FREQUENCY OF CLIENT’S PATRONAGE OF UNIVERSITY LIBRARY INFORMATION RESOURCES AND SERVICES IN NORTH-EASTERN STATES OF NIGERIA

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FREQUENCY OF CLIENT’S PATRONAGE OF UNIVERSITY LIBRARY INFORMATION RESOURCES AND SERVICES IN NORTH-EASTERN STATES OF NIGERIA

DR. MUHAMMAD LAWAL IBRAHIM, CLN
DLS, BLIS, MLS, Ph.D.
Institute of Education
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
mlibrahim@abu.edu.ng, lawalabusalma@gmail.com,
07068798287, 08024489711 

PROF. ZAKARI MOHAMMED, CLN
Department of Library and Information Science,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 

PROF. (MRS) H. M. DAUDU, CLN
Institute of Education
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Abstract

The study focused on two objectives which are to find out the frequency of patronage of university library information resources and services in North-Eastern Nigeria and to Establish the reasons why clients patronize university library information resources and services in North-Eastern Nigeria. Two research questions were used and two hypotheses in guiding the study. The population of the study is five thousand, forty-eight (5048) registered university library clients across five Federal University libraries in the region, a sample of four hundred and four (404) respondents were drawn using a nonprobability convenience sampling technique. The research questions were answered using descriptive statistical technique in analysing the data while the hypotheses were analyzed using inferential statistical method. the finding of the study shows that only thirty-six (36) % of university library clients patronize their library information resources and services frequently in North-Eastern Nigeria. The study equally reveals that, the major reason why university library clients in North-Eastern Nigeria patronize their university libraries is the conducive library environment for learning with a mean of 1.58 and (58.1%).  Other factors like availability of relevant information resources, library staff attitude amongst others that were presented to the respondents recorded low responses. It was also established by the study that, there is no significant difference in the frequency of patronage of university library information resources and services across the five university libraries that were studied with P <0.05, and X2 calculated > X2 computed at df 4. Similarly, no significant difference was recorded on the reasons why clients patronize university library information resources and services in the North-Eastern Nigeria with P < 0.05, X2 calculated > X2 critical at df 4. It was recommended that, the managements of university libraries in the North-Eastern Nigeria must make the libraries more attractive for their clients by providing more relevant and up-to-date information resources and services. They are also to provide the type of services that will meet the needs and peculiarities of their clients.

Key Terms: University Libraries, Library Patronage, Information Resources and Services, North-Eastern Nigeria

Introduction

University Libraries are academic libraries established by universities to support the overall academic and developmental objectives of the parent institution. In Nigeria, there are 43 libraries established in federal universities, 48 libraries founded in state-owned universities and 79 libraries founded in private universities making a total of 170 university libraries in Nigeria at the time of data collection for this survey (August, 2019) and they are part of the most attended to and most patronized in the country among other academic libraries.(Aina, 2004, and Oyesiku & Oduwole, 2004).

As a center for intellectual development, University Libraries are open to staff, students, researchers, and visiting academics of various specializations, gender, and race. With such a cosmopolitan community of clients who are educationally advanced, with relative proficiency in the use of Information and Communication Technology, University Libraries are challenged to do more in improving the quality of their information resources and services and the delivery with emphasis on staff client-relationship. This is to retain their clients and attract new ones in the wake of the technological challenges of the information age. It is not surprising therefore that, libraries are re-inventing themselves in order to be more appealing to their clients (Frascotti,  Levenseler, Weingarten, & Wiegand, 2007).

As stated above, University libraries are established to support the overall objective of their parent institutions and it is in line with the institutional objective that the university libraries draw their specific objectives which according to Guskin, (1996) includes:

           i.              Supporting research projects,

         ii.              Supporting pedagogical delivery in departments,

       iii.              Building community relations through provision of instruction, and referral services etc.

       iv.               Supporting curriculum development and implementation

         v.               Conducting and facilitating research and classroom support.

       vi.               Keeping up with trends and technological advancements in library and information service delivery.

     vii.               References, printing services and book loans on various subjects.

   viii.               Provide all information needs for researchers, students, academic staff as well as neighboring communities.

       ix.               Provide central classification of all documents, books, periodicals, journals and even E-sources; Serve as a documentation centre.

         x.               Establish and maintain both Card as well as an Online Public Access catalogues (OPAC) of Library materials.

       xi.               Establish and maintain a Library webpage; Offer ICT services to students, academic staff as well as neighboring communities.

     xii.               Establish and promote cooperation with similar centers at national as well as international levels.

   xiii.               The library will also provide technical services such as book binding, printing, editorial and photographic services.

University Libraries are, therefore, indispensable in academic communities because, in the words of Guskin, they contribute to students’ ability to think critically and work both independently and in group through promotion of active learning. To achieve the noble objectives of contributing to the achievement of the overall objectives of the parent institutions, University Libraries try extremely hard despite the scarcity of resources to provide necessary information sources and services that will meet the needs of their clients. The aim is to ensure that clients are happy each time they visit the library and have reasons to come back again.

It is not enough for the library to provide information resources and services and expect them to be adequately patronized. How well the service is delivered with added value from the staff through good attitude and human relations also matters. University Libraries, however, have a history of building lasting relationships with different stakeholders, including institutional administration, researchers, instructors, and students. Indeed one of the most important things that a good University Library can offer is a long term relationship with the people who patronize library services  (Gall, 2010). The concerns of University Libraries, therefore, are not just the development of its resources and services but, also the relationship between the Staff and the clients as well. This is necessary because the library clients of today are different from those of yester-years hence, the approach and style of service delivery must change.

The North-Eastern Nigeria comprises of the old Gongola states of Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe. The states are categorized among the Educationally Less Developed States (ELDS) which has now been worsened by the boko-haram insurgency that has lasted for over ten years. It is worthy of note here that, only five out of the six states were covered in this research because, at the time of collecting data, Federal University Wukari in Taraba State was shutdown following a communal crisis between two major ethnic groups in the university which lead to the death of some of the students at the university hence, it was not possible to collect data form the university.

Statement of the Problem

This study was prompted by the findings of some research works like those of Osinulu (1998), Yusuf and Iwu (2010) and that of Onuoha and Subair (2013) A similar study by (Oyesiku & Oduwole 2004) revealed that students use the library mostly during examinations to study and to do class assignments after which they hardly visits the library. All the studies reported fall in the patronage of libraries in Nigeria. However, these studies were limited only to one or two libraries, and they are all based in the southern region of Nigeria. Hence, there is the need to carryout similar study in a different region of the Nigeria with the view to establishing whether or not, the findings are applicable to all library workers in all the regions or not. This study will therefore help to provide the bases for comparism of how frequently clients patronize library information resources and services in both the southern and northern Nigeria.

Objective of the Study

The study was conducted to achieve the following objectives:

1.              Find out the frequency of patronage of University Library Information Resources and services by Clients in North-Eastern States of Nigeria.

2.              Find out reasons why clients patronize University Library Information Resources and services in North-Eastern States of Nigeria.

Research questions

The following research questions and hypotheses guided the collection of data for this study.

1.       How frequently do clients patronize University Library Information Resources and Services in North-Eastern States of Nigeria?

2.       What are the reasons why clients patronize Information Resources and Services of University Libraries in North-Eastern states of Nigeria?

Hypotheses

Ho1          There is no significant difference in the frequency of patronage of university Library Information Resources and Services in North-Eastern States of Nigeria.

Ho2          There is no significant difference in the reasons why library clients patronize university Library Information Resources and services in North-Eastern states of Nigeria?

Literature Review

In a study by Osinulu (1998) Onuoha and Subair (2013), in which they investigated the patterns of library use at Ogun State University, Nigeria, the result of that study revealed low use of library and consequently, low use of library services, which was attributed to lack of awareness. (Akin, & Ajayi, 2008) studied the use of Federal University of Technology Library in Nigeria in which they found out that out of 475 student respondents, only eighty-two use the library daily. A similar study by (Oyesiku & Oduwole 2004) revealed that students use the library mostly during examinations to study and to do class assignments after which they hardly visits the library.

According to Yusuf and Iwu (2007) in a study on the use of University Library in Covenant university, they established that, over 90% of the library users visit the library only to photocopy library materials while over 80% of the clients that use the library for study do so only for certain assignment or project work. Unless there is some kind of compelling reason, they do not use the library even when it is supposed to be their main companion throughout their studies and for a lifetime.

Any library that will not channel all its resources towards their clients’ information satisfaction therefore should not expect good patronage from the clients since that is the reason why the clients will visit the library and any library that has no patronage has no reason to exist in the first place. However, in studies like those of Walton (2006), Zichur, Raine& Purcell (2013), Wells, Imhoff& Johnston (2018) who all agreed that library study space is one of the most dominant attractive services in the library that attracts clients in the 21st century not much of the other services attracts them but the reading space. Also, Oyedum (2005) discovered that students went to the library primarily to read their lecture notes. This is further corroborated by Adeyemi, (2017) who equally established that clients visit university libraries more because of the reading spaces.

It is in the light of these findings that this study was carried out to establish empirically the frequency of patronage of university libraries in the wake of competing digital information sources and services available and to know the factors that encourages the library clients to still patronize the library information resources and services despite the available alternative information source to them.

Methodology

Cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this study because the study was aimed at sampling the perception of university library clients on their frequency of patronage of information resources and services in North-East Nigeria at a given period. Survey method is a type of descriptive research which allows for the use of sampled data to describe a given phenomenon under investigation across a wide geographical area (Ali, 2006). Cross sectional ssurvey was therefore considered appropriate because it allows for the utilization of questionnaires to collect data about a particular topic at a given period from a sampled population.

The data for this research, however, was extracted from an unpublished thesis on the “Influence of library staff attitude on client’s patronage of university library information resources and services in Nort-Eastern Nigeria” which was conducted by Ibrahim, (2023).

The population of the study is the entire registered university library users in all the five university libraries in North-Eastern Nigeria at the time the data was collected (the year 2019) which stood at five thousand, seventy-eight registered clients (5078) as shown in table 1. The Federal University Wukari was exempted from the study because, the university was shut down at the time collecting the data because of ethnic crises that lead to the death of a student in the campus at the time of the research.

 

Table 1:            Population of the Study

S/NO	STATES	UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES	POPULATION
			RCP	%
1	Adamawa	ModibboAdama University of Technology Library, Yola.	1691	33
2	Bauchi	AbubakarTafawaBalewa University, Library (ATBU).	685	14
3	Borno	University of Maiduguri Library.	1752	35
4	Gombe	Federal University, Kashere, Library.	410	8
6	Yobe	Federal University Gashua, Library.	510	10
TOTAL			5048	100
KEY:  RCP = Registered Client’s Population. Source: Ibrahim, (2023)

 

The sample size for this study is four hundred and four (404) registered university library clients who were drawn out of the total population of five thousand, forty-eight (5,048) clients. This sample represents eight percent (8%) which was drawn from the population as shown in table 2 based on the Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) recommended sampling table.

The convenience (non-probability) sampling technique was adopted in drawing the sample for this study. This implies that only library clients that were at the libraries at the time of administering the instrument and who were equally willing to voluntarily respond to the instruments were administered the instruments.

This technique was considered because, it is the most convenient technique when the entire target population cannot easily be reached at the same time, it was also considered appropriate because, the study has a limited time limit within which the findings must be presented (McCombes, 2019).

 

Table 2:           Sample Size

S/NO	STATES	UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES	POPULATION
			RCP	%	Sample Size
1	Adamawa	ModibboAdama University of Technology Library, Yola.	1691	33	135
2	Bauchi	AbubakarTafawaBalewa University, Library (ATBU).	685	14	55
3	Borno	University of Maiduguri Library.	1752	35	140
4	Gombe	Federal University, Kashere, Library.	410	8	33
6	Yobe	Federal University Gashua, Library.	510	10	41
TOTAL			5048	100	404
KEY:  RCP = Registered Client’s Population. Source: Ibrahim (2023)

 

The total number of respondents is 362(89%) response rates. However, 42(11%) were unreturned and are regarded as casualties. The response rate is high with 89% of the instruments properly filled and returned. This high response rate is largely because of the efforts of the researcher and that of the research assistants who were staff of the respective university libraries. As staff of the libraries, they had enough time to administer the instruments and patiently wait for the clients to fill and return to them before they exit the library premises; since the instruments were administered to the clients who patronized the library at that time and are willing to participate in the research.

Results

The findings of this research are presented under two headings: descriptive and inferential analysis. All data that are meant to answer research questions are presented and analyzed descriptively under descriptive analysis while data on the hypothesis are presented under inferential analysis.

Descriptive Analysis

All data that was collected for the purpose of answering research questions descriptively is presented under this heading. The data on how frequently respondents patronize university library information resources and services in North-Eastern Nigeria is presented and analyzed in this section. The data was collected on a five-scale point of Very regularly, regularly, not regularly, only during exams and first visit. However, for convenience and ease of analysis, only the frequencies of respondents who indicate their agreement with the options on their frequency of patronage of the university libraries were presented as shown in table 3.

 

Table 3:           Frequency of Patronage of University Library Resource and Services in North-Eastern States of Nigeria

Frequency of Patronage	University Libraries Studied
	MAUTY		ATBU		RAMAT		FUKASHERE		FUGASHUA		TOTAL
	f	%	F	%	f	%	f	%	f	%	f	%
Very frequently	22	18%	8	16%	7	6%	3	10%	11	31%	51	14%
Frequently	36	30%	19	38%	8	6%	4	14%	12	33%	79	22%
Not frequently	42	35%	21	42%	23	18%	5	17%	11	31%	102	28%
Occasionally	12	10%	2	4%	71	56%	14	48%	2	6%	101	28%
First Visit	9	7%	0	0%	18	14%	3	10%	0	0%	30	8%
TOTAL	121	100%	50	100%	127	100%	29	100%	36	100%	363	100%
f= frequency, %= percentage of respondents % Benchmark= 50%

Table 3 revealed that only a total of 130(36%) of the respondents patronize their University Library Information resources and services regularly in the North-Eastern States of Nigeria (this is the sum of the frequencies and percentages for ‘Very Frequently 5’ and that of the ‘Frequently 79’ (51+79=130) and 14+22%=36%,) while 233(64%) respondents do not patronize their University Library regularly. However, clients of ATBU Library patronize their university library information resources and services more frequently with 27(54%) of the respondents who indicates that they patronize the library on a frequent basis.

The responses of respondents on the reasons why they patronize university Library Information Resources and services in North-Eastern states of Nigeria are presented in this section. Reasons were advanced for the respondents to indicate which once reflects their reasons for patronizing their University Library Information Resources and services. For convenience of analyses, only the frequency of those that indicated the reasons were reported in the table while the total number of respondents in each of the University Libraries that were studied are shown in brackets after the names of the universities.

Table 4:           Reasons for Patronage of University Libraries Information Resources and Services in North-Eastern States of Nigeria

KEY: f=Frequency,  %=Percentage, X̅ = Mean,        CUM = CumulativeDecision mean = 1.500       Total respondents per library is beside the name of each library.

The overall result in Table 4 shows that, none of the ten (10) reasons that were presented to the respondents for them to indicate which of them motivates them to patronize the university libraries in the North-Eastern Nigeria is enough reason they patronize the university libraries. This is evident in the cumulative mean of 1.26 which falls below the decision mean of 1.500.

Inferential Analysis

All data that was collected for the purpose of drawing inferences from the findings of the research are presented and analysed under this heading.

Hypothesis One:

Ho¹       There is no significant difference in the frequency of patronage of university Library Information Resources and services in North-Eastern states of Nigeria.

 

Table 5:           Non-Parametric test of Kruskal Wallis H Test on Differences in the frequency of Patronage of University Library Information Resources and Services in North-Eastern States of Nigeria

University Libraries	N	Mean Rank	df	X2 computed	X2 critical	p
University of Maiduguri, Library	127	247.64	4	102.651	9.488	0.001
Federal University, Kashere, Library	29	219.21
ModibboAdama University of Technology Library	121	148.79
AbubakarTafawaBalewa University, Library (ATBU)	50	126.29
Federal University Gashua, Library	36	109.46
Total	363

P < 0.05, and X² calculated > X² computed at df 4

 

Results of the Non-Parametric test of Kruskal Wallis H Test in table 4.7 shows that significant difference exists in the level of patronage of university Library Information Resources and services in North-Eastern states of Nigeria. This is because the calculated p value of 0.001 is lower than the alpha level of significance of 0.05. Their mean levels of client patronage are ModibboAdama University of Technology (148.79), AbubakarTafawaBalewa University-ATBU (126.29), University of Maiduguri (247.64), Federal University, Kashere (219.21) and Federal University Gashua (109.46). This implies that University of Maiduguri and Federal University, Kasherehave the highest record of clients’ patronage while Federal University Gashua has the least patronage. Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that ‘there is no significant difference in the frequency of patronage of university Library Information Resources and services in North-Eastern states of Nigeria, is hereby rejected.

This finding reveals that it is not proper nor is it scientifically correct to generalize on the patronage of libraries as either high or low without an empirical test. It can be seen here that, University of Maiduguri being the oldest with the largest students and staff population records the highest patronage which is understandable due to the higher number of faculties and departments, but Federal University Kashere on the other hand which is still a new university at least, newer than ModdiboAdama and AbubakarTafawaBalewa Universities recorded higher patronage.

This implies therefore that patronage is a dependent variable which may change by institution depending on other factors that include types of information resources available, and the corresponding services. This agrees with Onuoha and Subair (2013), and Alegbeleye, Madukoma, Dahunsi, (2020). The implication of the finding is that the libraries may be the same type, but they differ in terms of their staffing, information resource collections, and the services they provide. All these are factors that determine the client’s stimulus to using the library and consequently, their patronage. Hence, a university library has the option of been different from others in clients’ frequency of patronage by been better than others in collections and service delivery.

Hypothesis Two:

Ho²       There is no significant difference in the reasons why library clients patronize university Library Information Resources and services in north-eastern states of Nigeria.

Table 6:           Nonparametric test of Kruskal Wallis H test on the difference in reasons why library clients patronize university Library Information Resources and services in north-eastern states of Nigeria.

Name of Institution:		N	Mean Rank	df	X2 computed	X2 critical	p
University of Maiduguri Library		127	212.17	4	25.052	9.488	0.002
Federal University Gashua, Library		36	193.60
Federal University, Kashere Library		29	186.21
ModibboAdama University of Technology, library		121	160.63
AbubakarTafawaBalewa University (ATBU), Library		50	146.28
Total		363

P < 0.05, X²> X² calculated > X2 critical at df 4

Results of the Non-Parametric test of Kruskal Wallis in table 4.10 shows that significant difference exists in the reasons why library clients patronize university Library Information Resources and services in north-eastern states of Nigeria. This is because the calculated p value of 0.001 is lower than the alpha level of significance of 0.05.

The mean client patronage levels are at ModibboAdama University of Technology (148.79), AbubakarTafawaBalewa University-ATBU (126.29), University of Maiduguri-Ramat (247.64), Federal University, Kashere (219.21) and Federal University Gashua (109.46). This implies that Universities of Maiduguri and Federal University, Gashua have the highest client patronage while AbubakarTafawaBalewa has the least patronage. Consequently, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the level of patronage of university Library Information Resources and services in North-Eastern states of Nigeria is hereby rejected.

The implication of this finding is that, though all clients visit university libraries for the same reason of seeking information, they vary in the type of information they need and in what format and the nature depending on their needs. As such, the university libraries equally vary in their funding and policy which equally determines the type of library resources and services they can afford to provide which may meet the information needs of their clients or not due to inadequate funding. Universities libraries will have to explore all means possible and available which may include inter library loan services to ensure effective library service delivery that can satisfy the clients’ information needs.

Discussion

There is poor frequency of patronage of university information resources and services with only 36% of respondents patronizing the libraries frequently. The finding is consistent with those of Ogbuiyi and Okpe (2013) in Adeh and Hayatu (2020) who reported that there is fall in the patronage of libraries below average.

The implication of this finding is that, against the objective of any library which is for clients to make maximum use of the information resources and services that are provided (Aina, 2004) in order to justify the scars resources that are spent in acquiring them; the study rather shows a general underutilization of the university libraries in the North-Eastern region of Nigeria; this is in agreement with the findings of Akin and Ajayi (2008) who pointed out the decline in library patronage and Yusuf and Iwu (2010) who explained that in spite the patronage of libraries, they are, they have been reduced to seasonal places where most students visit to read their notes when preparing for examinations. Also, Onuoha and Subair (2013), reported that there is a decline in library patronage. This could make this finding not to be surprising considering the availability of alternative online information sources for the clients as earlier observed.

Unless something is done to check the situation, this may result in continuous waste of the scars resources that are spent annually in acquiring them instead of channeling that fund to a better priority service (Aina, 2004) and (Nwalo, 2003).

The only reason that motivates the clients to patronize the university libraries in the North-Eastern Nigeria is the libraries’ conduciveness for reading and research with 54.8% (1.58), which recorded above the decision mean of 1.500. None of the remaining reasons recorded a mean of up to the decision mean; it, therefore, implies that, the atmospheres’ conduciveness for reading and research in the libraries is the main reason that attracts the clients to frequent the university libraries in the North-Eastern Nigeria. This finding is in tandem with Walton (2006), Zichur, Raine& Purcell (2013), Wells, Imhof& Johnston (2018) who all agreed that library study space is one of the most dominant attractive services in the library that attracts clients in the 21st century. Also, Oyedum (2005) discovered that students went to the library primarily to read their lecture notes.

Other reasons and their mean scores are to study for examination 39% (1.39) this equally recorded mean below the decision mean which shows that, the clients do not rely on the library for study for examination any longer as reported by Adeh and Hayatu (2020). Library staff support & encouragement 34% (1.34) this reason equally fell short of the decision mean indicating that, the university library staffs’ negative attitude towards the clients is not encouraging enough to attract their frequent patronage. Library staffs’ support for clients 33% (1.33) which shows that university library staff are not up to task with showing library clients the required concern and support in their search for information in the library. Clients are therefore allowed to fend for themselves. Similarly, availability of clients’ desired information resources equally recorded a low mean of 27% (1.27) of respondents who find information resources that meet their information needs in the libraries. This indicates that, university library clients in North-Eastern Nigeria hardly find the information resources they desire in the libraries which is consistent with the findings of Aina and Haliso (2012) who observed that, the issue of low patronage is also linked to inadequate quality of academic library collections. Others (please specify) 6% (1.26), The working constructive collaboration among the library staff 22% (1.22) is equally not an encouraging reason to attract the client’s frequent patronage. Internet services 13% (1.13).

It is worthy of note that, the clients do not even rely on the university library information resources and services for their academic assignment as it should ordinarily be because, this reason recorded the least mean score of 1.11(10.7%). No alternative to the library 11% (1.06), the lack of alternative to the library is not a reason for clients’ frequency of patronage either which implies that, the clients have alternatives to the libraries in their universities, To check on someone 6%(1.06) very insignificant percentage visits the libraries for the purpose of checking on friends or colleagues, it means that, all the clients who visits the university libraries do so for a serious and purposeful reason of research or study.

The implication of these findings is that, apart from the use of the library space which is because of the conducive atmosphere there would be no significant reason clients would patronize university libraries information resources and services in the North-Eastern Nigeria. This is because the clients do not find in the library the expected information resources or services, which attracts their patronage which reaffirms the report of Adeh and Hayatu (2020).

This also indicates that, so much need to be done by the university libraries in the North-East to improve on their information resources and services by providing the desired and up to date information resources that will meet the clients information needs; also, the physical and aesthetic out look of the libraries must equally be taken in to cognizance because basic facilities like the furniture and how ergonomic they are equally matters.

Conclusion

The findings of the study revealed that, university library clients in North-Eastern Nigeria do not patronise their university libraires frequently like it ought to be and this was because of several factors which includes poor attitude of the library staff, non-availability of relevant information resources and services, lack of internet services, poor working synergy among library staff among other reasons. These revelations are in full agreement with existing findings while a few are in partial agreement; others are in total disagreement.

Recommendations

This study therefore recommends as follows:

1.              The managements of university libraries in the North-Eastern Nigeria must step up on their efforts to make the libraries more attractive for their clients by providing more relevant and up to date information resources and services.

2.              The libraries are also to provide the type of services that will meet the needs and peculiarities of their clients like digital and electronic resources and services.

3.              University Libraries should conduct periodic client needs assessment with a view to understanding the library’s strengths and weaknesses.

4.              The university libraries should periodically survey the perception of the clients on the performance of the library staff with the view to establishing how the library staff treats the clients in the library.

 

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