Nazarin Ka’idojin Rubutu a Cikin Insha’in Bayani na Daliban Hausa a Jami’ar Bauchi, Gadau

Citation: Muhammad, S. A. (2025). “Nazarin Ƙa’idojin Rubutu a cikin Insha’in Bayani na Ɗaliban Hausa a Jami’ar Bauchi, Gaɗau.” In Ɗunɗaye Journal of Hausa Studies, Ɓol. 03, No. 02, Pp. 28 – 37. www.doi.org/10.36349/djhs.2025.ɓ03i02.004.

NAZARIN ƘA’IDOJIN RUBUTU A CIKIN INSHA’IN BAYANI NA ƊALIBAN HAUSA A JAMI’AR BAUCHI, GAƊAU

Na

Sani Abdullahi Muhammad

Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Northwest, Kano

Tsakure:

Wannan takarda an gudanar da ita domin fayyace da tantance kurakurai da suka saɓa ƙa’idojin rubutu, da ake samu a cikin rubutun insha’in bayanin na ɗaliban Hausa. Muƙalar ta taƙaita ne ga ɗaliban jami’ar Bauchi, Gaɗau. An yi amfani da hanyoyi biyar na ra’in ƙalailaice kurakurai da Corder (1974) ya samar wajen nazarin kurakuran. Tsarin samfuri na bi-maƙasudi aka bi wajen zaɓen rukunin ɗaliban domin tattara bayanan binciken, inda aka ɗauki ɗalibai talatin (30) daga cikin sittin (60), sannan suka rubuta gwaji na insha’in bayani da bai gaza kalmomi 350-500 a kan ‘Yadda Makarantarsu Take’. Har wa yau, an gudanar da tattaunawa domin samun wasu bayanan. Takardar ta gano kurakurai a rubutun insha’in bayanin da suka haɗa da: rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa (kirkiri> ƙirƙir; dauke> ɗauke) wanda ya fi sauran kurakuran yawa, sannan kuskuren haɗa kalma a inda bai dace ba (shine> shi ne; dake> da ke), da amfani da kalmomin Ingilishi a yayin gina jumla (lecture halls> ɗakunan karatu) da rashin amfani da manyan harufa (gaɗau> Gaɗau; bauchi> Bauchi) da kuskuren rubuta kalma (sangayoyi> tsangayoyi; mabammanta>mabambanta) da rashin daidaito na jinsi (Sa’adu Zungur jami’a ne ta jaha> Sa’adu Zungur jami’a ce ta jaha), sannan da kuskuren jam’intawa (Jami’ar Gaɗau ta samar da wuraren karatu wanda ɗalibai ke daukar karatu> Jami’ar Gaɗau ta samar da wuraren karatu wanɗanda ɗalibai ke ɗaukar karatu). Mafi akasarin rashin sani da sha’awa sun taka rawa wajen musabbabin waɗannan kurakurai, sannan da tasirin tsarin rubuce-rubuce na kafafen sada zumunta. Bibiyar littattafai na ƙa’idojin rubutu za su taimaka wajen magance ire-iren kurakuran rubutu da ake samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen ɗaliban nazarin harshe, tare da yawaitar shirya bita ga ɗalibai da marubuta a kan abin da ya shafi ƙa’idojin rubutu da nahawu. 

Keɓaɓɓun kalmomi: Rubutun Insha’i; Insha’in Bayani; Ƙa’idojin Rubutu; Kurakuran Rubutu

Gabatarwa

Wannan muƙala ta ƙunshi nazarin kurakuran rubutu da ake samu a cikin rubutun insha’in bayani na ɗaliban Hausa masu matakin digirin farko na Jami’ar Bauchi, Gaɗau. Takardar ta yi ƙoƙarin fito da kurakurai da suka danganci jam’intawa da rashin daidaito na jinsi da haɗa kalmomi a inda bai dace ba, da rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa da muhallin manyan harufa da rubuta kalma ba daidai ba. Har wa yau, nazarin ya fayyaci kuskure amfani da kalmomin Igilishi (Ingausa) a yayin gina jumla da Hausa, sannan aka zayyano dalilan samuwar kurakuran. Rubutu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar al’umma musamman a wannan zamani da ake ciki. Shi ne hanya mafi ɗaukaka da ake isar da saƙonni, ta hanyarsa al’umma kan taskance tunaninsu da fasaharsu da al’adarsu da sauran abubuwan rayuwa na yau da kullum. Rubutu na ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin koyon harshe guda huɗu: sauraro da magana da karatu da kuma rubutu.  Rubutu wasu zayyanannun alamomi ne da suke wakiltar furuci na wani harshe ko kuma kan kasance madadin sautukan magana da gaɓar kalma tare da wasu dabaru da dokoki kamar su amfani da babban baƙi da alamomin rubutu da daidaita harufa da sauransu (Yakasai da Mu’azu, 2014). Durgu da Rao (2018) suna ganin cewa rubutu shi ne matakin mafi ƙoli a naƙaltar harshe kuma ya fi sauran matakan ko ɓangarorin harshe wahalar koyo. Amma a fagen dabarun koyon harshe, rubutu bai zamo ɗaya daga cikin muhimman manufar koyon harshe ba, sai dai ana amfani da shi ne domin ya taimaka wajen koyon magana da harshe.

Kowace al’umma da take magana a doron ƙasa tana da nata hanyar rubutu. Ta haka ne masana da manazarta harshen Hausa suka ba da gudummawa sosai wajen samar da rubuce-rubuce da suka jiɓanci ƙa’idojin rubutu a daidaitacciyar Hausa. Rubutun Hausa, rubutu ne da yake da keɓaɓɓun alamomi da ake alamtawa da dokokin nahawu waɗanda ake bi wajen aiwatar da rubutu cikin harshen, musamman ma waɗanda masana da mahukunta suka fitar a matsayin karɓaɓɓiyar hanyar rubutu da karatu cikin Hausa (Inuwa, 2021; Yahaya, 1988). Sau tari, marubuta da ɗaliban harshe waɗanda ba su san waɗannan ƙa’idojin ba sukan saɓa ƙa’idar nahawu a rubutunsu, musamman a rubutun jarabawa ko gwaji ko na insha’i, kai har ma da na gidajen jaridu. Bisa wannan dalili masana kimiyar harshe suka ware wani fage na bincike don nazarin fasahar rubutu. Nazarin kurakuran rubutun ɗalibai zai taimaka kwarai da gaske wajen gano inda suka fi kauce wa ƙa’ida da kuma irin ƙalubalan da rubutun yake fuskanta a tsakanin ɗalibai masu nazari (Brown, 2000).

Rubutun Insha’i

Idris da Mansur (2022) sun bayyana rubutun insha’i (essay writing) da cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin ire-iren rubutu wanda ya ƙunshi tunani da saƙon mutum da yake so ya bayyana ko ya isa ga wani ko wasu. Sun raba rubutun insha’i zuwa kasha biyar kamar haka; na bayani da na labari da na muhawara da kuma na kimanta wani mutum ko abu da kuma na wasiƙa. Insha’i na nufin wani ɗan labari ko jawabi a kan wani abu da aka buƙaci a rubututa. Rubutun isha’i wani nau’in rubutu ne da ake sa ɗalibai su yi rubutu a kan wani maudu’i ko a buƙaci su zayyana wani jawabi da ya jiɓancesu ko wani daban, akwai insha’in bayani (descriptiɓe essay) da na labari (narratiɓe essay) da na muhawara (argumentatiɓe essay) da na wasiƙa (letter writing) (Yahaya da wasu, 1992: 81).

Insha’in Bayani (descriptiɓe essay) ya shafi bayani ne game da yadda abu yake, ba daɗi ba ragi. Anan na buƙatar mai rubutu ya bayyana abu sosai da sosai gwargwadon fahimtarsa. Wannan nau’in insaha’i za iya neman mutuum ya bayyana yadda makaratarsu take ko kuma yadda ake yi wani abinci ko gudanar da wata sana’a (Yahaya da wasu, 1992: 81).

Ƙa’idojin Rubutu

Kalmar ƙa’ida na nufin tsararriya ko amintacciyar hanyar gudanar da wani abu. Ƙa’idojin rubutu wasu tsararrun hanyoyin gudanar da rubutu waɗanda aka aminta da su domin samar da ingantaccen rubutu a harshe. Ƙa’idojin rubutu suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ga rubutun kowane harshe domin idan babu su babu wani ma’auni da za a iya auna rubutu da shi, har ma a iya gane daidai ko kuskure. Samuwar ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa sun warware wasu daga cikin matsalolin yadda ya kamata a rubuta wasu kalmomi, tare da samar da baƙaƙe masu ƙugiya domin bambance su da takwarorinsu marasa ƙugiya. Bin waɗannan ƙa’idoji yana samar da ingantaccen rubutu a harshen Hausa (Raber, 2014; Yahaya, 1988).

Kurakuran Rubutu a Ilimin Harshe

Kurakuran rubutu na nufin samun kuskure a yayin rubuta kalma ko jumla a cikin wani labari ko bayani. Wannan yana faruwa lokacin da aka kauce wata ƙa’ida ta wani harshe. Kurakuran rubutu sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu koyo da amfani da harshe, wannan ya sa ya zama wani ɓangare na bincike a nazarin harshe. Hasyim (2002) ya bayyana kuskuren rubutu wani ɓangare ne na harshe wanda ake kauce wa ƙa’ida da dokokin nahawu, da masana ilimin nahawu suka kira da tsararriyar jumla. Ya ƙara da cewa kurakurai a rubutu wani yanayi ne da yake faruwa a lokacin da mai rubutu ya saɓa wata ƙa’idar rubutu a yayin rubutu. Kurakuran rubutu su ne duk wasu illoli ko tuntuɓen harshe da za a samu a cikin rubutu ko a baki da suka shafi amfani da kalma ko tsarin jumla (Politzer da Ramirez, 1973). Corder (1974) ya bayyan cewa ana samun kurakurai a yayin koyo da koyar da harshe. Haka kuma, kuskure yana kasancewa a tsakanin masu amfani da harshe da kuma masu koyan harshe a matsayin harshe na biyu (second language). Kaɓaliauskiene (2009) ya nuna kuskure a rubutu yana da alaƙa da rashin samun cikakken bayani a kan wasu muhimman rukunai na harshen da aka yi rubutun da shi, fito da bayanan zai taimakawa masu koyan harshe su samu ƙwarewa.

Mafi yawan aikace-aikacen da aka gudanar a kan nazarin kurakuran rubutu sun fi karkata a ɓangaren rubutun Ingilishi da na wasu harsunan duniya da suka haɗa da na Larabci da Sinanci da Malay da sauransu, sai dai ‘yan kaɗan da za a iya gani da suka yi nazarin kurakuran rubutun Hausa; (Rabeh, 2014; Gele, 2017; Ibrahim, 2021; Muhammad da wasu, 2021; Gele, 2023; Guibi, 2024).

Ra’in Fiɗar Kurakurai       

Wannan bincike ya dogara ne a kan Ra’in Fiɗar Kurakurai (Error Analysis Theory) na Corder (1974). Ra’in yana bayyana yadda za a yi nazarin kurakuran rubutu. Fiɗar kurakurai (Errors Analysis) a cikin rubutu, ya shafi yin tsokaci da sharhi da ƙalailaicewa da tantancewa tare da fayyace irin kurakuran da masu koyon harshe da masu amfani da shi suke yi a cikin rubuce-rubucensu. Ubol (1988) ya bayyana fiɗar kurakurai tsari ne da ake bi domin tantance da bayyana kurakuran da masu koyon harshe da waɗanda suke amfani da shi a matsayin harshe na biyu suke yi a cikin rubutu ko a baka, kuma tsarin yana tattare da bayanin yadda kurakurai suke kasancewa a tsakanin waɗannan rukunin. Ra’in fiɗar kurakurai an samar da shi ne ga masu bincike da malamai, wanda ya haɗa da karɓar bayanai daga masu koyon harshe ta yadda za a iya tantance su da fayyace su, sannan a yi bayanin su fila-fila a kawo daidansu (Ellis, 1987).

Corder (1974) ya samar da hanyoyi guda biyar na yadda ake nazarin kurakuran da ake samu a cikin rubuce-rubutuce:

a) Tattara samfurin bayanai daga harshe da ake so a yi nazari (Gathering of a sample from the language corpus).

b) Fito da kurakuran (Identification of errors).

c) Fayyace/tantace kurakuran, a rarraba su zuwa gida-gida (Description of errors).

d) Bayanin kurakuran dalla-dalla (Eɗplanation of errors).

e) Samar da hanyoyin magance kurakuran (Eɓaluation of errors).

Hanyoyin Tattara Bayanai

A wannan muƙala an yi amfani da tsarin zaɓar samfuri na Bi-Maƙasudi (purposiɓe sampling), inda ake lura da farfajiyar bincike sai a zazzaɓo abubuwan da za su wakilci farfajiyar kuma waɗanda suke da yanayi iri ɗaya da za su tallafa wa dacewar binciken. An zaɓi ɗalibai guda talatin (30) daga cikin sittin (60) waɗanda suke nazarin Hausa a matakin digirin farko, sannan aka sa suka rubutu bayani da bai gaza kalmomi ɗari uku da hamsin zuwa ɗari biyar ba (350-500) a kan yadda makarantarsu take dangane da abubuwan da ke cikinta da rayuwar makarantar. Daga wannan rubutu aka fitar da kurakuran da ɗaliban Hausa suke yi a yayin ginin jumlolinsu, sannan an samu damar tattaunawa da wasu ɗaliban domin samun wasu bayanai.

Fayyace da Tantance Kurakuran Rubutu

An fito da kurakuran rubutu da aka samu a cikin insha’in bayani na ɗaliban Hausa da ke Jami’ar Bauchi. A wajen ƙalailaice bayanan, an karkasa kurakuran zuwa rukunin daban-daban, kuma kowane kuskure an yi bayanin sa dalla-dalla tare da nuna yadda ya kamata a rubuta shi a daidaitacciyar ƙa’ida. Hanyaoyi biyar na ra’in Corder (1974) su aka bi wajen fayyace da tantance kurakuran.

1. Kuskuren Jam’intawa

Wannan matsala ce da aka ci karo da ita a cikin rubutun ɗaliban. A doka da tsarin nahawun Hausa a duk lokacin da za a gina jumla ana lura da zaɓin kalmomi domin samar da cikakkiyar jumla mai ma’ana da ‘yan asalin harshen suka yarda da ita, saɓa wa hakan yana jawo kuskure a rubutu. Kamar yadda za a gani a ƙasa akwai kuskure dangane da jeranta kalmomi domin babu yarjejeniya a tsakaninsu. Ga yadda ɗaliban suka rubuta;

Misali 1: “Jami’ar Gaɗau ta samar da wuraren karatu wanda ɗalibai ke daukar karatu”

Misali 2: “sannan tanada wurin kwanan ɗalibai ɓangaren mata da maza dakuma manyan wurin karatu”

Misali 3: “akwai ajujuwan karatu na kowacce tsangaya wanda ɗalibai suke gudanar da karatu a ciki”

A misalan da suke sama sun nuna akwai kuskure na zaɓin kalmomi domin nuni da tilo da jam’in abu a jumla, wannan matsala ita ake kira da jam’intawa. Duba da kalmomin da aka tura za a lura suna bayani a kan abu guda ɗaya, amma jumlolin suna magana a kan abu fitye da ɗaya. Misali (1) kalmar “wanda” mafayyaci kuma tilo na jinsin namiji, ya kamata a yi amfani da kalmar ‘waɗanda’ domin ita take fayyace jam’i na abu (Jami’ar Gaɗau ta samar da wuraren karatu waɗanda ɗalibai ke ɗaukar karatu). Haka kuma, a misali na (2) kalmomin “wurin” da aka yi amfani da su maimakon ‘wuraren’ don fayyace jam’in ɗakin kwana da na karatu (sannan tana da wuraren kwanan ɗalibai ɓangaren mata da maza da kuma manyan wuraren karatu). Shi kuma misali na (3) iri ɗaya ne da na farko na amfani da kalmar mafayyaci “wanda” maimakon ‘waɗanda’, ga yadda yake a daidaitacciyar doka (akwai ajujuwan karatu na kowacce tsangaya waɗanda ɗalibai suke gudanar da karatu a ciki).

2. Rashin Daidaito na Jinsi

A tsarin harshen Hausa a bambanci jinsin mace da namiji a duk lokacin da za a gina jumla, akwai kalmomin da suke fayyace haka, rashin daidaito ko amfani da sigar da ta dace sai a samu kuskure a jumlar. An sami irin wannan matsala a rubutun ɗaliban kamar yadda ya zo a ƙasa:

Misali 4: “Jami’a ce da ke da ɗimbin tarihi wanda ya yi ƙaurin suna”

Misali 5: “Makarantar sa’adu zungur babban jami’a ce”

Misali 6: “Sa’adu Zurgur jami’a ce da ya yi fice…”

Misali 7: “Sa’adu Zungur jami’a ne ta jaha….”

Misalai huɗu da aka zayyano a sama sun bayyana irin kuskuren da aka samu a ckin rubutun insha’in bayani na ɗaliban Hausa. Wannan matsala ta danganci rashin daidaito na jinsi, an yi amfani da kalmar wani jinsi a wurin wani.  Misali na (4) kalmar “wanda” mafayyaci tilo namiji da “ya” lamirin suna namiji, amma jumla na magan a kan jami’a wadda take jinsin mace, don haka sai dai a yi amfani da ‘wadda’ da ‘ta’ kamar haka (Jami’a ce da ke da ɗimbin tarihi wadda ta yi ƙaurin suna). A misali na (5) shi ma rashin daidaito na amfani da kalmar nasaba “n” maimakon ‘r’ na jinsin mace (Makarantar Sa’adu Zungur babbar jami’a ce). Har wa yau, jumla ta (6) akwai matsalar rashin daidaito na jinsi “ya” lamirin suna jinsin namiji, maimakon a yi amfni da ‘ta’ a wurin, ga daidai na jumlar (Sa’adu Zurgur jami’a ce da ta yi fice….).  Misali na (7) kalmar “ne” dirka ce amma mai fayyace jinsin namiji maimakon a yi amfani da ‘ce’ na jinsin mace, wannan ya haifar da kuskure. Ga daidaitacciyar jumlar (Sa’adu Zungur jami’a ne ta jaha…).

3. Rashin Amfani da Baƙaƙe Masu Lanƙwasa

Harshen Hausa yana da harufa masu lanƙwasa a saman su domin bambanta su da waɗanda suke da kama. Harufan d, b, k suna da makamantansu amma masana sun bambanta su ta hanyar samar musa da lanƙwasa ɗ, ɓ, ƙ. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon rashin su a cikin harufan Latin, idan aka lura duk lokacin da aka ƙi amfani da su ma’amar kalmar baya fitowa sosai da sosai. Ita ma wannan matsalar an yi karo da ita a rubutun ɗaliban.

Misali 8: “An kirkiri makarantar a shekara ta 2011 a jihar Bauchi”.

Misali 9: “sannan kuma tana da tituna guda hudu…”.

Misali 10: “Da farko makarantar SAZUB tana dauke da kawatattun gine-gine”.

Misali 11: “Sa’adu Zungur tana cikin garin Gadau a karkashin karamar hukumar Itas”.

Misali na (8) zuwa na (11) akwai kalmomi da aka tura, wannan yana nuna akwai kauce wa ƙa’idar rubutu na rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu laƙwasa, karanta su da wannan sigar zai haifar da jirkicewar ma’ana har a kasa samun cikakkiyar jumla. Waɗannan kalmomin kamata ya yi a rubuta su da daidaitacciyar ƙa’ida, ƙirƙiri maimakon “kirkiri”  (8); huɗu maimakon “hudu” (9);  ɗauke maimakon “dauke” da ƙawatattun maimakon “kawatattun” (10); Gaɗau maimakon “Gadau”  da ƙarƙashin maimakon “karkashin”  sai ƙaramar maimakon “karamar” (11).

4. Rashin Amfani da Manya Harufa

A ƙa’idar rubutun Hausa an amfani da manyan harufa a wurare kamar: zanannun sunaye da farkon magana da sunan Ubangiji da sunan littafi da sauran su. Amma a cikin rubutun ɗaliban, an sami karya wannan ƙa’ida, kamar yadda za a gani a misalan da ke zuwa.

Misali 12: “Jami’ar mallakar jahar bauchi”.

Misali 13: “akwai fannin da ake koyar da harsuna kamar na hausa…”

Misali 14: “Jami’ar mallakar Jaha da ke garin gaɗau”.

Misali 15: “…har wa yau ana kan gyare-gyare da sababbin kwalta…”.

A misali na 12 da 13 da 14 kalmomin da aka kaurarasu kamata ya yi a rubuta su da manyan harufa, amma sai aka rubuta farkon su da ƙananan harufa kuma waɗannan kalmomi zanannun sunaye ne. An sami karya dokar wannan tsari, bauchi maimakon “Bauchi” a misali na (12), sai kuma Hausa maimakon “hausa” a kuskure na (13), sannan Gaɗau ba “gaɗau” ba a matsala ta (14). Misali na (15) ya bambanta da saura domin an rubuta harafin farko na kalmar “har” da ƙaramin baƙi, ita kuma kalmar ta zo a farkon jumla bayan aya, a doka kamata ya yi a rubuta ta da babban harafi Har.

5. Kuskure Rubutun Kalma

Kalmomi su ake harhaɗawa a samar da jumla ko yankin jumla. A rubutu ɗaliban an sami wasu kalmomi an rubutasu ba daidaiba kamar yadda ake da su a daidaitacciyar ƙa’ida ta Hausa.

Misali 16: “…kasance ɗaya daga chiking jami’un Nijeriya”.

Misali 17: “Jami’ar Sa’adu Zungur ta kasanche….”

Misali 18: “…tana da sangayoyi mabammanta”

A misali na (16) a rubuta kalmar da a tura “chiking” ba daidai ba domin an yi amfani da tsarin Ingilishi, a Hausa ba a amfani da /ch/ sai dai /c/, sannan kuma ba a yi wa kalmar ƙarin baƙin /g/, za a rubutu jumlar da daidaitaccen tsari kamar haka (…. kasance ɗaya daga cikin jami’o’in Nijeriya). Matsala ta (17) ita ma iri ɗaya ce da ta farko wato amfani da baƙin /ch/ maimakon /c/ (Jami’ar Sa’adu Zungur ta kasance….). Matsala ta (18) a rubuta “sangayoyi” maimako tsangayoyi da “mabammanta” maimakon mabambanta (… tana da tsangayoyi mabambanta).

6. Kuskuren Haɗa Kalma Inda bai Dace ba

Wannan matsala ta shafi haɗa kalma a muhalli da bai kamata a haɗe ta ba, duba da rubutun ɗaliban an sami irin wannan matsala, hakan yana iya sauya ma’anar saƙon da ake son isarwa.

Misali 19: “wannan shine taƙaitaccen bayani kan Jami’ar Jahar Bauchi”.

Misali 20: “makarantace wadda take tafiyada tsarika iri-iri”.

Misali 21: “Jami’ar mallakar jaha dake garin Gaɗau”.

A misali na (19) haɗa kalmomin wakilin suna da dirka “shine” kuskure ne domin zai ba da wata ma’ana daban saɓanin yadda take a daidaitacciyar ƙa’ida, kamata ya yi a rubuta su a rabe shi da ne (wannan shi ne taƙaitaccen bayani kan Jami’ar  Jahar Bauchi). Matsala ta (20) an haɗe kalmar suna da dirka “makarantace”, kowacce zaman kanta take a ƙa’idar nahawun Hausa, ba a haɗe su a cikin rubutu daban ake rubuta su. Haka kuma, kalmar suna da harafi ba a haɗe su kamar yadda aka samu a ciki rubutun insaha’in bayani na ɗaliban Hausa “tafiyada” (makaranta ce wadda take tafiya da tsare-tsare iri-iri). Har wa yau, kuskuren da aka samu a jumla ta (21) shi ne haɗa kalmar harafi da manunin lokaci “dake” maimakon a raba su kamar yadda yake a doka (Jami’a ce mallakar jaha da ke Gaɗau).

7. Kuskuren Amfani da Kalmomin Ingilishi

Irin wannan matsala ita ce wadda ta shafi yin rubutun Hausa da tsarin ko siga irin ta wani harshe daban, musamman ma Ingilishi.

Misali 22: “A ɗaya ɓangaren kuwa muna da kyawawan lecture halls”.

Misali 23: “…akwai wanda ya tafi zuwa Faculty of Art..”

Misali 24: “Wannan uniɓersity tana da abubuwa daban-daban”

A waɗannan misalai da suka gabata, akwai amfani da kalmomin Ingishi a yayin rubutun Hausa zalla, duk-da-cewa akwai fassarar waɗannan kalmomi a cikin harshen Hausa. Misali “lecture halls” ya kamata a fassara kalmar zuwa ɗakunan karatu (A ɗaya ɓangaren kuwa muna da kyawawan ɗakunan karatu). Kalmar “Faculty of Art” a misali na (23) a fassara zuwa Tsangayar Fahar Ɗan’ adam (… akwai wanda ya tafi Tsangayar Fasahar Ɗan adam). Bayan waɗannan, a jumla ta (24) kalmar “uniɓersity” akwai fassarar ta a Hausa jami’a (Wannan jami’a tana da abubuwa daban-daban).

8. Yawan Kurakuran Rubutu a Cikin Insha’in Bayani

Jadawalin da ke ƙasa ya fito yawan aukuwar kurakuran rubutu a insha’in bayani na ɗaliban Hausa na jami’ar Bauchi Gaɗau. A ya yi fitar da yawan kurakuran, kowace matsala an irga yawanta a tsakanin ɗaliban, sannan aka fitar da adadin kason na kowane kuskure cikin ɗari (100%)

Kurakurai	Adadi	Kaso Cikin ɗari
Kuskuren jam’intawa	10	4.22
Rashin daidaito na jinsi	16	6.75
Rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu Lanƙwasa	50	21.10
Rashin amfani da manyan harufa	42	17.72
Kuskuren rubutun kalma	30	12.65
Kuskuren haɗa kalma a inda bai dace ba	46	19.41
Kuskuren amfani da kalmomin Inglishi	43	18.14
Jimilla	237	99.99%

Idan aka yi la’akari da jadawalin da ke sama, an fito da jimillar kurakurai da aka samu daga cikin rubutun. An sami jimilla kurakurai 237, daga cikin 10 (4.22%) na kuskuren jam’intawa; inda 16 (6.75%) na rashin daidaito na jinsi, sannan 50 (21.10%) shi kuma na rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa. Har wa yau, a jadawalin adadi 42 (17.72%) ya nuna na rashin amfani da manyan harufa; inda kuskuren rubutun kalma yake da adadin 30 (12.65%), kuskuren haɗa kalma inda bai dace ba yana da 46 (19.41); inda 43 (18.14%) na kuskuren amfani da kalmomin Ingilishi.

9. Sharhi a Kan Sakamakon Bincike

Daga bayanan da suka gabata, an ga yadda ɗaliban Hausa na Jami’ar Bauchi suke yin kurakurai a cikin rubutunsu na insha’in bayani. Idan aka lura an fito da kurakurai daban-daban, kamar; rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa wanda ya fi yawa da kaso 21.10%, sannan na haɗa kalma a inda bai dace ba da kaso 19.41%, sai kuma na amfani da kalmomin Ingilishi da kaso 18.14%. Haka kuma, kuskuren rashin amfani da manyan harufa yana da kaso 17.72% da ya zamo na huɗu; inda rubuta kalma ba daidai ba kaso 12.65%, rashin daidaito na jinsi yana da kaso 6.75%, sannan kuskuren jam’intawa da kaso 4.22% da ya zamo na ƙashi a yawan kurakurai. Samun waɗannan kurakurai yana da alaƙa da rashin bibiyar littattafai da suka yi magana a kan ƙa’idojin rubutu da kuma rashin sani a kan fassarar wasu kalmomi ko yankin jumla daga Ingilishi zuwa Hausa. Har wa yau, akwai ƙyamar darasin Hausa da wasu ɗaliban suka yi tun daga makarantun sakandare, wasu ma daga cikin su suna yi nazarin Hausa ba don suna so ba, sai dai don rashin samun gurbi a kwas ɗin da suke so. Haka zalika, al’umma suna bayar da gudummawa ta yadda suke kallon wanda ya nazarci harshen Hausa ba shi da wata mafita a rayuwa, su ma mahukunta irin halin ko-in-kula da suke yi wa harshen.

Shawarwari

i.   Ɗalibai su mayar da hankali wajen bibiyar littattafan ƙa’idojin rubutu da nahawu.

ii. Samar da ƙwararrun malamai.

iii. Samar da ingantacciyar hanyar koyar da rubutun Hausa, musamman a makarantun firamare da sakandare.

iv. Shirya bita lokaci zuwa lokaci a kan ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa.

v.  Kyakkyawan tsari a kan wallafe-wallafe kara zube.

vi. Samar da manhaja da take gyara rubutun Hausa.

Tushen Bayani

Wannan bincike an gudanar da shi ba domin a nuna rashin ƙoƙari na ɗaliban wannan jami’a ba, sai domin a fito da wasu matsaloli da ake samu a cikin rubutun ɗalibai masu nazarin Hausa, kuma ire-iren waɗannan matsalolin ana samun su a rubuce-rubucen ɗaliban sauran jami’o’ da ake nazarin Hausa. Gudanar da irin wannan bincike zai taimaka wajen samar da hanyoyin da za su taimaka wajen inganta rubutun Hausa ta kowace siga.

Kammalawa

Wannan takarda ta fayyace da tantance ire-iren kurakuran rubutun Hausa da ake samu a cikin rubuce-rubuce, amma nazarin ya karkata ne a kan rubutun insha’in bayani na ɗaliban Hausa da ke Jami’ar Bauchi, Gaɗau. A yayin nazarin an fito da kurakuran da suka jiɓanci jam’intawa da rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa da rashin daidaito na jinsi da rashin amfani da manyan harufa a inda ya dace da kuma rubuta kalma ba daidai ba. Har wa yau, an sami matsalar haɗa kalma a inda bai dace ba da kuma amfani da kalmomin Ingilishi a yayin gina jumlar Hausa. Haka zalika, an nuna yawantakar kurakurai, inda kuskuren rashin amfani da manyan baƙaƙe ya fi yawa a cikin rubutun. Mafi akasari waɗannan matsaloli sun da nasaba da rashin mai da hankali ga ɗalibai da kuma tasirin tsarin rubuce-rubucensu na kafafen sada zumunta da karin harshen yankin da suke.

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