Tsarin Wasula A Cikin Sunayen Ƙwari

Wannan bincike yana da zimmar gano daidaituwar wasulan hausa a cikin sunayen ƙwari masu gaɓa biyu, musamma domin bayyana yadda wasulan ke shirye a dukkanin kalmomin ƙwari da za mu nazarta. Domin cim ma wannan manufa mun tanadi jerin kalmomi talatin da biyar (35) waɗanda za mu duba tsare-tsaren da ake iya samu a cikinsu na wasulan hausa. Da kuma fayyace wasulan da ke zuwa a kowace gaɓar kalmar ƙwari.

DAGA
Muhammad Mustapha Umar
Department of Nigerian Languages
Usmanu ‘Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
Email: mustaphahausa@yahoo.com GSM: 08065466400

DA
Nazir Ibrahim Abbas
Department of Nigerian Languages
Usmanu ‘Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
Email: ibrahimabbasnazir@gmail.com GSM: 08060431934

1.0 GABATARWA

Kamar sauran kalmomin hausa sunayen ƙwari sun ƙumshi tsare-tsare daban-daban na wasulan da suke zuwa a cikin gaɓoɓin kalmominsu. Babban musabbabin gina wannan aiki shi ne kundin maikanti (2012) mai taken “tsarin wasula a cikin sunayen itatuwa da tsirrai na hausa.” Wannan aiki nasa ya fito da tsarin wasulan hausa a cikin wasu rukunan kalmomin itatuwa da tsirrai masu gaɓa bibbiyu. Wannan ne ya sa muka ɗauki hannu domin gudanar da aiki kwatankwacin nasa, amma namu zai duba tsarin wasula ne a cikin sunayen ƙwari na hausa. Sai dai za mu yi amfani da siga ko salon da ya yi amfani da shi wajen gano tsare-tsaren wasulan hausa a cikin kalmomi. Haka kuma, mun samu ƙarin ƙwarin guiwa daga aikin sakina (2011) mai taken “gurbin ƙwari a magungunan gargajiya” wanda ya tattara wasu sunayen ƙwarin ƙasar hausa.

2.0 MA’ANAR ƘWARI

A ilmin ƙirar kalma ƙwaro na matsayin tilo kuma namiji, sai jam’i da ke ɗaukar sigar ƙwari. Ga wasu taƙaitattun ra’ayoyin masana a kan bayanin ƙwari da sunayensu. Sa’idu (2006: 292-293) Ƙwaro wata ƙanƙanuwar halitta danginsu kiyashi ko cinnaka. Shi kuma Wehmeier (2006:770-771) a cikin ƙamusun Oxford ya ce ƙwaro ƙaramin halitta ne mai ƙafa shida, wanda jikinsa yake da sassa uku. Wani ƙwaro kan kasance da fikafikai. A faɗar Bergery (1934: 691) ƙwaro ƙaramin halitta ne wanda ba ya da ƙashin baya, musamman dangin kunama.

Ƙwarin ƙasar hausa suna da nau’o’in dangi da yawa kamar sauran halittu. Yawan gaɓoin kalmomin ƙwari kan fara ne daga gaɓa ɗaya zuwa gaɓa biyar, ko a ce masu hawa biyu ko uku tamkar dai adon magana. Amma mu a nan masu gaɓa biyu kawai za mu ɗauka domin nazarta. Har ila yau, bambancin wurin zama ya haddasa bambancin gundarin kalmomin ƙwari a tsakanin hausawa, sai dai wannan bincike ya yi ƙoƙarin amfani da daidaitattun kalmomi daga ƙamus-ƙamus da littafai.

3.0 TSARIN WASULA A CIKIN KALMOMIN ƘWARI MASU GAƁA BIYU

A wannan fasali za mu dubi kalmomin ƙwari masu yawan gaɓoɓi biyu, don gano irin tsarin da suke da shi na wasula. Don gudanar da bincike mai tsari za mu yi amfani da jadawaloli, domin nuna tsarin wasula da kuma nuna gaɓar kalma a ƙarƙashin kowane wasali. Sannan za mu ɗauki wasulan ɗaya bayan ɗaya ta hanyar farawa da wasalin /a/, da /e/, da /i/, da /o/, da /u/ da kuma tagwan wasalin /au/.

3.1 Tsarin da ake iya samu ta amfani da wasalin /a/

Wannan bincike ya dubi yadda wasalin /a/ ya fito a cikin kalmomin sunayen ƙwari. Don haka, a ƙarshe ya gano cewa tsarin wasulan waɗannan kalmomi kan kasance ne kamar haka:

3.1.1 Jadawali na ɗaya mai nuna tsarin wasula

GaƁa ta ɗaya GaƁa ta biyu Sunan ƙwari

i /a/ /a/ dárƁá
ii /a/ /aa/ gálláá, gàráá, káskàà, tsányàà, zárràà
iii /a/ /oo/ sámɗóó, tsándóó, zágóó
iv /a/ /uu/ ƙyàllúú
v /aa/ /aa/ ááláá, fààráá, táánáá
vi /aa/ /ee/ Gyààréé
vii /aa/ /oo/ Gwáánóó

Tsarin wasulan /a-a/, /a-aa/, /a-oo/, /a-uu/, /aa-aa/, /aa-ee/ da /aa-oo/ = 7

3.1.2 Jadawali na biyu mai nuna gaƁar kalma

GaƁa ta ɗaya GaƁa ta biyu
i /a/ /a/
d/á/r Ɓ/á/
ii /a/ /aa/
g/á/l
g/à/
k/á/s
ts/á/n
z/á/r l/áá/
r/áá/
k/àà/
y/àà/
r/àà/
iii /a/ /oo/
s/á/m
ts/á/n
z/á/ ɗ/óó/
d/óó/
g/óó/
iv /a/ /uu/
ƙy/à/l l/úú/
v /aa/ /aa/
?/áá/
f/àà/
t/áá/ l/áá/
r/áá/
n/áá/
vi /aa/ /ee/
gy/àà/ r/éé/
vii /aa/ /oo/
gw/áá/ n/óó/

Waɗannan misalai sun nuna ana samun gajere ko dogon wasalin a/aa a gaɓar farko ta sunayen ƙwari. Sai gaɓa ta biyu mai ƙarewa da gajeren wasalin /a/ da dogayen wasula kamar haka: /aa/, /ee/, /oo/ da /uu/.

3.2 Tsarin da ake iya samu ta amfani da wasalin /e/

A wannan ƙaramin fasali an gano cewa a ƙarƙashin wasalin /e/, akwai tsari guda biyu (2) kamar haka: /ee-ee/ da /ee-ii/.

3.2.1 Jadawali na ɗaya mai nuna tsarin wasula

Gaɓa ta ɗaya gaɓa ta biyu sunan ƙwari

i /ee/ /ee/ Jééjéè
ii /ee/ /ii/ Jééjìì
Tsarin wasulan /ee-ee/ da /ee-ii/ = 2

3.2.2 Jadawali na biyu mai nuna gaƁar kalma
Gaɓa ta ɗaya gaɓa ta biyu
i /ee/ /ee/
J/éé/ j/éè/
ii /ee/ /ii/
j/éé/
j/ìì/

Dogon wasalin /ee/ ake samu a gaƁar farko, sannan a gaƁa ta biyu dogayen wasulan /ee/ da /ii/

3.3 Tsarin da ake iya samu ta amfani da wasalin /i/
A ƙarƙashin wasalin /i/, akwai tsari guda uku (3) da ake samu kamar haka: /i-a/, /i-aa/ da /ii-oo/.

3.3.1 Jadawali na ɗaya mai nuna tsarin wasula
Gaɓa ta ɗaya gaɓa ta biyu sunan ƙwari

1 /i/ /a/ Jìgá
2 /i/ /aa/ Ríínáá
3 /ii/ /oo/ Jììróó
Tsarin wasulan /i-a/, /i-aa/ da /ii-oo/ = 3

3.3.2 Jadawali na biyu mai nuna gaƁar kalma

Gaɓa ta ɗaya gaɓa ta biyu
i /i/ /a/
j/ì/ g/á/
ii /i/ /aa/
r/íí/ n/áá/
iii /ii/ /oo/
j/ìì/ r/óó/

Misalan nan sun nuna gaɓar farko ta ƙumshi gajere da dogon wasalin /i/ da /ii/, ita kuma gaƁa ta biyu tana da tsarin gajeren wasalin /a/, da dogayen wasulan /aa/ da /oo/.

3.4 Tsarin da ake iya samu ta amfani da wasalin /o/

A ƙarƙashin wasalin /o/, akwai tsari guda uku (3) da ake samu kamar haka: /oo-i/, /oo-o/ da /oo-u/.

3.4.1 Jadawali na ɗaya mai nuna tsarin wasula

Gaɓa ta ɗaya gaɓa ta biyu sunan ƙwari

i /oo/ /i/ Sóókì
ii /oo/ /o/ Bòòbó
iii /oo/ /u/ Kóótù
Tsarin wasulan: /oo-i/, /oo-o/ da /oo-u/ = 3

3.4.2 Jadawali na biyu mai nuna gaɓar kalma

GaƁa ta ɗaya GaƁa ta biyu
i /oo/ /i/
s/óó/ k/ì/
ii /oo/ /o/
b/óó/ b/ò/
iii /oo/ /u/
k/óó/ t/ù/

Gaɓar farko a wannan misali tana da dogayen wasulan /oo/, sannan a gaɓa ta biyu an samu gajerun wasulan /i/, /o/ da /u/.

3.5 Tsarin da ake iya samu ta amfani da wasalin /u/

A ƙarƙashin wasalin /u/, akwai tsari guda takwas (8) da ake samu kamar haka: /u-u/, /u-aa/, /u-ee/, /u-ii/, /u-uu/, /u-au/, /uu-aa/ da /uu-uu/.

3.5.1 Jadawali na ɗaya mai nuna tsarin wasula

Gaɓa ta ɗaya gaɓa ta biyu sunan ƙwari

i /u/ /u/ Kùmbút
ii /u/ /aa/ ƙúdáá, ƙùmáá, gúmɗàà, ƙùndáá, zúmàà
iii /u/ /ee/ Sùngéé
iv /u/ /ii/ Kùlíí
v /u/ /uu/ ƙúrnúú
vi /u/ /au/ kùɗáú, kùyáú
vii /uu/ /aa/ Tsúútsàà
viii /uu/ /uu/ Tùùlúú

Tsarin wasulan: /u-u/, /u-aa/, /u-ee/, /u-ii/, /u-uu/, /u-au/, /uu-aa/ da /uu-uu/ = 8

4.5.2 Jadawali na biyu mai nuna gaɓar kalma
Gaɓa ta ɗaya gaɓa ta biyu
i /u/ /u/
k/ù/m b/ú/t
ii /u/ /aa/
ƙ/ú/
g/ú/m
ƙ/ù/n
z/ú/ d/áá/
ɗ/àà/
d/áá/
m/àà/
iii /u/ /ee/
s/ù/n g/éé/
iv /u/ /ii/
k/ù/ l/íí/
v /u/ /uu/
ƙ/ú/r n/úú/
vi /u/ /au/
k/ù/ ɗ/áú/
vii /uu/ /aa/
ts/úú/ ts/àà/
viii /uu/ /uu/
t/ùù/ l/úú/

Misalan da ake iya samu ta amfani da wasalin /u/ ya nuna gaɓar farko kan ƙumshi gajeren wasalin /u/ da dogon wasalin /uu/, sannan a gaɓa ta biyu ana samun zuwan gajeren wasalin /u/, da dogayen wasulan : /aa/, /ee/, /ii/ da /uu/ da kuma tagwan wasalin /au/.

3.6 Tsarin da ake iya samu ta amfani da wasalin /au/

A ƙarƙashin wasalin /au/, akwai tsarin wasali guda ɗaya (1) da ake samu kamar haka: /au-oo/.

https://www.amsoshi.com/2017/09/30/zumuntar-bahaushe-a-zamanin-gsm/

3.6.1 Jadawali na ɗaya mai nuna tsarin wasula

Gaɓa ta ɗaya gaɓa ta biyu
i /au/ /oo/ Sáúróó
Tsarin wasulan: /au-oo/ = 1

3.6.2 Jadawali na biyu mai nuna gaƁar kalma

Gaɓa ta ɗaya gaɓa ta biyu
i /au/ /oo/
s/áú/ r/óó/
A nan gaɓar farko tana ɗauke da tagwan wasalin /au/ kana gaɓar wannan tsari ta biyu tana da dogon wasalin /oo/.

4.0 KAMMALAWA

Tabbas ra’in tsarin sautin tsira wanda ya ƙumshi bayanai a kan sautuka ya taimaka ainun, wajen gano hikimomi masu tarin yawa da ake samu a cikin kalmomin harshe. Saboda haka, nazarin tsarin wasula a cikin kalmomin ƙwari babbar hoɓɓasa ce kuma gagarumar madogara, musamman ta fuskar ƙoƙarin da ake kai na daidaita rabe-raben tagwayen wasulan hausa. Har ila yau, mun fahimci cewa; kowane wasali yana da keɓaɓɓun gaɓoɓin da yake iya zama, tare da adadin wasulan da wannan tsarin ya samar, da ma waɗanda aka kasa samu. A taƙaice, kowace kalmar hausa na da tsarin wasulan da take zuwa tare da su.

Sakamakon wannan bincike ya nuna an gano tsarin wasulan hausa a cikin sunayen wasu ƙwari masu ɗauke da gaɓoɓi biyu. Daga bayanan da suka gabata, mun ga irin zumuncin da ake samu tsakanin wasula a cikin sunayen ƙwari na hausa, inda muka ga salon zuwan gajere da gajeren wasali, ko gajere da dogo, ko gajere da tagwan wasali, ko a sami haɗuwar dogayen wasula a cikin kalma ɗaya, ko kuma tagwai ya zauna tare da dogon wasali ba tare da wata tsangwama ba. Ga tsarin wasulan da wannan bincike ya samar:

• Wasalin /a/ ya samar da: Tsarin wasulan /a-a/, /a-aa/, /a-oo/, /a-uu/, /aa-aa/, /aa-ee/ da /aa-oo/ = 7
• Wasalin /e/ ya samar da: Tsarin wasulan /ee-ee/ da /ee-ii/ = 2
• Wasalin /i/ ya samar da: Tsarin wasulan /i-a/, /i-aa/ da /ii-oo/ = 3
• Wasalin /o/ ya samar da: Tsarin wasulan: /oo-i/, /oo-o/ da /oo-u/ = 3
• Wasalin /u/ ya samar da: Tsarin wasulan: /u-u/, /u-aa/, /u-ee/, /u-ii/, /u-uu/, /u-au/, /uu-aa/ da /uu-uu/ = 8
• Wasalin /au/ ya samar da: Tsarin wasulan: /au-oo/ = 1

MANAZARTA

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RATAYE

Jerin Sunayen Ƙwari da Aka yi Amfani da su
Lamba Ƙwaro Lamba Ƙwaro
1 Ááláá: 19 Ƙùmáá
2 Bòòbó 20 Ƙùndáá
3 DárƁá: 21 Ƙúrnúú
4 Fààráá: 22 Ƙyàllúú
5 Gálláá: 23 Ríínáá
6 Gàráá: 24 Sámɗóó
7 Gwáánóó 25 Sáúróó
8 Gúmɗàà: 26 Sóókì
9 Gyààréé: 27 Sùngéé
10 Jééjìì: 28 Táánáá
11 Jìgá: 29 Tsándóó
12 Jììróó 30 Tsányàà
13 Káskàà 31 Tsúútsàà
14 Kùɗáú: 32 Tùùlúú
15 Kùlíí 33 Zágóó
16 Kùmbút 34 Zárràà
17 Kùyáú 35 Zúmàà
18 Ƙúdáá