Tasarifin Sunayen Hausawa Na Gargajiya

Ilimin tasarifi ɓangare ne na nahawun harshe wanda yake kula da yadda harshe ke sarrafa ƙwayoyin ma’ana wajen ƙirar kalmomi. Sauran manyan sassan nahawun harshe su ne ilimin tsarin sauti da tsarin ginin jumla da fannin ma’ana.

Nazir Ibrahim Abbas
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodio, Sokoto
Gsm: +2348060431934
Gmail: ibrahimabbasnazir@gmail.com

Tsakure

Kimiyyar harshe wani fage ne da ke nazarin wasu al’amurra na harshe da suka shafi tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da ginin jimla da kuma ma’ana. Ƙirar kalma ko tasarifi shi ne yake kula da bayanin ƙirar kalmomi a harshe ta hanyoyin da masana suka samar. Wasu daga cikin fitattun hanyoyin tasarifi su ne ‘kumbura’ da ‘ƙirƙira’ da kuma ‘haɗa kalmomi’. Wani abin lura shi ne sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya waɗanda suka danganci ɗaiɗaikun mutane suna da tsarin tasarifi irin na sauran gama-garin kalmomi Hausa. Wannan tsarin tasarifin ya shafi ƙera su daga tushen wasu kalmomin Hausa. Saboda haka akan sami kumbura (wadda ba ta sauya ajin kalma a nahawu) da kuma tsira ko ƙirƙira (wadda ke haifar da wata kalma ta daban daga saiwa ko kalmar). Irin wannan hali na tasarifin kalmomin Hausa kan gudana har ma a cikin sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya. Ta haka ne aka samar da suna ‘Tunau’ daga kalmar aikatau ‘tuna’, ‘Jatau’ daga Kalmar ‘jaa’, da kuma ‘Giwa’ daga suna gama-gari ‘giwaa’. Wannan zai tabbatar mana da cewa babu shakka ilimin tasarifi yana taka rawa sosai a ƙirar sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya, musammam waɗanda suka danganci ɗaiɗaikun mutane.

 Gabatarwa
 

Ilimin tasarifi ɓangare ne na nahawun harshe wanda yake kula da yadda harshe ke sarrafa ƙwayoyin ma’ana wajen ƙirar kalmomi. Sauran manyan sassan nahawun harshe su ne ilimin tsarin sauti da tsarin ginin jumla da fannin ma’ana.

Wannan takarda za ta yi magana ne a kan tasarifin sunayen Hausawa. Takardar za ta yi nazarin yadda harshen Hausa yake ƙera suanyen jama’a da suka danganci ɗaiɗaikun mutane ta hanyar ilimin tasarifi. A takardar za mu ga cewa sunayen Hausawa kamar sauran kalmomin Hausa, suna bin tsarin tasarifi ko ginin kalmar Hausa.

Takardar a matakin farko, za ta kawo bayani kan ma’anar ‘suna’ da ma’anar ‘tasarifi’. Bugu da ƙari, takardar za ta tattauna sunaye, mu kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da fitattun hanyoyin tasarifi na ‘kumbura’ da ‘tsira’ ko ‘ƙirƙira’ wajen ƙera su.

1.1 Ma’anar Suna da Sunayen Hausawa

Ƙamusun Hausa (2006) ya bayyana ‘suna’ a matsayin ‘kalmar da ake amfani da ita wajen kira ko ambaton wani abu’.

Bargery (1934: 956) ya ce: ‘suna kalma ce da ake kiran mutum ko bukin da ake yi a rana ta bakwai ta haihuwar yaro ko yarinya a cikin al’ummar Hausawa’.

Sa’eed (1977:25) ya ce: ‘sunaye kalmomi ne da ke bayyana mutane da wurare, kuma suna da ma’ana kaɗan’.

Daga waɗannan bayanai, muna iya cewa a dunƙule, ‘suna kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen ambaton wani abu, musamman don bambancewa da kuma rarrabewa’.

 
Sunayen Hausawa 

Ana iya rarraba sunayen Hausawa zuwa rukunai daban-daban da suka haɗa da sunayen mutane da na dabbobi da na tsuntsaye da ma wurare da kuma na garuruwa da tsaunuka.

A cikin sunayen Hausawa na mutane akwai; ‘Sunayen Gargajiya da Sunayen Yanka da Sunayen Laƙabobi da kuma Sunayen Dangantaka’. (Yahaya 1978:3). Wannan takarda za ta keɓanta da yin nazari a kan sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya da suka shafi ɗaiɗaikun mutane, irin su ‘Dáarí da Tùnáu, Sáadà da Búudà da Màrká.

Ma’anar Tasarifi

Kalmar ‘tasarifi’, kalma ce ta Larabci. Malaman Hausa suka aro ta suka yi amfani da ita wajen bayyana wani ɓangare na nazarin nahawu wanda ke kula da yadda ake ƙera kalma a Hausa.

Fagge (2013:3) ya bayyana tasarifi da ‘ƙirar kalma da ke nazarin ƙwayoyin ma’ana a harshe da tushen kalmomi da ƙa’idojin kumbura kalmomi da na tsirar kalmomi da kuma li’irabin kalmomi’.

 

Tasarifin sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya

 

Sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya kamar sauran kalmomin Hausa da ake iya sarrafawa, suna da tsari a nahawu da ake iya aza su a kai wanda ke bayyanar da yadda tasarifinsu yake gudana.

A wannan ɓangare za mu ga akwai sunayen da muke iya kallo ta fuskar fitattun hanyoyin tasarifin nan guda biyu, wato: (a) kumbura (b) tsira ko ƙirƙira. A dukkan waɗannan hanyoyi biyu ana iya amfani da saiwa da ɗafi wajen samar da kalmomi.

Kumbura a ilimin tasarifi tana nufin ƙera wata kalma daga jikin wata kalmar ba tare da samun canjin ajin nahawu ba, amma ana iya samun sauyawar jinsi ko adadi ko kuma sauyawar ajin aikatau daga wani aji zuwa wani. Wasu daga cikin misalan kumbura a tsarin tasarifi kuwa su ne:

(a) Sifa- kalma: guntu

saiwa: gunt-

ɗafi: -uwa

kumbura: saiwa+ɗafi= guntuwa

(b) Suna- kalma: yaro

saiwa: yar-

ɗafi: -o

kumbura: saiwa+ɗafi=yaro

(c) Aikatau- kalma: haƙo

saiwa: haƙ-

ɗafi: -o

Kumbura: saiwa+ɗafi=haƙo

Tsira kuwa a ilimin tasarifi, tana nufin hanyar da ake bi wajen ƙera wata sabuwar kalma daga tushen kalma, wadda ajinta na nahawu ya sha bamban da na kalmar farko. Alal misali:

(a) Suna- kalma: gurgu

saiwa: gurg-

ɗafi: -u (ajin suna) ko –unta (ajin aikatau)

tsirar kalma: gurg+unta=gurgunta (daga suna an samu suna ɗan aikatau)

(b) Suna- kalma: mutum

saiwa-mutum-

ɗafi-ta

tsirar kalma: mutum+ta+mutunta

(c)  Sifa- kalma: dolo

Saiwa: dol-

ɗafi: -anci

tsirar kalma: saiwa+ɗafi=dolanci (sifa an samu aiki)

Kumbura A Sunayen Hausawa

A nan akwai wasu azuzuwan kalmomi na nahawu waɗanda kumbura take samar da su. Waɗannan azuzuwan su ne na suna gama-gari da na ɓoyayyun suna da kuma ajin sifa.

(a) Suna gama-gari: Wannan ajin suna ne a nahawu wanda ake kiran kowane abu da shi ba tare da keɓancewa ba, suna ne da ake iya samu a kowane wuri kuma a yi amfani da shi a kowane yanayi.

A cikin sunayen Hausawa akwai waɗanda ake ƙerawa daga ajin na suna gama-gari don su koma na ɗaiɗaikun mutane. Misali:

Suna gama-gari                                    Sunan Mutum Namiji

ángòo                                                          Ángò

bàƙóo                                                                  Bàaƙó

dámóo                                                         Dámó

dárée                                                            Dáré

ɗànɗáa                                                      ‘Dànɗá

dóokìi                                                          dóokì

dúmáa                                                         Dúmá

gádóo                                                          Gádó

géebèe                                                         Géebè

ƙóofàa                                                        Ƙóofà

A lura da yadda dogon wasali na ƙarshen suna gama-gari yake komawa gajere a sunan mutum namiji (ángòo/Ángò).

(b) ɓoyayyen suna: Shi ne sunan abin da ba a iya gain a zahiri. Waɗannan ɓoyayyun sunayen ma, Hausawa suna amfani da su wajen ƙera sunayensu na gargajiya. Misali:

Ɓoyayyen Suna                                   Sunan Mutum

ɗáaríi                                                           ‘Dáarí (namiji)

gòodíyáa                                                      Gòodíyá (mace)

ƙwàazóo                                                     Ƙwàazó (namiji)

násáràa                                                        Násárà (mace)

ní’ímàa                                                         Ní’ímà (mace)

wàdáatàa                                                      Wàdáatà (namiji)

yàlwáa                                                         Yàlwá (mace)

yàucíi                                                           Yàucí (mace)

(c) Sifa: Ajin kalma ne wanda ke bayyana suna. Akwai sifofi da yawa da Hausawa ke amfani da su a matsayin sunaye. Ga misali:

Sifa                                                   Sunan Mutum

dóogóo                                                        Dóogó (namiji)

dúunàa                                                         Dúunà (namiji)

fáríi                                                             Fárí (namiji)

gàjéerée                                                       Gàjéeré (namiji)

kyárcée                                                        Kyárcé (namiji)

ƙàrámàa                                                     Ƙàrámá (mace)

ƙàrámíi                                                       Ƙàrámì (namiji)

A dukkan waɗannan misalan na azuzuwan kalmomi, an yi amfani da hanyar tasarifi ta kumbura wajen ƙera kalmomin. Abin lura a nan shi ne dogon wasalin ƙarshe na suna gama-gari da na ɓoyayyun suna da na sifa yakan koma gajere a sunan mutum (mace ko namiji). Duk da wannan sauyi da kumbura ta haifar, ajin nahawu bai sauya ba.

Tsira A Sunayen Hausawa

A ɓangaren tsira ma ana amfani da irin wannan hanyar tasarifi wajen ƙera wasu sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya. Idan aka yi amfani da hanyar tasarifi ta ‘tsira’ don samar da kalma, to, ajin nahawun samammiyar kalmar yakan bambanta da na kalmar da aka samo sabuwar kalmar daga gare ta. Daga cikin azuzuwan kalmomin da ake ƙera sunaye daga gare su a wannan ɓangare akwai ajin aikatau so-karɓau mai gaɓa biyu da ake yi wa ɗafin (-au). Sai kuma aikatau so-karɓau mai gaɓa ɗaya da ake haɗawa da suna gama-gari. Ga misali:

(a) Aikatau So-karɓau mai gaɓa biyu

Tushen kalma        Aikatau       Sunan Mutum

bar-                       bàrí             Bàráu                    Bar(-au)       (namiji)

daɗ-                     dàɗaá                   Dàɗí                    Daɗ(-i)       (namiji)

jimr-                     jímrèe          Jìmráu                   Jimr(-au)     (namiji)

koor-                    kóorèe         Kòráu                   Koor(-au)    (namiji)

maak-                   máakèe        Màakáu                 Maak(-au)   (namiji)

may-                     máyèe         Màyáu                  Maay(-au)   (namiji)

saad-                     sáadàa         Sàadáu                  Saad(-au)     (namiji)

sunt-                     sùntàa          Sùntáu                  Sunt(-au)     (namiji)

tun-                       tuna             Tùnáu                   Tun(au)       (namiji)

(b) aikatau so-karɓau mai gaɓa ɗaya. Wannan ajin ma na aikatau yana tafiya a kan tsarin tasarifi na tsirar kalmomi. A irin wannan hali, akan yi amfani da irin wannan aikatau da suna gama-gari, sai a samar da sunan mutum. Daga cikin misalan waɗannan aikatan da ake ƙera sunayen mutane akwai: Cíi da Jáa da Sháa da Sóo. Ga misalai:

Aikatau              Suna gama-gari            Sunan Mutum

Cí                         láyyá                              Cìiláyyá

Cí                         rámàa                             Cìirámà

Cí                         túmùu                             Cìitúmù

Cí                         wáakée                           Cìiwáké

Jáa                        gàbáa                              Jàagàbá

Sháa                     áayàa                              Shàa’áayà

Sháa                     ɗáaríi                              SHÀAƊÁARÍ

Sháa                     ráanáa                             Shàaráaná

Sháa                     rùbùutúu                        Shàarùbùutú

Sóo                       dángì                              Sòodángì

A irin wannan yanayi, ƙirƙira aka yi, inda aka haɗa aikatau da suna gama-gari aka samar da sunan mutum na gargajiya. Wani abin lura a nan shi ne, dukkan kalmomin aikatau ɗin suna da karin sautin sama, amma idan aka haɗa su da suna gama-gari, don samar da sunan mutum, karin sautin aikatan yana canzawa daga karin sautin sama zuwa karin sautin ƙasa. Mai yiyuwa ne, a samu wani aikatau da ba mai gaɓa ɗaya ba da ke iya ɗaukar irin wannan ƙirar tasarifi. Amma a wannan bincike wannan aikatau kawai muka gano.

Kammalawa

Wannan takarda ta yi nazarin tasarifin sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya. Takardar ta kalli sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya a matsayin kalmomin Hausa da ake iya nazarin tasarifinsu.

Wajen gudanar da aikin, mun kalli hanyoyin tasarifin nan guda biyu (wato kumbura da kuma tsira ko ƙirƙira) da ake amfani da su wajen ƙera kalmomin sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya da suka danganci ɗaiɗaikun mutane. Sunayen, kamar yadda muka kawo su, sun haɗa da waɗanda ake samu daga suna gama-gari da ɓoyayyen suna da kuma sifa.

Bugu da ƙari, mun kawo wasu rukunan sunaye da ake ƙerewa ta hanyar amfani da aikatau so-karɓau mai gaɓa biyu da kuma inda ake haɗa aikatau so-karɓau mai gaɓa ɗaya da suna gama-gari a samar da harɗaɗɗen sunan mutum.

Wannan bincike ya tabbatar da cewa ana iya kallon wasu al’amurra da suka shafi tasarifin sunayen Hausawa na gargajiya da suka danganci ɗaiɗaikun mutane.

 
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