Nazarin Rafkanuwar Furuci a Tsakanin Hausawa Masu Manyan Shekaru a Birnin Kano

Cite this article as: Muhammad, A. S., Abdullahi, S. Y., & Abubakar, A. S. (2026). Nazarin rafkanuwar furuci a tsakanin Hausawa masu manyan shekaru a Birnin Kano. Sokoto Journal of Linguistics and Communication Studies (SOJOLICS), 2(2), 461-471. https://doi.org/10.36349/sojolics.2026.v02i02.043

Na

Anas Sa’id Muhammad

Sashen Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Bayero, Kano

Da

Safiyya Ya’u Abdullahi

Sashen Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Bayero, Kano

safiyyayau020@gmail.com

Da

Abba Sagir Abubakar

Sashen Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Jihar Nasarawa, Keffi

abbasagir124@nsuk.edu.ng

Abstract

This study examines the Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) phenomenon among elderly Hausa speakers with cognitive decline in Kano metropolis. The study focuses on lexical retrieval difficulties associated with ageing between 65 and 75 years. The objective of the study is to analyze the occurrence of the Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon and to determine whether there is any difference between male and female participants. The study adopts the Transmission Deficit Model proposed by Burke & MacKay (1990) as its theoretical framework. Data were collected using pictures of well-known personalities to elicit lexical retrieval responses from the twelve participants used. A quantitative approach and purposive sampling technique were employed in analyzing and selecting the participants. The findings reveal that ageing and cognitive decline contribute to lexical retrieval difficulties among elderly Hausa speakers and it is more frequent in male then female.

Keyword: Tip-of-the-Tongue; Hausa Speakers; lexical retrieval

Tsakure

Wannan muƙala ta yi nazarin rafkanuwar furuci a tsakanin Hausawa masu manyan shekaru a birnin Kano. Nazarin ya mayar da hankali ne a kan matsalar zaƙulo kalma da take da nasaba da shekaru a tsakanin 65 zuwa 75. Manufar muƙalar ita ce gano waɗanda suka fi samun kansu a yanayin rafkanuwar furuci tsakanin maza da mata. An yi amfani da Ra’in Ƙarancin Bayanai, wanda ya samo asali daga Burke & MacKay (1990) a matsayin ra’in bincike. An tattara bayanan bincike ta hanyar amfani da hotunan wasu fitattun mutane, domin jefa wakilan bincike sha biyu(12) a cikin yanayin rafkanuwar furuci. Dangane da nau’in bincike, an yi amfani da bi-ƙididdiga wajen ƙiddige waɗanda suka fi faɗawa cikin rafkanuwar furuci tsakanin maza da mata. Game da samfurin bincike, an yi amfani da samfurin bincike bi-maƙasudi, ɗaya daga cikin nau’in samfurin bincike kara-zube. Binciken ya gano shekaru suna taka rawar gani wajen matsalar kasa zaƙulo kalma, kamar yadda nazarce-nazarcen baya suka tabbatar. Haka kuma, maza sun fi mata yawan samun kansu a yanayin rafkanuwar furuci.

Muhimman Kalmomi: Rafkanuwar Furuci; Hausawa; Zaƙulo kalma

1.0 Gabatarwa

Harshe hanya ce ta sadarwa, wadda ta keɓanta ga ɗan’adam (Evans & Levinson, 2009). Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakan aiwatar da furuci shi ne zaƙulo kalma daga rumbin kalmomin ƙwaƙwalwa har zuwa ƙ ulla furucinta (Carrol, 2008). Aiwatar da furuci ya ƙunshi ɓangarori da dama masu cin gashin kansu, waɗanda suke da alhaki wajen aiwatar da sassa daban-daban na furuci (Lavelt (1989 da 1993). Haka kuma wasu lokutan, mutum na iya yi wa kalma farin sani, amma saboda rashin amfani da ita a-kai-a-kai sai ya kasa furta ta a lokacin da buƙatar hakan ta taso (Abram, 2013).Wannan lamari shi masana suke kira da rafkanuwar furuci, wanda yake faruwa ga masu manyan shekaru (Burke & Shafto, 2008).

Saboda haka, wannan takarda ta yi nazari a kan matakan zaƙulo kalma tare da mayar da hankali a kan matakin da rafkanuwar furucin ke faruwa, wato zaɓen kalma da ƙulla sauti a tsakanin masu manyan shekaru maza da mata daga shekara 65-75.

1.1 Dalilin Bincike

Ba a samu isasshen bincike a harshen Hausa ba, duk kuwa da yawan faruwar wannan yanayi a kalaman Hausawa masu yawan shekaru. Hakan ya haifar da rashin fahimtar matakan zaƙulo kalma da kuma yadda za a taimaka wa waɗanda abin ya shafa wajen fita daga yanayin.

1.2 Muhimmancin Bincike

Nazarin wannan matsala ta rafaknwar furuci zai taimaka matuƙa wajen ƙara haskaka wa masu sha’awar fagen Mutuntakar Harshe hanya wajen zaƙulo wasu mas’alolin da suke da nasaba da tsufa da irin tasirinsa da kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin tawayar harshe ta lafiya da kuma akasinta

2.0 Bitar Ayyukan da Suka Gabata

Aiwatar da harshe abu ne da ya fi fahimtar harshe wuyar nazari, duk kuwa da cewa, ana iya kiyaye furuci, to amma inda gizon yake saƙa shi ne tunanin da ake son bayyanawa (Levelt, 1989). Manazarta da dama (Burke & Light (1981); Perlmutter & Mitchell(1982); Poon (1985)) sun yi ƙoƙarin warware wannan tarnaƙi, ta hanyar amfani da dabaru iri-iri. Wasu manazartan sun yi zuzzurfan nazari a kan kurakuran da suke faruwa a yayin aiwatar da furuci, yayin da wasu suka yi nazarin masu magana a ɗakin bincike, inda suka ba su abin da za su furta (Carrol, 2008).

Masana mutuntakar harshe da wasunsu (Butterworth (1992); Levelt (1989)) sun bayyana matakan da masu magana suke bi wajen zaƙulo kalmomin da suka dace cikin sauri. A lafazi na gwaninta, mai magana na iya zaƙulo kalmomi 1-3 daga rumbun kalmomin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin daƙiƙa ɗaya. Haka kuma marasa matsalar lafazi sukan yi kuskure ɗaya zuwa biyu a yayin zaƙulo dubban kalmomi (Burke & Shafto, 2004). Masana ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa da mutuntakar harshe sun samar da ra’oin da suke bayanin matakan furta kalma da kuma wurin da ake iya samun raunin da ka iya haifar da matsalar zaƙulo kalma (Friedman, Biram, da kuma Dotan, 2013).

Matakan aiwatar da furucin da Lavelt (1989; 1993) ya gabatar sun ƙunshi ɓangarori da dama masu cin gashin kansu, waɗanda suke da alhaki wajen aiwatar da sassa daban-daban na furuci. Waɗannan matakai sun haɗa da: masigar tunani wadda take da alhakin samar da saƙonni da kuma kula da su; sai mabayyana wadda ita kuma take da alhakin bayyana ma’ana da nahawu da kuma tsarin sautin saƙon, inda take zavo bayanai daga ƙamusun ƙwaƙwalwa; sai kuma mafurta wadda take aiwatar da furucin saƙon.

Mataki/ɓangare na farko a ra’in Lavelt (1989 da 1993) shi ne masigar tunani. A wannan ɓangare ne ake samar da saƙon da ake son sadarwa, inda ake juya tunani zuwa sigar harshe. Haka kuma a wannan ɓangaren ne ake kula da yadda za a furta. Mataki na gaba a hanyoyin aiwatar da furuci shi ne zaɓo kalmar da ta dace da saƙon da ake son isarwa, wanda daga bisani zai zama bisa sigar harshe. An kasa wannan mataki zuwa kashi biyu, wato zaɓar kalma da kuma samar da sauti. Ƙudirce kalmar da za a yi amfani da ita ya ƙunshi zaɓo kalmar da ta yi dai da ma’ana da kuma muhallin magana daga ƙamusun ƙwaƙwalwa. Shi kuma matakin samar da sauti ya ƙunshi gina sigar tsarin sautin kalmar da ake son furtawa ta hanyar zaƙulo ƙwayoyin sautuka da kuma shirya su zuwa gaɓa[1]. Matakina uku ya ƙunshi shirin furuci, inda ake juya kalmomi zuwa sautuka. Waɗannan sautuka ana furta su ne bi da bi, sannan kuma a fayyace yadda gaɓoɓin furuci za su motsa.

Waɗannan matakai ko a Hausa haka suke, domin kuwa kafin Bahaushe ya yi wani furuci dole ne sai ya ƙudirce saƙon da yake so ya isar, wato ya juya tunani zuwa sigar harshe, sannan ya bi sauran matakan har zuwa matakin furuci, inda yake juya kalmomi zuwa sautuka.

3.0 Ra’in Bincike – Ra’in Ƙarancin Bayanai

Wannan ra’i yana ganin cewa, ana adana bayanan ma’ana da na tsarin sautin kalma a ƙwaƙwalwa, sannan kuma ana zaƙulo su daban-daban. Don haka, rafkanwar furuci tana aukuwa ne a yayin da aka motsa ma’adanar bayanan ma’anar kalma to amma ba su wuce zuwa ga ma’adanar tsarin sauti ba (Schwartz, 1999). Saboda haka, abin da yake haifar da rafkanwar furuci shi ne rauni wajen sadar da bayanai ko kuma rashin cikakkun bayanai daga ma’adanar ma’anar kalma zuwa ga ma’adanar tsarin sauti (Harley and Brown 1998).

Kornell da Metacafe (2006) da MacKay (1987) da kuma Dell(1986) sun bayyana cewa, Ra’in Ƙarancin Bayanai ya yi daidai da ra’o’in aiwatar da harshe, waɗanda suka tabbatar da cewa, aiwatar da harshe/furuci yana farawa ne da motsa bayanan ma’ana, sai a zaɓi kalmar sannan a zaƙulo tsarin sautinta. Rafkanwar furuci na aukuwa a yayin da aka gama zaɓo bayanan ma’ana da zaɓo kalma. Wannan ya nuna cewa, an san kalmar, to amma ba za a iya zaƙulo tsarin sauti da ƙulla shi ba, saboda rashin isassun bayanai (Burke da MacKay da Worthley da kuma Wade, 1991). Don haka, rafkanwar furuci tana aukuwa sakamakon matsalar zaƙulo bayanan tsarin sautin kalma.

3.1 HanyoyinTattara Bayanai

An gudanar da wannan bincike ne a ƙwaryar birnin Kano, wato ƙaramar hukumomin Nasarawa da Dala da kuma Tarauni, inda aka zaɓi Hausawa mutum huɗu-huɗu daga kowace ƙaramar hukuma, wato adadin mutane sha biyu (12) ke nan, ‘yan shekara 65-75, waɗanda ba sa fama da wata rashin lafiya da ka iya shafar furucinsu. An yi amfani da hotuna masu kala na wasu fitattun mutane talatin (30) da aka yi a baya, waɗanda suka haɗa da sarakuna da ’yan kasuwa da kuma ’yan siyasa wajen tattara bayanai, inda aka nuna wa masu shiga binciken, domin faɗar sunan wanda yake a hoton, da nufin jefa su cikin yanayin rafkanuwar furuci. Waɗannan hotuna sun ƙunshi mata da maza. Haka kuma an tabbatar da sahihancin amfani da hotunan wajen jefa masu shiga bincike cikin yanayin rafkanwar furuci. Hakazalika, an ba wa kowane mai shiga bincike sakan goma (10), domin faɗar sunan wanda yake hoton. Har ila yau, an fara nuna hotunan ‘yan siyasa sannan na sarakuna sannan kuma na ‘yan kasuwa. Dangane da nau’in bincike, an yi mafani da bi-ƙididdiga wajen ƙiddige waɗanda suka fi faɗawa cikin rafkanuwar furuci tsakanin maza da mata. Game da samfurin bincike, an yi amfani da samfurin bincike bi-maƙasudi, ɗaya daga cikin nau’in samfurin bincike kara-zube.

4.0 TsattsefeBayanai

Suna	Jinsi	Ƙarakamar Hukuma	Shekaru	Adadin Rafkanuwar Furuci
MM	Namiji	Nasarawa	68	4
AM1	Namiji	Nasarawa	70	3
AM2	Namiji	Dala	70	4
BA	Namiji	Dala	73	3
DM	Namiji	Tarauni	68	4
AY	Namiji	Tarauni	75	5
ZM	Mace	Nasarawa	70	4
MA	Mace	Nasarawa	70	1
RA	Mace	Dala	70	6
MK	Mace	Dala	75	3
HU	Mace	Tarauni	65	4
FI	Mace	Tarauni	65	3

Jadawalina 1: Bayanan wakilan bincike

A jadawali na 1 an kawo bayanan wakilan bincike da aka yi amfani da su, inda aka kawo ƙaramar hukumarsu da sunansu, ta hanyar taƙaitawa da jinsinsu da kuma shekaru da adadin rafakanuwar furucin da suka yi.

 

Suna	Jinsi	Adadin Rafkanuwar Furuci	Kaso %
MM	Namiji	4	9.09 %
AM	Namij	4	9.09%
DM	Namiji	4	9.09%
AY	Namiji	5	11.36%
AM	Namiji	3	6.81%
BA	Namiji	3	6.81%
ZM	Mace	4	9.09%
MA	Mace	1	2.27%
RA	Mace	6	13.63%
MK	Mace	3	6.81%
HU	Mace	4	9.09%
F1	Mace	3	6.81%
Jimilla		44	100%

Jadawali na2: Bayanan wakilan bincike da kason da kowa ya samu daga kaso 100%.

A wannan jadawali an kawo adadin rafkanuwar furucin kowane mai shiga bincike da kuma kason da ya samu a cikin ɗari (100). An ƙididdige kaso (%) ta amafani da wannan ƙa’idar:

Kaso (%) = ^f/_n × 100.

Misali, a jadawali na 2, MM da AM1 da DM suna da adadin rafkanuwar furuci 4 kowanne daga jimilla 44, saboda haka, suna da kaso ⁴/₄₄×100 = 9.09%. Haka kuma AY Yana da adadin rafkanuwar 5 daga cikin jimillar 44, don haka adadin kasonsa ya kasance kamar haka, ⁵/₄₄×100 = 11.36%. Sai AM2 da BA da suke da³/₄₄ ×100 = 6.81. Daga ɓangaren mata kuwa, ZM da HU suna da kaso ⁴/₄₄ ×100 = 9.09%. Ita kuwa tana da kaso ¹/₄₄ ×100 = 2.27%. Sai RA da take dakaso ⁶/₄₄ ×100 = 13.63%. Su kuwa MK da FI suna da da ³/₄₄ ×100 = 6.81 kowannensu.

 

Suna	Jinsi	Adadin Rafkanuwa	Kaso %
MM	Namiji	4	9.09%.
AM1	Namiji	4	9.09%.
DM	Namiji	4	9.09%.
AY	Namiji	5	11.36%.
AM	Namiji	3	6.81
BA	Namiji	3	6.81
Jimilla = 52.25

Jadawali na 3: Bayanan wakilan bincike maza.

A jadawali na uku, an kawo bayanan wakilan bincike maza zalla, inda aka kawo sunansu ta hanyar taƙaitawa da adadin rafkanuwar furucinsu da kuma kason da kowa ya samu daga cikin 100%.

MM ya samu adadin rafkanuwa 4 (A hotonan Sanata Kabiru Gaya da Alhaji Sabo Bakin Zuwo da Gali Umar Na’Abba da Alhaji Tijjani Hashim) daga cikin jimilla 44 yana da kaso 9.09% a kaso 100%. Za a iya danganta rafkanuwar furucinsa da ƙarancin bayanan hotunan, saboda daɗewa da aka yi ba a yi amfani da sunan waɗanda suke jikin hotunan ba.

AM1 na da adadin rafkanuwa 4 (A hotunan Alhaji Gambo Ɗanfass da Alhaji Dattijo Adahama da Audu Manaja da Wada Abubakar) daga cikin 44 na jimilla da kaso 9.09 a kaso 100%, wanda hakan ka iya faruwa sakamakon ƙarancin bayanan tsarin sautun sunayen, saboda daɗewa ba a yi amfani da su ba.

DM yana da adadin rafkanuwa 4 (a hotunan Audu Dawakin Tofa da Wada Abubakar da Alhji Gali Umar Na’Abba da Halima Soda) daga cikin jimilla 44 da kaso 9.09 a kaso 100%. Shi ma za a iya danganta wannan yanayi na rafkanuwar furuci da shekaru da raunin da ƙwaƙwalwa kan tsinci kanta a ciki, inda bayanan kalma sukan yi ƙaranci, saboda rashin motsa su a-kai-a-kai.

AY yana da adadin rafkanuwa 5 (a hotunan Alhaji Kabiru Gaya da Alhaji Audu Dawakin Tofa da Alhaji Musa Gwadabe da Malam Ibrahim Shekarau da kuma Alhaji Yusuf Maitama Sule Ɗan Masanin) daga cikin jimilla 44 da kaso 11.36 a kaso 100%. Wannan yanayi ka iya zama a dalilin ƙarancin bayanan tsarin sautun kalmomi, sakamakon rashin amfani da su a baya-bayan nan.

AM2 yana da adadin rafkanuwa 3 (a hotunan Alhaji Gali Umar Na’aba da kuma Alhaji Audu Dakin Tofa Alhaji Yusuf Maitama Sule Ɗan Masanin Kano da Alhaji Gali Umar Na’aba da kuma Alhaji Audu Dakin Tofa) daga cikin jimilla 44 da kaso 6. 81 a kaso 100%. Kamar sauran shi ma, wannan yanayi da ya tsinci kansa a ciki ka iya nasaba ƙarancin bayanan tsarin sautin kalmomin, saboda rashin amfani da su a-kai-a-kai.

BA shi ma yana da adadin rafkanuwa 3 (a hotunan Alhaji Gali Umar Na’abba da Alhaji Yusuf Maitama Sule da Alhaji Wada Abubakar) daga cikin jimilla 44 da kaso 6. 81 a kaso 100%. Samun kansa a wannan yanayi na iya kasancewa saboda rashin isassun bayanann tsarin sautin kalmomin, a dalilin rashin motsa su a-kai-a-kai.

 

Suna

Jinsi

Adadin Rafkanuwa

Kaso %

ZM	Mace	4	9.09 %
MA	Mace	1	2.27 %
RA	Mace	6	13.63 %
MK	Mace	3	6.81 %
HU	Mace	4	9.09 %
FI	Mace	3	6.81 %
Jimilla = 47.75

Jadawali na 4: Bayanan wakilan bincike mata.

A jadawali na huɗu a bayanan wakilan bincke mata zalla, inda a ka kawo sunayansu ta hanyar taƙaitawa da adadin rafkanuwar furucinsu da kuma kason da kowa ya samu daga cikin 100%.

ZM ta yi rafkanuwa 4 (a hotunan Alhaji Abubakar Rimi da Hajiya Gambo Sawaba da Galadiman Kano Alhaji Tijjani Hashim da Hajiya Mariya Alhassan Ɗantata) daga cikin jimilla 44 da kaso 9.09 % a kaso 100%.Wannan afkuwar rafkanuwar furucin ta iya faru ne sakamakon ƙarancin bayanai da shekaru da kuma raunin da ƙwaƙwalwa take samu ga masu manyan shekaru a matakin ƙulla sautuka, kamar yadda ra’ayin da aka yi amfani da shi a bincike nan ya bayyana.

MA ta yi rafkanuwar furuci 1 (a hoton Alhaji Yusuf Maitama Sule Ɗan Masanin Kano) daga cikin jimilla 44 da kaso 2.27 % a cikin kaso 100%. Wannan yanayi ka iya faruwa sakamakon ƙarancin bayanan tsarin sautun kalmomin sunan, a dalilin rashin amfani da su a baya-bayan nan, kamar yadda Ra’in Ƙarancin Bayanai ya bayyana.

RA tana da adadin rafkanuwar furuci 6 (a hotunan Alhaji Abubakar Rimi da Sarkin Kano Alhaji Ado Bayero da Alhaji Aminu Ahmad Maiturare da Alhaji Aminu Alhassan Ɗantata da Alhaji Yusuf Maitama Sule da Alhaji Muhammadu Sunusi na1) daga jimillar 44 da kaso 13.63 %a kaso 100%. Wannan rafkanuwar furuci da ta samu kanta a ciki ka iya faruwa a dalilin daɗewa da ta yi, ba ta yi amfani da kalmar ba, inda bayanana tsarin sautun kalmar kan yi ƙaranci, don haka sai ta kasa zaƙulo sautukanta. 

MK tana da adaddin rafkanuwar furuci 3 (Alhaji Sabo Bakin Zuwo da kuma Alhaji Abubakar Rimi Alhaji Yusuf Maitama Sule Ɗan Masani) daga cikin jimillar 44 da kaso 6.81 a cikin kaso 100%. Wannan rafkanuwar furuci za a iya danganta ta da ƙarancin bayannan tsarin sautin kalmar da ka taimaka wajen zaƙulo sautukanta a dalilin daɗewa ba a yi amfani da ita ba.

.

HU tana da adadin rafkanuwar 4 (a hotunan Alhaji Abubakar Rimi da Alhaji Audu Dawakin Tofa da Alhaji Aminu Alhassan Ɗantata da kuma Sheikh Isyaku Rabi’u) daga cikin jimilla 44 da kaso 9.09% daga cikin kaso 100%. Hakan ba zai rasa da rashin cikakkkun bayanai ko katsewar bayanai a matakin ƙulla sautuka, wanda hakan ka iya faruwa a dalilin rashin amfani da kalmar ko rashin ganin waɗanda suke a hotunan a-kai-a-kai.

FI tana da adadin rafkanuwar furuci 3 (Alhaji Gali Umar Na’abba da Hajiya Rabin Mato da kuma Sheikh Isyaka Rabi’u) daga cikin jimilla 44 da kaso 6.81 a cikin kaso 100%. Wannan al’amari za a iya danganta shi da ƙarancin bayanan tsarin sautin kalmar, kamar yadda Ra’in Ƙarancin Bayanai ya yi iƙirari.

 

Jinsi	Adadi
Maza	52.25%
Mata	47.75
Jimilla	100%

Jadawali na 5: Bayanan adadin da kowane jinsi ya samu.

Dangane da jadawali na 5 za a ga cewa, daga cikin jimillar kaso 100%, jinsin maza suna da 52.25%, yayin da jinsin mata suke da 47.75%.

4.1 Tattaunawar Sakamako

Sakamakon wannan bincike ya ƙara tabbatar da sakamakon da aka samu a nazarce-nazarcen da suka gabata danagane da matakin da rafkanwar furuci ke afkuwa da kuma abubuwan da suke sabbaba ta, kamar Miozzoda Cramazza (1997); Burke da Shafto (2004); Cohen (1994); Burke da MacKay da James (2000); Abba (2021), waxanda suka tabbatar da cewa, yawan shekaru na ɗaya daga cikin sababan aukuwar rafkanwar furuci. Haka kuma, Brown (1991) a Ellis (1985) ya ce, kalmomin da suke haifar da rafkanwar furuci, su ne kalmomin da ba a fiye amfani da su ba yau-da-kullum. Hakazalika, Ra’in Ƙarancin Bayanai ya nuna cewa, kalmomin da ba a amfani da su a-kai-a-kai, ba su fiya isar da bayanan ma’ana zuwa ga tsarin sauti ba, inda hakan yake saka raunin mahaɗa, al’amarin da yake haifar da rafkanwar furuci (Abrams da Davis, 2016). Su ma Burke & MacKay (1991) sun tabbatar da cewa, rafkanuwar furuci na faruwa ne sakamakon raunin bayanan da ke tsakanin kalma da bayanann tsarin sautinta, saboda rashin yawan amfani da ita ko rashin amfani da ita a baya-bayan nan ko kuma tsufa. Brown & McNeill (1966) su mu sun nasabta dangantar da ke tsakanin kalmar da aka nufa da wadda ta bayyana, lamarin da ke sawa mutum ya tsinki kansa a cikin yanayin rafkanuwar furuci, saboda kamancin tsarin sautun da suke da shi. Haka kuma, yawancin kalmomin da suke zuwar wa mutum a rai suna da dangantaka ta ajin nahawu da kalmar da ya nufa (Abrams & Rodriguez (2005).

Shafto da wasu (2007) sun danganta yawan shekaru da yawan afkuwar rafkanuwar furuci, sakamakon samun rauni a wani ɓangare na ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda shi ne yake da ruwa da tsaki da tsarin sautin kalma, wato left insula. Wannan bincike shi ne na farko da ya danganta matsalolin kasa zaƙulo kalma da wani ɓangare na ƙwaƙwalwa.

Dangane da yawan afkuwar rafkanuwar furuci a yayin zaƙulo sunayen yanka, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a wannan bincike, masana irin su Fogler & James (2007) da Burke & MacKay (1991) suna ganin hakan na faruwa ne sakamakon rashin wasu siffofi da sunayen yanka suka keɓanta da su, saɓanin sunaye gama-gari. Misali, kare suna ne gama-gari da za a a iya danganta shi da wasu siffofi, kamar jela da haushi da sauransu. Su kuwa sunayen yanka kamar Ghali babu wasu siffofi da suka keɓanta ga mai wannan suna. Don haka, wannan yana taimakawa wajen afkuwar rafkanuwar furuci.

Har ila yau, sakamamon binciken ya nuna maza sun fi mata yin rafkanuwar furuci, inda maza suke da kaso 52.25%, yayin da mata suke da 47.75%. Kodayake, bincike ya nuna rafkanuwar furuci yanayi ne da kowa ka iya samun kansa a ciki, wato maza da mata da masu manyan shekaru da kuma masu matsakaita. Haka kuma, matakin ilimi ba ya cikin abubuwan da suke haifar da wannan yanayi ko hana afkuwarsa (Brennenda wasu, 2007).

5.0 Kammalawa

Wannan takarda ta yi tsokaci ne a kan abin da ya shafi harshe da ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma raunin ƙwaƙwalwa, wato Nazarin Rafakanuwar Furuci Tsakanin Wasu Hausawa Masu Manyan Shekaru da nufin tabbatar da matakin zaƙulo furucin da rafkanuwar furuci ke faruwa. Matakan kuwa sun ƙunshi masigar tunani wato hoton da zai fara zuwa a tunanin ɗan’adam a lokacin da yake son furta wata kalma da ke da nasaba da wannan hoton. Wannan kuwa ya ƙunshi yanayi da dangantaka da mutum yake da ita da furucin da yake son furtawa. Sai kuma abin da ya shafi zaɓen kalma da ƙulla sauti, wato yadda ƙwaƙwalwa ke zaɓen kalma daga rumbun kalmomin ƙwaƙwalwa, sai kuma ƙoƙarin samar da sauti, wanda a nan ne wakilan wannan bincike suka samu kansu a cikin rafkanuwar furuci, Ke nan ma iya cewa, kamar dai yadda sauran nazarce-nazarce suka tabbatar, ana samun wannan yanayi na rafkanuwar furuci ne bayan an zaɓi kalma sai sautukan kalmar su gagara isa ga gaɓoɓin furuci a gaza furtawa, wanda hakan ka iya haifar da matsala a matakin ƙulla sauti, sakamakon rashin motsa bayanan kalmar a-kai-a-kai ko rashin amfani da ita a baya-bayan nan ya haifar.

Bisa ga sakamakon bincike daga bayanan da aka tattara, maza sun fi mata aiwatar da rafkanuwar furuci, inda maza suke da kaso 52.25% a cikin 100%, yayin da mata suke da kaso 47.75% a cikin 100%.

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