Muƙalar da aka gabatar a ajin ALH 400 (Seminar), a Sashen Harsuna da Al’adu, Jami’ar Tarayya, Gusau, Jahar Zamfara, Nijeriya, (Disamba 2022 - Janairu, 2023).
Babangida Ahmad Barau
08160969139
Tsakure
Adabin gargajiya adabi ne da ke gudana a kowanne lokaci a rayuwar Hausawa. Wannan dalili ne ya sa aka tsunduma cikin nazarin wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Alhaji Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa Kagara da jama'arsa. A cikin wannan binciken, an gano yadda yake shirya waƙa da kuma yadda yake sadar da su ga jama'a tare da 'yan amshinsa. Wannan takarda ta mayar da hankali ne a kan waƙoƙin Alhaji Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa Kagara domin gano wasu waƙoƙi da ya yi wa wasu sarakuna, da kuma waƙoƙin noma domin fito da jigon waƙoƙin.
1.0
Gabatarwa
Tun asali a ƙasar Hausa akwai hanyoyin da Hausawa ke bi wajan gudanar da rayuwarsu tare da isar da saƙonninsu ta kowacce fuska kama daga karantarwa da zaburantarwa har zuwa nishaɗantarwa da gargaɗi. Dukkan waɗannan ababe akan yi su ne a gargajiyance da baki. Misali, akan bi ta hanyar waƙa wajen zaburar da mutum kamar mafarauci, ɗan dambe da sauransu. Haka kuma akan bi ta hanyar tatsuniya wadda tun can baya tsohuwar hanya ce ta koyar da tarbiyya musamman ga yara.
1.1
Dubarun Bincike
A
ƙoƙarin gudanar da
wannan aiki an yi amfani da shahararrun hanyoyin gudanar da bincike da suka haɗa da:
1-
Bitar ayyukan da suka gabata
2-
Amfani da bugaggun litattafai
3-
Karance-karancen jaridu da mujallu
4-
An samu tattaunawa da jama'a a yayin gudanar da wannan aikin
2.0Taƙaitaccen Tarihin
Garin Kagara (Tabagare)
Kagara
gari ne da ke kudu da garin Mafara (Garin da ba munafuki da ajuji idan kau ka
gan su to sun zo ne). Wannan shi ne kirarin garin Kagara. Kagara tana kudancin
Talatar Mafara nisan kilomita talatin da uku daga Kagara zuwa Mafara. Kagara
tana da daɗaɗɗen tarihi a cikin
masarautar Zamfara Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna. Ƙasar Kagara ta samo
asali ne sanadiyyar hijira. Akwai wani jarumi mai ƙarfi wanda aka fi
sani da suna "Bagare". Allah ya albarkaci garin da ƙasar noma da kuma
hanyoyin ruwa don amfanin al'umar garin. Haka kuma akwai yawan daji domin masu
farauta. Sanadiyyar waɗannan ababe da aka
lissafa ya sa mutane daga waurare daba-daban suka dinga haɗuwa har aka sami wannan gari da ake kira
"Kagara". An samu sarakuna daban-daban da suka yi mulki a wannan
garin, daga cikinsu kuwa akwai:
1-Sabon
gari Ɗankyauta
2-Sabon
gari Dabai
3-Sabon
gari Bunu, da dai sauransu
Mafi yawancin arzikin da ke tattare a wannan
garin ya ta'allaƙa ne ga noma da kiwo.
2.1 Taƙaitaccen Tarihin
Alhaji Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa
Kamar
yadda aka sani ɗan'Adam mutun ne mai
hikima da fasaha wajen neman biyan buƙatunsa na rayuwa,
wannan ne ma yasa Alhaji Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa kagara yake
aiwatar da waƙa a matsayin hanyarsa ta neman abinci duk da dai ba da
ita kaɗai ya dogara ba. An haifi Alhaji
Abdullahi a ƙauyen Kagara mai suna Ɗangunduwa a shekarar
1931 a cikin jahar Zamfara. Sunan mahaifinsa Muhammadu Jibbo Kagara. Haka kuma
ya tashi a gidan makaɗa saboda mahaifinsa
makaɗi ne. Alhaji Abdullahi ya fara kiɗan tama daga nan sai ya koma makaɗin noma da kuma kiɗan dambe, daga ƙarshe kuma ya koma
makaɗin sarauta. Alhaji Abdullahi ya rasu a ranar
Juma'a 16/10/2015. Ya rasu ya bar 'ya'ya maza da mata da kuma jikoki. Allah ya
jiƙansa
da rahama, ameen.
Daga
cikin 'ya'yansa maza guda shida da ya bari akwai:
1-Mustafa
2-Yunusa
3-Hussaini
4-Hassan
5-Muhammad
6-Nana
Fiddausi
Ya
bar duniya yana da mata ɗaya mai suna:
1-Zainab
2.2
Kayan Kiɗan Alhaji Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa Kagara
1-Kalangu
2-Taushe
Ma'anar
Adabin Gargajiya
Farfesa
Ɗangambo
(1984) ya ce: Adabin gargajiya shi ne adabin da Hausawa suka gada tun kaka da
kakanni. Sai dai Zariya, Gusau da 'Yar'aduwa (1992) sun kira shi a matsayin
nau'in adabi da ke ɗauke da zantuka
gajeru ko dogaye na hikima waɗanda ake bayar da
wasu darussa a cikinsu. Ke nan dai adabin baka ko na gargajiya adabi ne da yake
wanzuwa ta hanyar magana da baki, kuma da baki ake isar da shi sannan kuma a
taskace shi.
Ma'ana adabin gargajiya wani kaso ne da
masana suka fitar a cikin adabin Hausa wanda Hausawa suka gada tun kaka da
kakanni.
3.0
Kashe-kashen Adabin Gargajiya
1-Adabin
baka
2-Adabin
al'adu
3-Adabin
san'o'i
Bayan
wannan rabe-rabe na adabin gargajiya akwai kuma yadda masana suka rarraba shi.
1-Adabin
baka
1a.
Zube
1b.
Waƙa
1c.
Zantukan hikima
1d.
Al'adu
3.1
Ma'anar Waƙa
Masana
sun bayyana ra'ayoyansu dangane da ma'anar waƙar baka, daga cikinsu
akwai Ɗangambo (1982). Ɗangambo ya ce "waƙa wani furuci ne ko
salo cikin azanci da ake aiwatarwa ta hanayar rerawa da daidaita kalmomi cikin
wani tsari ko ƙa'ida ta yin amfani da dabaru ko salon armashi.
Umar
(1981) a gabatarwar da ya yi wa littafin waƙar haɗa kan Afirika, cewa ya yi "Waƙa tana zuwa ne a sigar
gundarin baitoci ko ɗiyoyi tare da rerawa
da Wani irin sautin murya na musamman". Shi kuwa Yahaya (1984) cewa ya yi
"Waƙa maganar hikima ce da ake rerawa ba faɗa kurum ba wadda take ɗauke da wani sako
cikin wasu kalmomi zaɓaɓɓu kuma tsararru zaunannu".
3.2
Tarihin Waƙar Baka
Tarihi
fanni ne da ke bayyana aukuwar wani abu tun wani lokaci mai tsawo da ya wuce.
Bin diddigin faruwar abu daɗaɗɗe kan sa a gano hakikanin faruwar abu. Gusau (1983) cewa
ya yi: Sanin ainahin tarin samuwar fara Waƙa abu ne mai nisan
gaske, sai dai akwai hasashen masana daban-daban dangane da tarihin samuwarta. Wasu
masanan na ganin cewa Ɗan'adam ya fara waƙa ne tun lokacin da
ya fara neman hanyar abincinsa ta hanyar farauta da noma. Wai ana hashen ta
haka ne su ma al'ummar Hausawa suka fara Waƙa. Wasu masanan kuma
sun bayyana cewar hanyar bautar gargajiya ta ƙara haɓɓaka lamarin Waƙa. Ibrahim (1983)
daga cikin ra'ayoyan da ya bayar dangane da ma'anar waƙa da asalinta, ya
bayyana cewar: Waƙa ta samo asali ne daga wani maroƙi da ake kira Sasana Wanda
ya rayu a ɓangaren Asiya, daga baya ne wasu daga
cikin zuri'arsa suka yo ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Hausa. A wannan ra'ayi,
ana ƙarfafa cewa Sasana shi ne mutum na farko da ya taɓa buɗe baki da nufin ya
yabi wani mutum tun a lokacin jahiliyya. Ana yi wa zuri'ar wannan maroƙi laƙabi da banu Sasana.
Shehu
sarkin unguwar makafi a jihar Sakkwato ya bayar da ma'anar wannan kalma ta Sasana
da "Maroki" kuma ya bayyana haka ne a cikin wata wakarsa ta bege
wadda ya ari karin muryar waƙar Nana mai alkaki. A cikin waƙar yana cewa:
Malamai
sun ka malalo,
Sun
saki tasbaha na yawo sun koma banu Sasana.
Haka
shi ma maroƙin shata ya yarda da wannan kalmar, Inda yake cewa:
Duna
na Bilkin Sambo,
Kafiri
ƙanen
Sasana.
A
wani ƙauli kuma an ɗauki Sasana a matsayin
wani Balarabe na wata ƙabila a Madina mai suna Hassanu bin Thabit kuma ya yi
rayuwa tun lokacin jahiliyyar Larabawa. An bayyana cewar Sasana ya rayuwa har
zuwa lokacin Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W). Haka kuma an bayyana cewar Sasana ya
karbi musulunci a wannan lokacin har ya dinga rera wa Ma'aiki waƙoƙi.
Ibrahim
(1983) a ra'ayinsa na biyu dangane asalin waƙar baka, ya bayyana
cewar ana zaton Hausawa sun samu waƙa ne daga tsofaffin
daulolin Afirka ta yamma wato Gana da Mali da Sangai. Wannan ra'ayi nasa na
magana ne a kan cewar lokacin daular Mali suna da makaɗan fada, sannan suna da alaƙa sosai da Hausawa
musamman ma Wai makaɗan daular Mali da ta
shuɗe. Daga nan kuma sai daular Sangai wadda ita
ce ta maye gurbin daular Mali ɗin kuma ta gaje waɗannan kaɗe-kaɗen.
A
ra'ayi na uku, Ibrahim (1983) ya bayyana cewar: Waƙa ta samo asali ne
daga bautar iskoki da dodanni wanda Hausawa suka yi tun lokacin maguzanci. A wancan
lokacin, Hausawa sukan yi wa iskoki da dodanni hidima ta hanyar kirare-kirare
da kaɗe-kaɗe a lokacin da suke
gudanar da bukukuwan tsafe-tsafensu ko kuma idan wani abu ya same su na murna
ko na baƙin ciki. A wajen irin wannan bautar ne suke kambaba abin
bautarsu suna zuga shi ta hanyar kaɗe-kaɗe da kirare-kirare. Misali:
Ga
tsunburbura Kanawa,
Ga
magajiyar Dala,
Barbushe
yakan amsa da cewar:
Ni
ne magajin Dala,
Da
kun ƙi da kun so ,
Ku
bi ni ba ra'i ba.
Dangane
da wannan ra'ayi, ana jin cewar ta wannan hanyar ce aka samu hasken yin kiɗa da kirari kuma har aka sami waƙa da bori (1983).
3.3
Kashe-kashen Waƙoƙin Alhaji Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa Kagara
Abdullahi
Dangunduwa Kagara na yin waƙoƙi iri-iri a lokacin
rayuwarsa daga cikinsu akwai:
1-Waƙar noma
2-Waƙar sarakuna
Ga
misalin waƙar noma wadda ya yi wa sarkin noma Mayanci
Jagora:
Sarkin noma mai hana aikin gona ya kwan,
Amshi:
Matsa a gama manya makasa sabra ɗan Abu.
Haruna ɗan
Mani barka da yaƙin saran yamma,
Ga
wagga ka sa duk mai riƙe kalme ya San da kai.
Haka
kuma a waƙarsa ta sarauta wadda ya yi wa sarkin Anka yana cewa:
Jagora:
Fatar Kura Jan zaki Bai yarda da wargi ba,
Kai maza ka shakka na magaji tunkuɗe gaba.
Amshi:
Na magajin gari sadaukin sarki,
Sannu da niyya mugun madambaci Atta.
3.4
Irin Salon Da Makaɗi Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa Kagara Ke
Amfani Da Shi
Kamar
yadda masana suka bayyana, salo dabara ce ta aiwatar da Wani abu domin amfanin
al'umma musamman abin da ya shafi sarrafa harshe a cikin magana da fatar baki,
wato furuci ko rubutu.
Abdullahi
Ɗangunduwa
Kagara na amfani da salon jinsarwa a cikin wasu waƙoƙinsa. Salon jinsarwa
shi ne nau'in salon siffantawa da ake siffanta mutum ko dabba, wato a ɗauki darajar mutum a ba wa dabba. Ga misali a cikin waƙarsa da ya yi wa
sarkin noma Mayanci:
Jagora:
Gabas ga Mayanci babu daji ko ɗan kaɗan,
Sarkin noman yamma ga daji duk ya
sassabe.
4.0
Sakamakon Bincike
Wannan binciken ya gano cewar Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa Kagara ya yi waƙoƙi kala daban-daban. Daga cikinsu akwai waƙoƙin sarakuna, waƙoƙin noma da sauransu. Haka kuma wannan aiki ya tabbatar da cewa Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa Kagara makaɗi ne na gado ba na haye ba domin kuwa mahaifinsa Labbo makaɗi ne wanda ya tashi a gidan makaɗa. Ta fuskar amfani da salo kuwa Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa Kagara na amfani da salailai daban-daban daga cikinsu kuwa har da salon jinsarwa. Haka kuma waƙoƙin nasa na ƙunshe da jigogin noma da na kambabawa da kwarzantawa ga sarakuna. Yin nazari a kan waƙoƙin irin waɗannan makaɗan abu ne da zai taimaka wa ɗalibai da manazarta ta fuskoki da dama, domin kuwa daga cikin abubuwan da za a iya amfana da su akwai: Nishaɗantarwa, ilimatarwa, fahimtar al'adun gargajiya da makamantansu. Haka kuma idan aka yi duba da irin gudummuwar da waƙa ke bayar wa a cikin kowacce al'umma, za a fahimci cewa lallai yin nazarce-nazarcen waƙoƙin gargajiya ta fuskar adabi na da matuƙar tasiri ga rayuwar kowacce al'umma, saboda haka wannan takarda ke ba da shawara cewar, ya kamata ɗalibai su ba da muhimmanci ƙwarai a kan nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa.
4.1
Kammalawa
Idan aka duba abubuwan da suka gabata a wannan takardar za a ga cewar an yi ƙoƙarin kawo tarihin mawaƙi Abdullahi Ɗangunduwa Kagara da kuma ire-iren waƙoƙinsa tun daga noma har zuwa sarauta. Bayan wannan kuma, an bayyana ra'ayoyan masana daban-daban dangane da tarihin waƙar baka, haka kuma an yi bayanai daban-daban dangane da adabin baka.
Manazarta
Gusau,
S.M Da Zariya M.S (1993). Jigon Nazarin Waƙar Baka. Kaduna
State.
Yahaya
A.B Jigon Nazarin Waƙar Baka.
Yahaya A.B. Salo Asirin Waƙa.
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