Karin harshen rukuni wani ɓangare ne da ya danganci Karin harshen wasu mutane masu halayyar zamantakewa da kuma hanyoyin sarrafa harshe iri guda. Wato yanayin zamantakewa yana da tasiri na musamman dangane da harshe da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi. A wata mahanga, Karin harshen zamantakewa nau’i’ne daga cikin kare - karen harshen Hausa kuma yana da wasu siffofi na Bahaushiyar al’ada wadda ba a iya barin su ba, idan ana magana kan yadda yanayin zamantakewa take kasancewa. Waɗannan siffofi, su ne, na jinsi da shekaru da kuma dangantaka wadda ta kasance tsakanin mai magana da kuma mai sauraro”. Wannan ɓangare na Karin harshen rukuni ko na zamantakewa da shi ake kallon kowace al’umma ta duniya da irin tsarin zamantakewarta wadda ta bambanta da sauran al’ummomi. Dangane da wannan, masana sun raba al’ummar Hausawa zuwa, manyan rassa guda biyu, wato ajin saraki da ajin talakawa, wanda shi wannan ajin na talakawa ya ƙara rabuwa, zuwa ajin malamai da attajirai da sauran jama’a. Misali:-  Hausar malaman asibiti, Hausar ‘yan acaɓa, Hausar mahauta da sauransu Hauwa Muntari (2008).

3.0 Sauye-sauyen Wasulan Karin Harshen Katsina da Maraɗi

An yi nazarin karuruwan harshen Katsina da na Maraɗi domin gano sauye-sauyen wasula da ake samu a tsakanisu.  Wannan bincike ya gano cewa akwai sauye-sauye na wasula da ake samu tsakanin Karin harshen Katsina da na Maraɗi kamar haka:

3.1 Sauyawar Wasalin /i/ zuwa [u]

Bincike ya nuna ana samun sauyawar gajeren wasalin sama ɗan gaba marar kewaya /i/ zuwa gajeren wasalin sama ɗan ƙurya mai kewaya /u/. A harshen birnin Katsina wannan wasali na /i/ yana sauyawa zuwa /u/ a wasu kalmomi na katsinancin birnin Maraɗi. Misali:

S/No	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	Gloss	K/H Katsina	K/H Maraɗi
1.	Milyan	Million	Milyan	Mulyan
2.	Mil-tara	Name of place	Mil-tara	Mul-tara
3.	Milki	Administration	Milki	Mulki
4.	Zulai	Name of female	Zilai	Zulee
5.	Zulƙibilu	Name of Hausa Male	Zilƙibilu	Zulƙibulu
6.	Zuriya	Family	Ziriya	Zuruya

 

S/No	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	K/H Katsina	Lafazi	K/H Maraɗi	Lafazi
1.	Milyan	Milyan	Mìlyân	Mulyan	Mulyân
2.	Mil-tara	Mil-tara	Mìl-tara	Mul-tara	Mul-tárà
3.	Milki	Milki	mìlkìi	Mulki	mulkíi
4.	Zulai	Zilai	zìlâi	Zulee	zùlee
5.	Zulƙibilu	Zilƙibilu	zílƙìbíilù	Zulƙibulu	Zulƙìbúulùu
6.	Zuriya	Ziriya	zìrí’à	Zuruya	zurù’à

 

Bayan la’akari da misalan da suka gabata, an fahimci cewa, wannan sauyi na waɗannan ƙwayoyin sautuka da aka ambata, ya auku a kalmomin suna kamar  yadda misali na (01)  rukunin( b) a misalai na  (1, zuwa 6,) suka nuna. Dangane da tsarin gaɓa kuwa, sauyin ya auku a kan cibiyar rufaffiyar gaɓar farkon kalmomin suna, kamar yadda misali na (01), rukuni (b) a misali na (1,2, 3 da 4,) suka nuna. Sai kuma a cibiyar buɗaɗɗiyar gaɓar farko kamar a misali na  (4, da 6,).

Haka kuma wannan sauyi na ƙwayar sautin gajeran wasalin sama ɗan gaba marar kewaya a karin harshen Katsinancin birnin Katsina /i/ na sauyawa zuwa gajeran wasalin sama ɗan ƙurya mai kewaya a karin harshen Katsinancin birnin Maraɗi kamar yadda  aka gani a rukunin misalai na (1, zuwa 6,).

Dokar a nan ita ce, sautin wasalin sama ɗan gaba da ya zo a wasu kalmomin karin harshen birnin Katsina bai sauɓa wa tsarin daidaitacciyar Hausa ba. A karin harshen birnin Maraɗi kuwa, sauyin da aka samu, wanda yazo da sautin wasalin sama na ƙurya mai kewaya ya saɓa wa tsarin daidaitacciyar Hausa.                   

3.2 Sauyawar Sautin Wasalin Tsaka-tsaki /a/ zuwa /i/

A karin harshen Katsinancin birnin Katsina, bincike ya bayyana cewa, gajeren wasalin ƙasa ɗan tsaka-tsaki marar kewaya /a/ kan sauya zuwa gajeren wasalin sama ɗan gaba marar kewaya /i/ a Katsinancin birnin Maraɗi. Misali:  

S/N	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	Gloss	K/H Katsina	K/H Maraɗi
1.	kira	call	kira	kiri
2.	mani	to me	mani	mini
3.	misali	example	misali	Masala
4.	sa’adda	at the time	sa’adda	sá’idín
5.	misaabaha	settlemen	misabaha	masabaha

 

S/N	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	K/H Katsina	Lafazi	K/H Maraɗi	Lafazi
1.	Kiraa	kira	kirà	kiri	kírí
2.	Mani	mani	mání	mini	mìní
3.	Misali	Misali	mísàlí	masali	màsàli
4.	sa’adda	sa’adda	sa’adda	sa’idin	sá’ìdîn
5.	Misalaha	misalaha	misàlahà	masalaha	màsalàhà

 

A sakamakon nazarin misalan da suka gabata, an fahimci cewa, wannan sauyi ya faru ko ya auku ga wasu daga cikin azuzuwan kalmomin Hausa irin su: kalmar suna kamar a misali na (02), rukuni    (b) a misali na (1, 3, da 5,) suka nuna. Sai kuma, a kalmar wakilin suna jakada  a misali na (2,) da kuma a harafin sharaɗi kamar a misali na (4,).

Ta fuskar tsarin gaɓa kuwa, wannan sauyi ya auku a cibiyar rufaffiyar gaɓar kalmomi, kuma yana wakana a gaɓar farkon kalma kamar a misali na (02), rukuni (b) a misali na  (3, da 5,) da kuma a tsakiyar kalma, kamar a rukunin misali na (4,) da kuma ƙarshen kalma kamar a rukunin misali na (1).

A sakamakon nazarin misalan kalmomin da bincike ya zo da su, an fahimci cewa, a karin harshen Katsinancin birnin Katsina, gajeren wasalin tsaka-tsaki marar kewaya wato sautin /a/ ya  sauya zuwa gajeran wasalin sama na gaba marar kewaya a karin harshen Katsinancin birnin Maraɗi, kuma wannan sauyi ya faru a cibiyar gaɓar kalma ne kawai. Za kuma a iya bayyana wannan bambanci kamar haka:

Dokar a nan ita ce, sautin gajeren wasalin tsaka-tsaki da ya zo a cikn wasu kalmomin karin harshen Birnin Katsina, bai saɓa wa daidaitacciyar Hausa ba. A karin harshen Birnin Maraɗi kuwa, sauyin da ya zo na gajeren wasalin sama na gaba marar kewaya a wasu kalmomin, ya saɓa wa tsarin daidaitacciyar Hausa.

3.3 Sauyawar Sautin Wasali /a/ zuwa /u/

 A karin harshen Katsinanci birnin Katsina an sami gajeren wasalin ƙasa tsaka-tsaki /a/ ya sauya zuwa gajeren wasalin sama ɗan ƙurya mai kewaya wato sautin /u/ a karin harshen Katsinancin birnin Maraɗi  a wasu kalmomi. Misali:

                  

S/No	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	Gloss	K/H Katsina	K/H Maraɗi
1.	madubi	mirror	madubi	mùdubi
2.	mazuru	male cat	mazuru	muzuru
3.	bahari	name of  male	bahari	buhâri
4.	mazugal	name of place	mazugal	muzugal
5.	mahalli	shelter	mahalli	muhalli
6.	mahawara	argument	mahawara	muhawara

   

S/No	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	K/H Katsina	Lafazi	K/H Maraɗi	Lafazi
1.	madubi	madubi	màduubìi	mudubi	mùduubii
2.	mazuru	mazuru	màzúurù	muzuru	mùzuuruu
3.	bahari	bahari	báhàaríi	buhari	bùhâarii
4.	mazugal	mazugal	màzugàl	muzugal	mùzuugal
5.	mahallii	mahalli	màhállí	muhalli	mùhâllii
6.	mahaawaaraa	mahawara	mahàawáaràa	muhawara	mùhaawàaràa

 

A sakamakon nazarin waɗannan misalai da wannan bincike ya samar  a sama, an fahimci cewa, wannan sauyin ƙwayar  sautin wasalin /a/ a karin harshen Katsinancin birnin Katsina,  ta sauya zuwa sautin /u/ a karin harshen  Katsinancin birnin Maraɗi. Kuma wannan sauyi ya auku a kalmomin suna, kamar yadda aka gani a misali na (03) a rukunin (b) a misali na (1,2, 3, 4, da 5,). Sai kuma a suna ɗan aikatau a rukunin misali na  (6,).

 Haka kuma, ta fuskar tsarin gaɓa kuwa, wannan sauyi ya wanzu  a cibiyar buɗaɗɗiyar gaɓar farkon kalma suna, kamar yadda aka gani a rukunin misalai daga na (1, zuwa 6,).

/a/ a karin harshen Katsinancin birnin Katsina  da  ya sauya zuwa gajeran wasalin sama na ƙurya mai kewaya /u/ a karin harshen  Katsinancin birnin  Maraɗi ya auku  ne lokacin da cibiyar buɗaɗɗiyar gaɓar ta gabaci ƙwayar sautin baƙi baleɓe a farkon kalma. A na iya fayyace wannan bambance-bambance kamar haka:

                                                                    

Dokar a nan ita ce, sautin gajeren wasalin tsaka-tsaki da ya zo a wasu misalai na karin harshen birnin Katsina ya saɓa wa tsarin daidaitacciyar Hausa. A karin harshen birnin Maraɗi kuwa, sauyin da aka samu na gajeren wasalin sama ɗan ƙurya mai kewaya ya yi daidai da tsarin daidaitacciyar Hausa.

 3.4 Sauyawar sautin wasali /ii/ zuwa [ai]

Wani ƙarin bayani, an sami sauyi a tsakanin  karin harshen Katsinancin birnin Katsina  da na birnin Maraɗi a  wurin da ake samin dogon wasalin sama ɗan gaba marar kewaya/ii/ na sauyawa zuwa tagwan wasalin /ai/ a wasu kalmomin Katsinancin birnin Maraɗi. Misali

S/No	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	Gloss	K/H Katsina	K/H Maraɗi
1.	ʔawaki	goats	ʔawaki	ʔawakkai
2.	Gonaki	farms	gonaki	gonakkai
3.	dawaki	horses	dawaki	dawakkai

 

 

S/N	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	K/H Katsina	Lafazi	K/H Maraɗi	Lafazi
1.	ʔawaaki	ʔawaaki	ʔawaaki	ʔawakkai	ʔawakkai
2.	gonaki	gonaki	gonaaki	gonakkai	gonakkai
3.	dawaki	dawaakii	dawaaki	dawakkai	dawakkai

 

Bayan la’akari da misalan da wannan bincike ya kawo a sama, an fahimci cewa, wannan sauyi ya auku a kalmomin suna jam’i kamar  yadda misali na (04), rukunin (b) a misali na (1, 2, da 3,) suka nuna.

Ta fuskar tsarin gaɓa kuwa, an fahimci cewa wannan sauyi ya auku a cibiyar buɗaɗɗiyar gaɓar ƙarshen kalma kamar yadda misali ya nuna daga na (1, zuwa na 3,).

3.5 Sauyawar Sautin wasali /ai/ zuwa /ee

 A ƙoƙarin gudanar da wannan bincike, an fahimci cewa, a furucin karin harshen Katsinancin Birnin Katsina tagwan wasalin /ai/ na sauyawa zuwa dogon wasali tilo /ee/ a Katsinancin birnin Maraɗi. Misali:

S/No	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	Gloss	K/H Katsina	K/H Maraɗi
1.	saiwa	steam	saiwa	sewa
2.	daidai	right	daidai	Dede
3.	wasai	fresh	wasai	wase
4.	maida	take it bach	maida	meda
5.	mairo	name	mairo	Mero
6.	ƙosai	beans cake	ƙosai	Ƙose
7.	ƙorai	calabashies	ƙorai	Ƙore
8.	taimako	help	taimako	Temako
9.	ɗaweniya	responsibility	ɗawainiya	ɗaweniya

 

S/No	Daidaitacciyar Hausa	K/H Katsina	Lafazi	K/H Maraɗi	Lafazi
1.	saiwaa	saiwaa	sáiwàa	seewaa	Sêewàa
2.	daidai	daidai	dâidâi	deedee	Dèedèe
3.	wasai	wasai	wàsai	wasee	Wàsêe
4.	maida	maida	máidà	meda	Mèeda
5.	mairoo	mairo	mairòo	meroo	mèeroo
6.	ƙoosai	ƙosai	ƙóosai	ƙose	Ƙòosèe
7.	ƙorai	ƙorai	ƙóorai	ƙore	Ƙòorèe
8.	taimako	taimako	táimàkóo	temako	Têemàkoo
9.	ɗaweenijaa	ɗawainiyaa	ɗàwáinijáa	ɗawainiya	ɗàwèeníjàa

    

A sakamakon ƙalailaice bayanan misalan da suka gabata, an fahimci cewa, wannan sauyawar ƙwayar sautin wasali ta auku a wasu daga cikin kalmomin suna, kamar  a misali na (05) rukunin (b)   a misali na (1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, da 9,). Sai kuma a  kalmar aikatau, a rukunin misali na (4,). Da kuma a kalmar amsa kama a rukuni na (3,).

Ta fuskar tsarin gaɓa kuwa, a wannan gudunmuwa an fahimci cewa, wannan sauyin ƙwayoyin sauti na aukuwa a cibiyar gaɓar  farkon  kalma, kamar  yadda ya zo a misali na (05),  a  rukunin misalai na  (1, 2, 4, 5, da 8,). Sai kuma a tsakiyar kalma kamar a rukunin misali na (9,). Da kuma a ƙarshen kalma kamar a rukunin misalai na  (2, 3, 6, da 7,).

Haka kuma, a sakamakon nazarin wannan misalai da wannan bincike ya kawo, an fahimci cewa, wannan sauyi ya wanzu a cibiyar gaɓar ne, kuma ana samun wannan sauyi a farko da tsakiya da kuma ƙarshen kalma.

A nan dokar ta nuna cewa, tagwan wasali da ya zo a misalan karin harshen birnin Katsina ya yi daidai da tsarin daidaitacciyar Hausa. A karin harshen birnin Maraɗi kuwa, sauyin da aka samu na dogon wasalin gaba na sama marar kewaya ya saɓa wa tsarin daidaitacciyar Hausa.

4.0 Kammalawa

Daga ƙarshe kamar yadda manufar wannan takarda ta nuna cewa, takardar na ƙoƙarin fito da sauye-sauyen sautukan wasulla a tsakanin karin harshen birnin Katsina da na Maraɗi ta fuskar furuci da tsarin sauti. Takarda ta yi ƙoƙarin fito da waɗannan sauye-sauye na wasulla kuma an yi bayani dalla-dalla na ajin nahawun kalmomin da wannan sauyi ya shafa. Haka kuma, an yi ƙoƙarin fayyace irin gaɓar da sauyi ya auku a kanta. Tun da farkon wannan takarda, an nuna cewa an yi amfani da mazahabar Tsarin Sautin Tsirau na Bai-ɗaya, (Generative Phonology Theory) musamman wajen fayyace bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin sautukan wasullan da aka gabatar.

Manazarta

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5.       Bello, A. (2016) Hausa Dialects and Distinctive Feature Analysis: Zaria, Ahmadu Bello University 

6.       Busa, A. M (2013) A Comparative Study Of Some Aspect Of Hausa And Gbagyi Phonological

7.       C.N. H.N, (2006) Kamusan Hausa Cikin Hausa. Kano: Centre for the Study of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University.

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9.       Crystal, D. (1980) A First Dictionary of Linguistic and Phonetics, London.

10.    Gusau, S.M. (2015) Mazahabobin Ra’i da Tarken Adabi da Al’adu na Hausa. Kano: century Research ltd

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12.    Ibrahim, S.J. (2007) Hausar Jalingo, Kundin Digiri Na Ɗaya, Zaria: Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.

13.    Kenstowiez, M. & Kisseberth, C. (1979) Generative Phonology, Academic Press London

14.    Malka, J.G.(1978) Nazarin Bambance– Bambance Da Ke Tsakanin Daidaitacciyar Hausa (Nijeriya)  Da Hausar Filinge (Jamhuriyar Nijar) Ta Fuskar Tsarin Fannin Furuci. Takardar Ƙarawa Juna Ilimi. Zaria:  Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello 

15.    Sani, M.A.Z. (2005) Jagoran Nazarin Tsarin Sauti. Benchmark Publishers LTD, Kano.   System, Takarda Ƙarawa Juna Sani, Zaria, Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.

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