Lafiya Jari: Tsakuren Gudunmuwar Sarkawa Ga Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya Na Gargajiya

Cite this article as: Gummi, M.F. (2023). Lafiya Jari: Tsakuren Gudunmuwar Sarkawa Ga Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya Na Gargajiya. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, (2)1, 113-121. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2023.v02i01.014.

 Daga

Dr. Musa Fadama Gummi

Department of Languages and Cultures, Federal University Gusau, Nigeria
Email: gfmusa24@gmail.com, mfadamagummi@ fugusau.edu.ng
GSM NO.: +2347065635983

Tsakure

A ƙasar Hausa, masu aiwatar da sana’o’in gargajiya suna da muhimmanci matuƙa. Baya ga samar da kayayyakinsu ga masu saya, suna kuma taimakawa sosai ga sha’anin bayar da magungunan gargajiya. Kowane mai sana’ar gargajiya yana da fannin da ya ƙware a sha’anin magani. Manoma, ga misali, su suke bayar da maganin ciwon baya da na zafin rana. Sarkawa, waɗanda sana’arsu ita ce kamun kifi, na da muhimmanci matuƙa wajen samar da kifi, wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarai masu gina jiki da ƙara lafiya. Baya ga wannan suna gudanar da muhimmin aiki dangane da abin da ya shafi bayar da magungunan gargajiya. Waɗannan ayyuka nasu na bayar da maganin gargajiya ne wannan muƙala ta ƙuduri warware zare da abawarsa. Binciken an aiwatar da shi ne ta hanyar bibiyar Sarkawa tare da yin hira da su domin zaƙulo ire-iren gudumawar da suke bayarwa a fagen kiwon lafiya.. Muƙalar, ta gano cewa suna bayar da magunguna na waraka daga cutar sanyi da ma sauran cututukan da ake iya ɗauka a cikin ruwa kamar tsagiya da cutar ƙaiƙayin jiki da cutar sanyi. Haka kuma suna bayar da magungunan riga-kafi, da magungunan biyan buƙatun zuciya, har ma da na siddabaru, da na sharri. Muƙalar ta karkata ga magungunan cututukan jiki, waɗanda Sarkawa suke taimaka wa al’umma da su. Yana da kyau masana ilimin haɗa magunguna na zamani su yi ƙoƙarin gano sinadaran da ke ƙunshe cikin magungunan da sarkawa suke bayarwa da nufin ƙara inganta su da kuma zamanantar da su.Yin haka zai taimaka wajen samar da kiwon lafiya mai rahusa ga al’umma.

Fitattun Kalmomi: Tsakure, Gudunmuwa, Sarkawa, Kiwon lafiya, Gargajiya

1.0 Gabatarwa

Cuta da magani da lafiya, wasu muhimman abubuwa ne, masu buƙatar kulawar gaske, a kowace al’ada ta kowace al’umma ta duniya. Cuta wata damuwa ce da take shiga jikin ɗan’adam domin raunana garkuwar jikinsa; tana iya shafar zuciyarsa ta fuskokin buƙatocinsa na jin daɗi ko ɗaukaka darajarsa da sauransu.[1] Magani abu ne da ake amfani da shi domin gusar da ko kwantar da ko kare jiki daga kamuwa da cutar da ka iya takura wa lafiyar halitta walau ta mutum ko dabba da dai sauran halittu.[2] Al’ummar Hausawa wayayyiyar al’umma ce da take da tsarin kiwon lafiya da ya dace da muradun ahalinta tun gabanin shaƙuwarta da kowace irin baƙuwar al’umma daga ƙetare, walau daga gabas, balantana yammacin duniya. Kowane rukunin al’umma da ke aiwatar da sana’o’in gargajiya, na da rawar da yake takawa, wajen wanzar da kiwon lafiya na gargajiya a cikin al’umma ta Hausawa[3]. A misalce, wanzamai likitoci ne na gargajiya da har fiɗa suna yi domin cire cuta a jikin marar lafiya. Cutar ciwon ƙugu da na zafin rana sai an koma wajen manoma. Maganin wuta kuwa, maƙera ba kanwar lasa ba ne. Haka dai kowane rukuni na masu sana’o’in gargajiya na da nasa ƙwarewa dangane da irin nau’in taimako da yake bayarwa a sha’anin kiwon lafiya na gargajiya.

Ƙudurin wannan muƙala shi ne nazartar irin ayyukan da Sarkawa suke yi domin bayar da tasu gudunmuwa ga sha’anin kiwon lafiya, irin na gargajiya. Muƙalar za ta waiwayi waɗannan ayyuka ta la’akari da rukuni na farko daga rabe-raben magungunan gargajiya da masana (Bunza, 1995) da (Sarkin Gulbi, 2014) suka samar. Rukunin na farko kuwa shi ne magungunan cututkan jiki. Muƙalar za ta waiwaye a kan waɗansu cututuka, ta yi nutso da nufin ƙyallaro yadda Sarkawa suke agazawa wa al’umma a wajen bayar maganin cutar, domin inganta kiwon lafiya a tsakanin al’umma.

2.0 Ma’anonin tubulan take

Gabanin shiga cikin ayyukan sarkawa dangane da bayar da magani, ya dace mu dubi fitattun kalmomi, waɗanda tubula ne da aka yi amfani da su domin gina taken wannan bincike. Kalmomin su ne, tsakure da gudunmuwa da Sarkawa da kiwon lafiya da kuma gargajiya.

2.1 Tsakure

Kalmar tsakure kalmar Hausa ce ta asali. An samo ta ne daga kalmar tsakura. Kalmar tana nufin ɗibar abu ƙanƙani daga cikin maiyawa.[4] Ayyukan da Sarkawa suke gudanarwa, waɗanda suka jiɓinci sha’anin kiwon lafiya a cikin al’ummar Hausawa suna da yawa ainun. Wannan muƙala taƙaitacciya ce don haka ba za ta wadatar ba a ce an kawo dukkan gudunmuwar da suke bayarwa dangane da kiwon lafiya irin na gargajiya, a cikin al’umma ta Hausawa. Kasancewar ayyukan nasu da yawa, an ɗan gutsuro wasu daga ciki ne, ba wai duka ba. Abin nufi, muƙalar ta taɓo ƙalilan ne daga cikin magunguna da Sarkawa suke bayarwa.

2.2 Gudunmuwa

Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero, ya faɗa cewa, kalmar gudunmuwa tana ɗaukar ma’anar taimako na aiki ko kuɗi ko abinci ko sutura ko wani abu CNHN (2006 p. 171). Bargery (1934 p. 402) kuwa cewa ya yi gudunmuwa na nufin taimako ko ƙarfafawa. A wannan muƙala, gudunmuwar da ake son a bayyanawa ita ce nau’in taimako da ɗauki wanda Sarkawa suke bayarwa a fagen kiwon lafiya. Wannan kuwa ya shafi taimakon da suke yi wa al’umma ta hanyar samar da abinci (kifi) mai gina jiki da ƙara masa karsashi da ƙoshin lafiya, haɗe da aikin da suke yi na bayar da magungunan gargajiya domin hana wanzuwa tare da kawar da damuwa a jikin ɗan’adam, musamman abin da ya jiɓinci cututuka da ake kamuwa da su sakamakon tu’ammali da ruwa.

2.3 Sarkawa

Bisa asali, kalmar Sarkanci an samo ta ne daga kalmar ‘Sorko’, wata al’umma a daular Sanwai. Wannan al’umma ta shahara matuƙa a sha’anin fito na jirgin ruwa da kuma kafin kifi a kogin Kwara da fadamun da suka raɓi kogin. Bakin masana kamar Alƙali, (1969) da Wara, (2019) ya zo ɗaya dangane da cewa tun farkon ƙarni na 19 ne Sarkawa suka riƙa gwamutsowa yankin Kabi da nufin faɗaɗa sana’arsu ta kamun kifi. Sannu a hankali suka sami gindin zama a wannan yanki kuma sakamakon auratayya, cikin sauƙi, al’ummar ta Sorko sai ta saje da al’ummar Hausawa da suka tarar. Dalilin ƙwarewarsu a fagen kamun kifi da ingancin makamansu na kamun kifi ya sa suka yi tasiri sosai a sha’anin sana’ar, ba wai Kabi kaɗai ba, har da sauran yankuna, inda sana’ar take gudana. A yanzu, ƙwarewa a sana’ar su ko kamun kifi, ita aka sani da suna sarkanci. Ƙwararren mai aiwatar da sana’ar kuwa, ana kiransa Basarke; jam’insa kuwa Sarkawa.

2.4 Kiwon lafiya

Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero, CNHN, (2006 p. 247) ya faɗa cewa kiwon lafiya shi ne tsabta. A tunanin wannan muƙala, ma’anar da Ƙamusun ya kawo ba ta wadatar ba. Dalili kuwa shi ne kiwon lafiya ya zarce tsabta kawai. Abubakar, (2015 p. 264) cewa ya yi, kiwon lafiya shi ne nazari da ayyukan tabbatar da lafiyar jama’a. Shafin matambayi ba ya ɓata na wikipedia cewa ya yi kiwon lafiya shi ne

Inganta lafiya ta hanyar yi wa jiki kandagarki daga cuta da binciken gano ko tabbatar da cutar da nufin kwantar da ita ko magance ta, haka ma duk wata damuwa kamar rauni ko duk wata kasala ta jiki ko ta ƙwaƙwalwa da ka iya shafuwar mutane.[5]

A taƙaice kiwon lafiya shi ne duk wani yunƙuri da ake yi domin kula ko kiyaye lafiyar jiki da ta zukata, ta hanyar yi wa jiki garkuwa ko magancewa ko kwantar da duk wata damuwa da ka iya illata ko yi wa ɗan’adam barazana ga lafiyarsa da walwalarsa.

2.5 Gargajiya

Kalmar gargajiya Bahushiyar kalma ce. Abubakar, (2015 p. 156) ya ce kalmar tana iya ɗaukar waɗannan ma’anoninu: Gado daga tsohon zamani, hali ko al’ada mai asali tun daga da. Abin da ba a wannan zamani aka ƙirƙire shi ba. Abin da al’umma ta gada daga zamanin da ya shuɗe. Bunza, (2006 p. xxvii) ya ce daga kalmar gado ne aka sami gadajje da gargajiya. A nan duk wani abu aka ce na gargajiya ne, to ana nufin abin da Bahaushe yake jin shi ke da shi tun fil azal kuma babu nason wata al’ada a ciki gaba ɗaya.

Kiwon lafiya na gargajiya a nan yana nufin hanyoyin kula da kiyaye lafiyar al’umma, waɗanda Bahaushe gadon su ya yi daga kaka da kakanni, ba su da wani ɗosane ko surki da wasu hanyoyi ko dabaru na kiwon lafiya na wasu al’ummu na daban, saɓanin Hausawa.

3.0 Ayyukan sarkawa na kiwon lafiya

Ayyukan Sarkawa na kiwon lafiya suna da yawa matuƙa kuma wannan muƙala kaɗai ba za ta iya ƙunsar duk bayanan ayyukansu ta ɓangaren kiwon lafiya ba. Duk da haka, za a ɗauki wasu muhimmai a bayyana su, ta la’akari da wasu muhimman sassa na kiwon lafiya na gargajiya na Hausawa. Misali, za a ɗauki riga-kafi da agajin farko a matsayin wani rukuni, ayyukan da suka jiɓinci waraka su kasance wani rukuni na daban.

Bunza, (1989 p. 134) ya kawo bakandamiyar ma’ana dangane da magani. Masanin cewa ya yi:

Magani wata hanya ce ta warkarwa ko kwantar da, ko rage wata cuta ta ciki ko ta waje     ko wadda aka samu daga haɗari ko kuma neman kariya ga cutar abokan hamayya ko         cutar da su ko neman ɗaukaka ta daraja ko buwaya, ta hanyar siddabaru da sihiri na ban al’ajabi

3.1 Riga-kafi

Bahaushe yana cewa ‘riga-kafi ya fi magani’. Abubakar, (2015 p. 410) ya ce riga-kafi shi ne abin da ake yi ko ake ci, ko ake sha don neman hana shigar cuta. Wato irin wananan magani ana yin sa domin yin kariya ga jiki, yadda cuta ba za ta shiga cikinsa ba. Sarkawa suna da iri wannan magani da suke bayarwa. Daga ciki, babban riga-kafi da suke yi shi ne ɗaurin ruwa.

3.1.1 Ɗaurin ruwa

Wannan wata al’ada ce da ta shafi yin maganin duk wani mugu da zai iya cuta wa mutane yayin da suka shiga ruwa. Ɗaurin ruwa shi ne magani ko laƙani ko addu’ar da ake yi domin samun kariya da hana kowane irin kifi ko dabba motsawa. Haka kuma don a hana mugun iska cutarwa a lokacinlokacin da aka shiga ruwa domin ƙetarewa (tsallakewa) ko domin aiwatar da kamun kifi. Yin haza zai sa a shiga ruwan lafiya a kuma fito lafiya, ba tare da wani haɗari ya faru ba. (Fadama, 2015 p. 168).

Idan fashin ruwa za a yi, Mairuwa ko Sarkin ruwa ne ke da alhakin ɗaure ruwa gabanin a shiga. A ɗaiɗaiku ma, kowane masunci yana da tasa dabara da yake yi ta ɗaure ruwa. Galibi ɗaurin ruwa kan ƙunshi addu’a ta surkulle, inda ake haɗa harshen Larabci da na Hausa da na Dandanci[6]. Ire-ren waɗannan addu’o’i na surkulle, ba su faye wata cikakkiyar ma’ana ba. Bisa misali akwai wata addu’a da ake karantawa ƙafa bakwai. Daga nan za a ɗebi ruwan tafki ko gulbin da ake son a ɗaure, a moɗa ta ƙwarya. Guntsar ruwan za a yi a baki, sannan a furza shi cikin ruwan da za a ɗaure. Daga nan sai a sami tsumangiya ta itacen tumfafiya, a doki ruwan da ita har sau uku. Ana yin haka, sai bai wa masunta dama su bazama cikin ruwan domin neman abinci. Ga yadda addu’ar take:

Bismillahi! Ai salam dabiga. Annabi salam makwaiga.     

A yi nutan badago, baki gunɗe.

Mai dogon baki bai cizon mu.[7]

Idan aka kalli kalmomin Hausa da suke cikin addu’ar, ana iya fahimtar cewa addu’ar ta fi dacewa da ɗauri ne ga kada, domin yana ɗaya daga cikin halittun ruwa masu dogon baki, da sukan kasance barazana ga masunta, musamman waɗanda ba su shahara ba.

3.1.2 Riga-Kafin shafar iska

Bahaushe yana da cikakkiyar fahimtar cewa ruwa mazauni ne na Iska. Ruwan ka iya kasancewa na kogi ko tafki ko kududdufi. Daga cikin nau’o’inau’o’in Iskoki da suke da mazauni a cikin ruwa akwai Harakwai da Hajaruwa da Jittakuku da Tamashaya da dai sauran su. Waɗannan Iskoki mazauna ruwa kan cutar da mutane, musamman masu shiga ruwa ko dai domin kama kifi ko wanka ko kurme. Sarkawa su ne malaman ruwa, su suka san ciki da bai na ruwa da abin da ya ƙunsa. A kan haka ne sukan ba da taimako na magani domin riga-kafi ga cutar shafar Iskar ruwa. Misali na maganin riga-kafin Iska da suke bayarwa shi ne a sami ɗanyen ƙayar itaciyar aduwa guda ɗari ba ɗaya (99). A sanya shi cikin turmi za a yi sai a saɓa shi, daga nan a shanya ya bushe. Bayan ya bushe, sai a dake shi ya zama gari. Wannan garin ne za a riƙa ɗiba a duk lokacin da za a yi wanka, sai a zuba cikin ruwan, a yi wanka da shi.[8] Falsafar amfani da ƙayar aduwa wajen yin riga-kafi shi ne cewa ana amfani da ita wajen yin shinge domin yin kariya da keɓance wani wuri da ba a son a ratsa ko a shiga. Yadda ƙayar aduwar take hana a ratsa wuri, haka za ta hana Iska, ta katange shi daga shafa ko shiga jikin wanda ya yi wanka da maganin.

3.1.3 Riga-Kafin ƙaya da dafinta

Ƙaya[9] na nufin ƙashin da ake samu a jikin kifi. Daga cikin nau’o’in kifi da ake samu a ruwa na Ƙasar Hausa, karfasa ko gargaza kusan ta fi kowane kifi yawan ƙaya. Sau da dama, tsautsayitsautsayi na iya kamawa, ƙaya ta maƙale wa mutum a maƙogwaro yayin da yake cin kifi. Sarkawa suna yin riga-kafi na addu’a domin samun kariya daga haɗarin maƙalewar ƙayar kifi. Gabanin cin kifi, musamman gargaza ko karfasa, ana karanta wannan addu’a domin yin kandagarki. Addu’ar ita ce:

Bismillahi! Tallakum      

Bi hadimakum, danhwatsobiru.[10]

3.2 Ceto da agajin farko ga wanda ya faɗa ruwa

Duk lokacin da wani ya faɗa ruwa, Sarkawa ake nema su nemo shi kuma su ba shi agajin farko. Idan haɗarin bai daɗe da aukuwa ba kuma ya kasance ba a yi kuka ba yayin da aka fahinci mutum ya nutse a ruwa, Sarkawa kan yi masa tawada tare da hayaƙin magani. Cikin yardar Allah, ana yi ana matsa cikinsa sannu a hankali, sai a tarar ya farfaɗo. Ba wannan kaɗai ba, idan aka sami haɗari na kifewar kwalekwale ko jirgin fito, Sarkawa ne suke bazama cikin ruwa domin kuɓutar da mutane. Waɗanda suka mutu kuwa,Sarkawan ne dai ke nemo gawarwakinsu domin yi masu sutura da jana’iza. Wannan zai hana su ruɓewa a cikin ruwan, wanda hakan zai kare shi daga gurɓata. Wani lokaci, idan aka sami kifewar kwalekwale a tsakiyar gulbi mai zurfin gaske, Sarkawa na da wata waibuwa ta rage zurfin ruwa. Sukan iya bai wa mutane umurni su tashi tsaye ko da a wuri mai zurfin gaske ne. A irin haka, ruwan ba zai wuce iya cibiyar mutane ba. Suna yin irin wannan waibuwa ne domin kuɓutar da rayukan mutane yayin da aka sami mummunan hatsari lokacin sufuri ko fito tsakanin wannan mashaya zuwa waccan ko kuma daga wannan gaɓar kogi zuwa wancan.

3.2 Magungunan waraka

Akwai cututuka da dama waɗanda Sarkawa suke taimakawa wajen bayar da magungunan da za a yi amfani da su domin samun waraka. Galibi, cututukan da suka jiɓinci ruwa, wato waɗanda ake kamuwa da su sakamakon yawaita shiga ruwa, Sarkawa kan bayar da taimako domin warkar da su. Dalili kuwa shi ne, a koyaushe, a ruwa wajen neman abincinsu yake. Su ne masana ruwa ko malaman ruwa. Cututukan da suke bayar da maganinsu sun haɗa da cutar sanyi da ciwon ciki da ciwon ƙaiƙayin jiki da ake ɗauka sakamakon shiga gurɓataccen ruwa da maganin Iska da maganin cutar maroƙi da maganin cizon kifi da dai sauran su.

3.2.1 Maganin cutar sanyi

Ciwon sanyi wata damuwa ce da take raunana lafiyar mutum sakamakon ciwon da ake ɗauka ko kamuwa da shi sakamakon yawaitar shiga ruwa, ko yin sammako a jeji lokacin damina, musamman lokacin da ake samun raɓa sosai. Ana kuma ɗaukar cutar sanyi sakamakon yin lalata ko jima’i da mace ko namijin da ya harbu da ciwon. (Fadama, 2015 p. 456) Ta la’akari da wannan bayani, ana iya cewa cutar sanyi ta kasu nau’i biyu. Akwai cutar sanyin fadama da kuma cutar sanyin mata. Kowane daga cikinsu, Sarkawa na bayar da taimako. Magungunan sanyi da suke bayarwa domin samun waraka daga cutar sanyi suna da matuƙar yawa. A wannan muƙala, za a kawo misali ɗaya na maganin. Misali na wani taimako na cutar sanyi da suke bayarawa shi ne:

A nemi sayyun bishiyar gawasa, sai a wanke shi sosai domin a cire ƙasa da ke tare da shi. Haka ma za a ɗebi sayyun magarya, a wanke shi domin cire ƙasar da ke jikinsa. Za a ɗora ruwa a tukunya sai a haɗa maganin tare da jar kanwa. Idan aka sauke maganin ya huce, sai sha moɗa ɗaya, bayan an ci abinci da safe. Da yamma ma, sai a sha moɗa ɗaya bayan cin abinci.[11]

3.2.2 Maganin fitar baya/dubura

Wani lokaci, idan cutar sanyi ta yi yawa a jikin mutum, takan haddasa fitar baya, yayin da aka ziyarci ban ɗaki domin yin bayan gari. Dalili kuwa shi ne akan ɗauka cewa cutar ta sanyi tana sa bushewar ciki, a riƙa shan wahala wajen yin bayan gari. A riƙa yin sa kamar ɗiɗɗira, wato atini. Sakamakon yawan yunƙuri, baya sai ta riƙa fitowa. Wasu Sarkawa suna bayar da taimako na irin wannan lalurar. Abin da ake yi shi ne a sami tsiron duman kada. Za a saka shi a tukunya a dafa shi sosai sai ya gisɗu. Za a sauke tukunya, a juye tafasasshen ruwan a wani baho. Akan bar shi ya ɗan huce kaɗan. Lokacin da zafinsa ya ragu ta yadda ba zai ƙona jiki ba, sai mai fama da wannan rashin lafiya ya zauna a cikin bahon. Zafin maganin yana kai ga duburarsa. Haka za a yi riƙa yi safe da yamma har sai an sami sauƙi.[12] Idan an yi maganin na ɗan lokaci abin bai ja da baya ba, ana iya ƙara ganyen iccen kalgo a cikin haɗin. Za a tafasa kamar yadda aka tafasa duman kadan. Idan ya rage zafi, sai a zauna cikin ruwan har ya huce. Za a yi hakan safe da yamma har sai an sami biyan buƙata.

3.2.3 Ciwon ciki

Sarkawa sun yarda da cewa akwai nau’i na ciwon ciki da cutar sanyi take haddasa shi. Irin wannan ciwon cikin, ko an sha maganin ciwon ciki da aka saba da shi yau da kullum, ba za a sami waraka ba, har sai an magance musabbabinsa, wato ciwon sanyi. A irin wannan, ana samun saƙe-saƙin zogale, sai a jiƙa shi a cikin ruwan tsagwaro ko tsari. Idan ya jiƙa, mai fama da cutar zai riƙa sha safe da yamma har tsawon kwana bakwai. Wannan zai sa duk sai an fitsare cutar sanyi da take a marar mai fama da cutar. Wannan kuma zai sa a sami waraka daga ciwon cikin.[13]

3.2.4 Cutar sanyin ƙashi

Cuta ce da take kama ƙashi, a riƙa fuskantar zogi da raɗaɗi a daidai inda cutar ta kama. Wani lokaci idan a ƙafa ne, sai tarar a mai fama da ciwon yana ɗingishi a yayin da yake tafiya. Magungunan da Sarkawa suke bayarwa domin magance cutar suna da yawa. Misali ɗaya shi ne za a sami ganyen itacen malga, sai a tafasa shi sosai a tukunya. Idan ya gisɗu, sai a sauke, a kuma yi surace da maganin. Ana son a yi lulluɓi yayin da ake yin surace da maganin. Haka za a riƙa yi safe da yamma, har zuwa yaushe?.[14]

3.3.5 Cutar ƙaiƙayin jiki

Mutane masu yawan shiga ruwa kan kamu da cututukan fatar jiki. Daga ciki, akwai ƙaiƙayin jiki wanda akan kamu da shi sakamakon shiga ruwan da ya gurɓata da datti kamar na ruɓaɓɓun ganyaye, da hakukuwa da gawarwakin dabbobi da ake jefarwa a ciki. Galibi an fi samun wannan matsala a ruwan da ba ya gudu, kamar na tafki da kududdufai. Idan yara suka shiga wannan ruwa domin yin kurme, suna iya kamuwa da cutar ƙaiƙayin jiki. Masu kama kifi a irin wannan ruwa ma suna iya fuskantar matsalar ta ƙaiƙayin jiki. Sarkawa suna bayar da taimako domin magance wannan damuwa. Daga cikin magungunan da Sarkawa suke bayarwa, akwai ganyen sabara. Za a saka a turmi a kirɓa shi sannan a shanya, Idan ya bushe, sai a sake daka shi sosai har ya zama gari. Garin nan za a riƙa ɗiba ana zubuwa a moɗa tare da kunu ko koko ko fura. Sau biyu za a sha maganin, safe da yamma. Garin maganin ba ƙaiƙayin jiki kaɗai yake magancewa ba, ana amfani da shi wajen maganin samiha.[15]

3.3.6 Maganin ciwon maɗiga da haƙarƙari na ƙananan yara

Wasu yara sukan fuskanci ciwon maɗiga inda za su riƙa yin rama da masifar kuka koyaushe. Akan sami ƙwallon kansu ya yi wani layi, maɗigar kuwa sai ta ɗan lutsa ciki kaɗan.Waɗaansu na kiran irin wannan damuwa da suna ‘kai’. Ciwon haƙarƙari ma abu ne da kan addabi ƙananan yara. Masu fama da ciwon za a ga suna nunfashi da wahala sosai kuma haƙarƙarinsu su riƙa motsawa da sauri yayin da suke numfashin. Wasu Sarkawa suna da fahimtar cewa sanyi ne yakan haddasa ciwon haƙarƙarin. Akwai taimako na magani da suke bayarwa domin samun waraka daga damuwar. Ana samun ɗanyen tafarnuwa tare da kan ramboshi.[16] Za a daka waɗannan abubuwa biyu a turni. Yayin da aka dake su, za a ga kamar an kwaɓa su saboda sanyin da ke ga tafarnuwar. Haɗin ne za a riƙa shafa wa mai fama da ciwon a daidai wurin maɗigarsa. Mai ciwon haƙarƙari kuwa, za a riƙa shafa masa a daidai haƙarharin, safe da yamma, musamman lokacin da za a shiga barci.[17]

3.3.7 Maganin cizon kifi ko kada

A halittar kifi da yake rayuwa a ruwa, ana samun wasu nau’o’i da suke cuta wa mutane ta hanyar cizo. Kifayen nan da ake kira yauni, da zawai da kuma boɗami ko gawo, wani babban misali ne. Irin waɗannan kifaye masu cizo, galibi za a tarar cewa jikinsu ba ya da wata ƙaya mai ƙwari, wadda za su riƙa amfani da ita domin kare kansu daga abokan gaba. Don haka a madadin ƙaya, suna amfani da haƙoran da ke cikin bakinsu domin su kai farmaki. Tare da su, akwai kuma dabbobi na ruwa, kamar kada, da ka iya yin cizo. Cizon irin waɗannan kifaye, musamman yauni, yakan yi illa matuƙa. Tana iya katse wa mutum yatsa ko ma al’aura, idan tsautsayi ya zo da haka. Wani lokaci, cizon nata ka iya sa mutum ya sandare, ya zamana gaɓoɓi ba sa lanƙwasawa balantana wani dogon motsi.

Idan haka ta faru, Sarkawa na bayar da taimako na magani ta hanyar yin tawada da kuma yin turare ko hayaƙi na magani, wanda galibi sayyu da ganyaye na itatuwa.[18]

3.3.8 Maganin sukar ƙayar kifi

Kifi halittar ruwa ce da take amfani da ƙayoyin da ke jikinsa domin yawatawa a cikin ruwa da nufin neman abinci. Baya ga amfani da ƙayar wajen yawatawa, ƙayar kan ba shi kariya daga farmakin abokan gaba. Da ƙayar ne yake kai farmaki ga abin da yake yi masa barazana. Waɗansu kifayen, suna da ƙaya mai ƙwari a gefen kumatunsu. Da wannan ƙayar ne suke sukar wanda ya farmake su. Misalin kifaye masu wannan ya haɗa da tarwaɗa da hana noma da harya[19]. Akwai kuma waɗanda ko baya ga ƙayar ta kumatu, suna da wata ƙayar mai ƙarfi a sashen gaba na doron bayansu. Misali a nan shi ne ƙaraya ko ƙurungu. Sukar da kifayen kan yi, takan yi tsanani matuƙa. Akwai waɗanda idan suka soki mutum, sukan sakar masa zazzaɓi sosai. Nau’in tarwaɗan nan da ake kira hana noma, sukar sa na illa matuƙa. Sarkawa sun tabbatar da cewa idan mutum ba yana da magani ba, sukar wannan kifin ka iya hana mutum yin noma a wannan shekarar, saboda tsananin wahalar da zai sha fama da ita, sakamakon cizon.

Sarkawa kan ba da taimako na magani ga wanda wannan lalura ta shafa. Galibi addu’o’i na surkulle ake yi ana tofawa inda raunin yake. Wani lokaci ƙasa ta ruwan da kifin ya yi suka ake ɗiba, a yi addu’a, sannan a shafa wurin da rauni yake. Idan abin ya yi tsanani, akan haɗa da sayyu da ganyayen da za a dafa a sha ko a yi farsa a inda rauni yake. Misali na wata addu’a da wasu Sarkanwa kan yi wa wanda kifi ya soka ita ce:

Bismillahi! Sama ba ta ƙaba, ƙasa ba ta ƙaba.

Hakin kifi ba ya sa ƙaba da ikon Allah.[20]

3.3.9 Cire ƙayar kifi kai tsaye

Wani lokaci, tsautsayi kan sa ƙayar kifi ta laƙe a dasashi ko a maƙogwaraon mutum, yayin da yake cin kifi. Idan irin wannan ya faru, mutum kan shiga wani hali, ya rasa sukuni, yawu yana zuba daga bakinsa, ba tare da yana so ba. Idan haka ta faru kuwa, Sarkawa suna cire ƙayar kai tsaye. Wani lokaci, addu’a suke yi a tofa ga ruwa ko wani abinci da ake iya haɗiyewa, sai a ba wa mai matsalar ya haɗiye. Akan kuma yi addu’ar a tofa ga hannu, sannan Basarke ya shafa inda ake jin nan ne ƙayar take. Addu’o’in dai na surkulle ake yi, inda ake haɗa kalmomin Larabci da suka jiɓinci Alƙur’ani mai tsarki, da kuma kalmomin Hausa ko Dandanci. Misalin wata addu’a da suke yi ita ce:

Bismillahi! Mawu kam sakin.

Ma sakin, sarirun masat.[21]

3.3.10 Maganin gyambo

Gyambo ciwo ne mai fitar da mugunya, musamman a ƙafar mutum, wanda ya daɗe bai warke ba.[22] Wato ma’ana, miki a jikin ƙafar mutum da aka samu sakamakon rauni da aka yi bisa tsautsayi na wani haɗari ko wani ƙurji da ya fito a ƙafar mutum, ya kasance ya daɗe bai warke ba. Irin wannan ciwon yana da wuyar warkewa matuƙa. Wasu daga cikin Sarkwa suna bayar da taimako na magani domin warkar da ciwon. Domin yin maganin, ana haɗa abubuwa kamar haka:

a.       Ana karkaro ƙasa ta inda almajiran makarantar allo suke wanke allunansu

b.       A sami matsattseku a shanya ta bushe

c.        A sami zuciyar kifaye, mulgi da ramboshi a shanya su bushe

Bayan sun bushe, sai a dake su, sai sun zama gari. Koyaushe, sai a sami ruwa mai kyau, a riƙa wanke mikin da shi. Bayan an wanke, sai barbaɗa garin maganin a jikin gyambon. Haka za a riƙa yi kullum da safe, har sai an sami biyan buƙata.[23]

3.3.11 Maganin fuka

Fuka wata damuwa ce ko cuta da take kama huhun mutum ta yadda zai riƙa yawan yin haki da numfashi a wahalce. Galibi Sarkawa sukan ɗauka cewa sanyi idan ya tsananta yakan shafi huhun mutum ta yadda za a riƙa yin haki. Sukan bayar da taimako na magani domin samun waraka daga cutar. Maganin kuwa shi ne ana samun wani kifi da suke kira ƙazagge[24]sai a shanya shi ya bushe. Duk lokacin da mai fama da cutar ya ji alamar ta, sai ya ɗauko kifin nan ya jiƙa a moɗa. Idan ta jiƙa, sai ya cire shi ya sake shanyawa. Ruwan kuwa sai ya riƙa kurɓa shi sannu- sannu, yana haɗiyewa. Haka zai riƙa yi har ya sami sauƙi.[25] Idan kuwa aka ga ciwon ya tsananta, sai a sami huhun kada. Shanya shi za a yi ya bushe. Duk lokacin da aka ji mai wannan rashin lafiya, ana jiƙa huhun kada. Idan ya jiƙa sai a cire shi daga ruwa, a sake shanya shi. Ruwan kuwa, mai fama da cutar zai riƙa shan sa a kai- a kai, sai an sami waraka.[26]

4.0 Sakamakon bincike

 Sarkawa suna bayar da gagarumar gudunmuwa a sha’anin kiwon lafiya na gargajiya a ƙasar Hausa, tun gabanin ƙasar ta Hausa ta sami haɗuwa da kowace irin al’ada daga ƙetare. Tattaro wasu daga cikin magungunan gargajiya da Sarkawa suke bayarwa domin kwantar da ko samun waraka daga cututka da suke takurawa al’umma, a tunanin wannan muƙala, wani babban alheri ne. Wasu daga cikin magungunan nan, saiwoyi ne ga ganyaye da saƙe-saƙin itatuwa haɗe da wasu ganyaye. Tattaro su da aka yi aƙalla tamkar taskace su ne aka yi. Hakan ba ƙaramin taimakawa zai ba yi wajen adana wannan muhimmiyar al’ada. Salwantarsu kuwa, ba ƙaramar hasara ba ce ga al’ada ta Hausawa.

Wannan muƙala ta daɗa fito da magungunan gargajiya a sarari, da yake abin da ya shafi magani a al’ada ta Bahaushe, abu ne na sirri. Akan yaɗa shi daga iyaye zuwa ‘ya’ya da jikoki. Ko a hakan ma, sai ɗa ko ‘ya’yan da suka yi biyayya, suke rabauta a sanar da su wannan ilimi. A halin yanzu kuwa, wannan ilimi na magungunan gargajiya yana fuskantar barazana ta salwanta, musamman idan aka yi la’akari da cewa waɗanda suke da ilimin tsofaffi ne. Wanda duk Allah ya karɓi rayuwarsa, shi ke nan ya tafi da iliminsa. Waɗanda suke raye kuwa, sun yi hasara. Wannan muƙala ke nan ta zama ma’adani na wannan al’ada.

5.0 Kammalawa

Sha’anin kiwon lafiya na gargajiya aba ne da masu aiwatar da sana’o’in gargajiya suke da ruwa da tsaki wajen aiwatar da shi a tsakanin al’ummar Hausawa. Kamar yadda wannan muƙala ta fito da shi a fili, an ga irin gagrumar gudunmuwar da Sarkawa suke bayarwa ta wannan haujin. Idan lura da kyau, za a fahimci cewa magungunan da suke bayarwa sun ƙunshi abubuwa uku a jimlace. Na farko akwai amfani da saiwoyi da ganyaye da kuma saƙe-saƙin itatuwa daban-daban. Na biyu akwai addu’o’i da suke yi domin neman sauƙi ko waraka daga cuta ko damuwa. Na uku kuwa akwai sassan kifaye da wasu halittu na ruwa da ake sarrafawa domin magance matsalar cuta. Waɗannan duka, an ga yadda suke sarrafa su domin biyan buƙata.

Ra’ayin wannan muƙala shi ne a ce, masana ilimin zamani da kan haɗa magunguna, su zurfafa bincike na kimiyya domin gano sinadaran da saiwoyi da ganyaye da aka kawo suka ƙunsa. Hakan zai sa a haƙiƙance alfanunsu wajen warkar da cututukan da aka ce suna yi. A kuma gano ƙima da adadin maganin da ya dace a sha domin a sami biyan buƙata. Yin haka zai ƙara sauƙaƙa kiwon lafiya, da kawo shi kuwa ga masu buƙata.

Manazarta

Abubakar, A.T. (2015). Ƙamusun Harshen Hausa. Zaria: Northern Nigeria Publishing Company Ltd

Alkali, M.B. (1969) “A Hausa Community in Crisis: Kebbi in the Nineteenth Century.” M.A. Thesis, Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University.

Bargery, G.P. (1993). A Hausa-English Dictionary and English- Hausa Vocabulary (2^nd Ed.) Zaria: Ahmad Bello University Press.

Bunza, A.M. (1995). “Magani A Rubuce: Nazarin Ayyukan Malaman Tsibbo.” Kundin Digirin Ph.D Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.

Bunza, A.M. (2006). Gadon Feɗe Al’ada Lagos: Tiwal Nigeria Ltd.

Bunza, A.M. (2008). Hausa Medicine: Its Relevance and Development in Hausa Studies. The Second Inaugural Lecture. Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University, Sokoto. Lagos: Ibrash Islamic Publications Centre Ltd.

CNHN, (2006). Ƙamusun Hausa Na Jami’ar Bayero. Kano: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya.

Ɗandume, M. (1995). Magani da Itatuwa da Addu’o’i. Funtua: Himma Press.

Fadama, M.G. (2015) “Sarkanci A Gundumar Sakkwato” Ph.D Thesis, Sokoto: Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University.

Sarkin Gulbi, A. 2014: "Magani a Ma'aunin Karin Magana" Kundin Digiri na uku, Sakkwato, jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo.

Sa’id, B. (1997). “Kwatanci-Faɗi: Tasirin Harshe A Tsibbun Bahaushe.” cikin Harsunan Nijeriya Vol.xviii CNHN, Kano: Bayero University.

Shehu, M. (2013). “Dabbobon Ruwa A Mahaɗin Magungunan Gargajiya” Muƙalar Da Aka Gabatar Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya, Sokoto:Usmanu Ɗanfidiyo University, Alhamis, 28/02/13.

Wara, M.A. (2019). “The Sorko Expansion in the Waters of the Niger to the End of the 20^th Century” in Annals of Global Vol. 1, Issue 1, PP 1-6.

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[1] Farfesa Bunza, A.M. 1995). “Magani A Rubuce: Nazarin Ayyukan Malaman Tsibbo.” Kundin Digirin Ph.D. Kano: Jami’ar Bayero. Shafi na 48.

[2] Daidai da tushen bayani na 1

[3] Duba Bunza, A.M. (2009) HAUSA MEDICINE: Its Relevance and Development in Hausa Studies. The Second Inaugural Lecture, Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University Sokoto. Lagos:Ibrash Islamic Publication Centre Ltd shafi na 77

[4] CNHN, (2006) Ƙamusun Hausa Na Jami’ar Bayero Shafi na 450.

[5] Health care-Wikipedia en.m.wikipedia.org

[6] Dandanci wani karin harshe na Zabarmanci. A ruwaitowar Fadama, (2015:169) daga Alkali, (1969:31) cewa ya yi Dandawa mutane ne da suka shahara a wajen tsafi da kuma bautar Iskoki kamar Godakasa da Barkasa da Gwaragwa. A wurin dandawa, bori abu ne da aka bai wa muhimmin matsayi don kuwa kusan duk abin da za a yi, sai an tuntuɓi Iskoki kafin a fara shi. Dandawa sun shahara a sha’anin Sarkanci

[7] Hira da Sarkin Ruwan Gyalange, Ƙaramar hukumar mulkin Gummi, jihar Zamfara. Talata, 28 ga Fabrairu, 2023.

[8] An sami wannan bayani ne daga Mairuwa Bala Barga na garin Barga, ƙaramar hukumar mulkin Tambawal, jihar Sakkwato.

[9] Sarkawa bias ala’ada ba sa kiran ƙayar kifi da sunan ƙaya. Hakin kifi suke kiranta domin al’adar nan ta tada da suke da ita. A wurinsu ƙaya tamkar haki take domin yadda haki ba ya da ƙwari da ƙarfi, haka ƙaya take a wurinsu.

[10] Hira da Basarke Umaru Manu Gayari, ƙaramar hukumar mulkin Gummi, Jihar Zamfara. An haɗu da shi a Yauri, a wasu shekarun baya, 2012.

[11] An sami sami wannan bayani na tushen magani daga Fadaman Ƙurfa, Fadama Auwal. Ƙurfa tana cikin yankin Gayari na ƙaramar hukumar mulki ta Gummi, jihar Zamfara. An yi hira da shi a gidansa da ke Gayari, ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2022.

[12] Hira da Fadama Sa’idu, Fadaman Gummi, ƙaramar hukumar mulki ta Gummi, jihar Zamfara, ranar 12/9/2022.

[13] Hira da Alhaji Maibirgi Falam Birni, Ƙasar Gayari, ƙaramar hukumar mulki ta Gummi, jihar Zamfara, An yi hira da shi a ƙofar hakimin Falam Birni, Jano, ranar Asabar, 17 ga Disamba, 2022.

[14] An sami wannan bayani a wajen Sahabi Ƙardaji, yankin Falale, ƙaramar mulki ta Gummi. Ni ma na tarar da ana ba da wannan taimako a gidanmu, yayin da mahaifina yake raye.

[15] An sami bayanin wajen Sahabi Ƙardaji na yankin Falale, ƙaramar hukumar mulkin Gummi, jihar Zamfara.

[16] Ramboshi wani nau’i ne na kifi da ya yi kama da tarwaɗa amma ya fi tarwaɗababban kai kuma jelarsa tana da launi jajaja. Yana da wata heta a gadon bayansa mai kama da tozo. Gashin bakinsa ya ɗara na tarwaɗa tsayi

[17] Hira da mairuwa Bala Romo, ƙasar Tambawal, jihar Sakkwato.

[18] Hira da Danbuga Mairuwa Kebbe, jihar Sakkwato. Ya shahara matuƙa wajen bayar da irin wannan taimakon.

[19] Wannan kifi har kirari Sarkawa kan yi masa da “Ɗan harya alhajin ‘yan suka.”

[20] Hira Sarkin ruwan Gyalange, Alhaji Hamidu Gyalange, ƙaramar hukumar mulkin Gummi, jihar Zamfara.

[21] Hira da Sarkin Ruwan Gyalange, Alhaji Hamidu.

[22] CNHN, (2006) Ƙamusun Hausa Na Jami’ar Bayero Shafi na 185.

[23] An sami wannan bayani ne wajen Mairuwa Bala Romo, Romon Sarki, ƙaramar hukumar mulkin Tambawal, jihar Sakkwato.

[24] Ƙazagge wata gargaza ce da ta faye girma ba. Komai daɗewarta, ba ta girma sosai.

[25] Hira da Homan Argungu, Alhaji Muhammadu Bashar Argungu.

[26] Hira da Basarke Muhammadu Ɗanmaiyaƙi Ndalada, ƙaramar hukumar Katcha, jihar Neja.

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