A
waɗannan misalai,
kalmar wani, wata, waɗansu/wasu kowacce
fayyacewa take yi. A misali na farko, littafi ne jinsi namiji, guda ɗaya. A na biyu,
takarda ce jinsi mace, guda ɗaya. A misali na ƙarshe kuma, motoci
ne masu yawa...
Azuzuwan Nahawun
Hausa
Umar Buba
07030156552
Gabatarwa
Nahawu
shi ne sanin ƙa’idojin harshe.
Sanin ƙa’idojin kuwa iri biyu ne, da
adananne da bayyananne. Watau a taƙaice
nahawu iri biyu adanannen nahawu da kumabayyanannen nahawu. Adanannen nahawu
(watau sanin ƙa’idojin harshe)
shi ne wanda kowanne ɗan asalin harshe yake
amfani da shi. Alal misali kowane Bahaushe yana sane da iyakacin sautukan
harshen Hausa kuma yakan kiyaye ƙa’idar
sautukan Hausa, domin ba safai yakan tsoma wani baƙon sauti a cikin maganarsa ba. Haka
kuma kowane kowane Bahaushe yana sane da yadda sautukan Hausa suke cuɗanya
saboda haka ba ya furta kalmomin Hausa da salo da ba na Hausa ba.
Bayyanannane
Nahawu shi ne wanda malamai masu koyar da harshe suke da shi. Alal misali
malamin Hausa yana iya yi wa harshen Hausa ɗai-ɗai
kamar yadda makanike yakan yi wa inji watau saboda malamin Hausa yana da
bayyanannen nahawun Hausa ya san ƙa’idojin
harshe bi-dab-bi. Saboda haka sai wanda ke da bayyanannen nahawun Hausa ke iya
tantance cewa sauti kaza ba ya haɗuwa
da sauti kaza a Hausa, ko kuma kalmomi iri kaza su sukan zo kamin kalmomi kaza
ko kuma bayan kalmomi iri kaza a harshe.
Structuralism (Tsofon Nahawu)
Tsarin
nau’in nahawu wanda ake yin sa a da wato traditional
grammar (structuralism) ya tahallaƙa
ne a kan rukunnen nahawu guda takwas (8) kamar haka:
1.
Suna
2.
Wakilin suna
3.
Aikatau
4.
Bayanau
5.
Sifa
6.
Nunau
7.
Mafayyaci
8.
Ma;auni
1. Suna:
Wannan kamar yadda muka sani, kalma ce mai nuni da sunan abu kowane iri mai rai
ko maras rai, wanda ake gani da wanda ba a iyawa da dai sauransu. Akwai na yanka,
gama-gari, tattaurau, gagara ƙirga.
i.
Na
Yanka: Sunan yanka shi ne kamar sunan da aka san mutum da
shi ko ƙasa ko gari misali, Gambo, Delu,
Lawan, Audu, Kamaru, nijeriya, Sakkwato da dai sauransu.
ii.
Gaba-Gari:
Wannan suna ne ba na mutum ko na wuri takamaimai ba. In an kwatanta gama-gari
da sunan yanka, za a iske cewa gama-gari na gaba ɗaya
ne, na yanka kuwa na musamman ne. misali, takalmi, hula, agogo, tuwo, fitila,
da dai sauransu.
iii.
Tattarau:
Wannan kuma tattara abu fiye da guda waje ɗaya
ya yi. Misali: Ƙungiya,
gungu, runduna, ayari, da ai sauransu.
iv.
Gagara-Ƙirga: Kamar yadda za a fahinta daga
sunan, wannan ya shafi abubuwa ne waɗanda
ba a iya ƙirga su ɗai-ɗai.
Misali, mai, ruwa, gero, acca da dai sauransu.
2. Wakilin Suna: Wannan
kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a madadin “suna” wato dai kamar yadda sunan ya
nuna, wakilin suna yana wakiltar suna ne. shi ma dai kamar suna, iri-iri ne.
akwai ɓoyayye,
katsattse, gama-duniya, tambayau da dai sauransu.
i.
Ɓoyayye:
Wannan
nau’in na wakilin suna shi ne kamar: wane, wance, su wane da wane, su wance da
wance.
ii.
Katsattse:
Wannan kuma shi ne kamar ni, mu, su, kai, ke, ku, shi, ita da dai sauransu.
iii.
Gama-Duniya:
A nan kalmomi kamar: kowanne, kowacce, su ne misalansu.
iv.
Tambayau:
Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan nau’I ne da ya danganci tambaya. Akwai kamar
wa? Me? Su me da me?
3. Aikatau:
Aikawatau dai kalma ce mai nuna aiki a cikin jumla. Shi ma kuma iri-iri ne.
misali, so-karɓau da kuma ƙi-karɓau.
i.
So-Karɓau:
Wannan nau’I na aikatau shi ne irin wanda aikin da ya ƙunsa yake faɗawa
kan wani abu. Misali, tara, ɗinka, wanke ɗauko,
sami da dai sauransu.
Ya tara kuɗi.
Ta ɗinka
riga.
Sun wanke mota.
An ɗauko
kaya.
Na sami aiki.
A
waɗannan
jumloli, kuɗi, riga, mota, kaya, aiki duk su ne
suka karɓi
ayyukan da waɗannan aikatau da muka ambata suka ƙunsa. Ma’ana ayyukan cikin waɗannan
aikatau a kansu suka faɗa.
ii.
Ƙi-Karɓa:
Wannan
kuma kishiyar wancan ne. Shi aiki ne da ke cikin rukunin aikatau wanda ke
komawa kan wanda yake gudanar da aikin. Ba ya faɗawa
kan wani abu daban. Misali, cika, ɓace,
wanku, rame, firgita da da dai sauransu.
Tulu ya cika.
Hula ta ɓace.
Riga ta wanku.
A
waɗannan
misalai, duk aikatau ƙi-karɓau
ne domin aikin cikin kowanne yana komawa ne ga mai in aikin.
4. Bayanau: Shi
kuma wannan kamar yadda muka sani, bayyana “aikatau” yake yi. Wato yana yin
bayani ne game da aiaktau a jumla. Akawi bayanau iri-iri kamar na wuri da na
lokaci da na yanayi da dai sauransu.
i.
Na
Wuri: Shi ne kamar nan, can da dai sauransu.
ii.
Na
Lokaci: Shi ne kamar yanzu, gobe, jibi, baɗi,
shekaranjiya da dai sauransu.
iii.
Na
Yanayi: Shi ne kamar, da kyar, a guje, a zaune da dai
sauransu.
5. Sifa: Wannan
kuma kamar yadda muka sani, aikinta shi ne bayyana “suna”. Wato ita bayani take yi game da suna. Ita ma iri-iri
ce. Akwai sassauƙa,
aiwatau, nanatau da dai sauransu.
i.
Sassauƙa: Kamar shuɗi,
shuɗiya,
shuɗɗa,
ƙarami, ƙarama,
babba, manya da dai sauransu.
ii.
Aiwatau:
Kamar masharranci, masharranciya, masharranta, mashiririci, mashiririciya,
mashiririta, maƙaryaci,
maƙaryaciya, maƙaryata da dai sauransu.
iii.
Nanatau:
Shi kuma kamar goma-goma, ƙungiya-ƙungiya, daki-daki, gungu-gungu da dai
sauransu.
6. Nunau: Kamar
yadda sunan ya nuna, “nunau” kalma ce da ke nuna abu dangane da nisansa ko
kusancinsa da mai magana. Misali:
Wannan
yaro
Wancan
yaro
Waɗannan
yara
A
misali na farko yaro da ake bayyanawa kusa yake da mai magana. Wato nunau
wannan yana kusanci ne. A misali na biyu yarinya da ake bayyanawa nesa ake da
mai magana. Wato nunau wancan yana nuna nisa ne. A misali na ƙarshe kuma, yara da ake bayyanawa ma
nesa suke da mai magana, in aka yi la’akari da nuanu waɗancan.
7. Mafayyaci: Wannan
kuma kalma ce mai fayyace abu, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna. Misali:
Wani
littafi
Wata
takarda
Waɗansu/wasu
motoci
A
waɗannan
misalai, kalmar wani, wata, waɗansu/wasu kowacce fayyacewa
take yi. A misali na farko, littafi ne jinsi namiji, guda ɗaya.
A na biyu, takarda ce jinsi mace, guda ɗaya.
A misali na ƙarshe kuma, motoci
ne masu yawa.
8. Ma’auni: Kamar
yadda sunan ya nuna, “ma’auni” kalma ce da ta danganci yawa ko adadin abu, misali:
Doki
ɗaya
Mutane
bakwai
Ɗalibai tuli
Littattafai
kaɗan
Kamar
yadda aka gani, ɗaya da bakwai da tuli da
kaɗan
kowace na nuna adadi ne na abin da aka ambata. Wato kowacce ma’auni ce. Daga ƙarshe duk waɗannan
abubuwa da na ambata sama su ne nahawun gargajiya wato traditional grammar.
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HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.