Bitar Ilimin Furuci da na Tsarin Sauti

Citation: Abdulmalik AMINU PhD (2023). Bitar Ilimin Furuci da na Tsarin Sauti. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 11, Number 1. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

BITAR ILIMIN FURUCI DA NA TSARIN SAUTI

Na

Abdulmalik AMINU PhD

Tsakure

A dukkan matakai na Ɓangaren Ilimi, daga firamare har zuwa jami’a, ana koyar da furuci da tsarin sauti na harsuna da ake koyarwa a makarantun. Tilas ne ɗalibin harshe ya san sautukan harshen da yake nazarta; yadda ake furta su da kuma yadda tsarinsu yake a harshen. A yawancin lokuta, ɗaliban harshen Hausa suna fassara keɓaɓɓun kalmomin fannin Ilimin Furuci da na Tsarin sauti ta yadda suka ga dama saboda kamfar littafan wannan fannin a harshen Hausa da suke da fassarar kalmomin bai ɗaya. Manufar wannan muƙala ita ce samar wa ɗalibai taƙaitaccen bayani a kan darasin da ake yi a kwas na Ilimin Furuci da na Tsarin Sauti. Dalilin samar da wannan muƙala kuwa shi ne saboda yawanci littafan wannan fanni da Turanci aka rubuta su. Duk da ana tsintar dami a kale, waɗanda aka rubuta da Hausa kaɗan ne, irin na su Sani (1989) da Zarruk da Wasu (1979) da Zaria (1981), da Sani (2011) da Junaidu da ‘Yar’aduwa (2007) da kuma wataƙila wasu kaɗan da hannun mai bincike bai kai gare su ba. Haka kuma, dalilin wannan takarda shi ne yawa-yawan ɗalibai ba su da fahimtar abin da aka koya musu nan take, ko mai da hankali a lokacin da malami yake koyarwa a aji saboda yawansu a aji ko kuma shiririta irin ta su ɗaliban. Saboda haka, wannan takarda za ta taimaka wa ɗalibi samun kalace bayan darusa da aka yi a wannan kwas. Ba ya cikin farfajiyar wannan muƙala a kwatanta ilimin furuci da na tsarin sauti. An taƙaita bayanin kowanne iya abin da ya sauwaƙa.

1. 1 Shimfiɗa

Ilimin Harsuna kimiyya ce ta harshe ko kuma ilimi ne da ke nazartar harsuna a kimiyyance (Syal and Jindal 2007, sh. 13). Dalilin alaƙanta shi da kimiyya shi ne saboda akan lura da irin abubuwan da ke wakana a harsuna, sannan sai a bincike su. Bayan an lura an kuma bincika sai a kuma hasaso abubuwan da za su iya faruwa idan abin da aka lura ya ɗore. Ta waɗannan hanyoyin ake bi wajen samar da ra’o’i da dokoki na harshen da aka nazarta. Ilimin Furuci da na Tsarin Sauti ginshiƙi ne a rassan Ilimin Harsuna wanɗanda ke nazartar sauti da sauran dukkan abubuwan da suke kewaye da shi. A wasu makarantun ana raba Ilimin Furuci da Ilimin Tsarin Sauti daban daban, inda Ilimin Furuci yana Tsangayar Kimiyya, na Tsarin sauti kuma yana Tsangayar Fasaha, saboda Ilimin Furuci kimiyya ce tsantsa da ke buƙatar na’urori na zamani waɗanda kaɗan ake samu a ɗakunan bincike na harsuna a tsangayar fasaha.

Kowane harshe yana da yawan sautukan da Allah Ya halitta masa. Haka ma kowane ɗan adam ana halittar sa da ƙwaƙwalwar da take shirye ta ɗauki kowane harshe da ta tarar ake yi (Chomsky 1965). Farkon abin da yaro yake naƙalta a harshen uwa shi ne sautukan harshen da yake sauraro a cikin zancen mutane. Duk da ba a iya raba sauti da ma’ana, amma sai an fara jin sautin sannan za a iya tantance ma’anarsa saboda kurame da ba su jin sauti ai ba su kuma iya furta sauti mai ma’ana na magana.

A ƙarƙashin Ilimin Furuci, an kawo taƙaitaccen ma’anar Ilimin Furuci da fannoninsa, an kawo gaɓoɓin furuci da hotonsa, an kawo Zirin Iska, Guraben Furuci, da Yanayin Furuci, da Matsayin Maƙwallato, sannan an kawo ma’anar wasali da siffofinsa a jadawali. A ƙarƙashin Ilimin Tsarin Sauti kuwa, an kawo taƙaitaccen ma’anar Ilimin Tsarin Sauti, da ma’anar Ƙwayar Sauti, Gudan Sauti da Takwarar Sauti. An kuma kawo Rarrabewar Sauti da Siffofin Rarrabewa, da kuma Naso.

Harshen Hausa yana sautuka arba’in da biyar, watau baƙaƙe talatin da biyu da kuma wasula goma sha uku kamar haka: / b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, f, fy, g, gw, gy, h, j, k, kw, ky, ƙ, ƙw, ƙy, l, m, n, r, ɽ, s, sh, t, ts, w, y, ‘y, z, ?, a, e, i, o, u, aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ai, au, ui. /. 

2.1 Ma’anar Ilimin Furuci

Ilimin Furuci reshe ne na Ilimin Harsuna wanda ake siffanta sautukan magana na Ɗan adam ta yadda ake furta su da yadda ake kamanta su da kuma yadda ake jinsu. Sani (2011, sh. 2) yake cewa Ilimin Furuci bayani ne na yadda ake furta sautin magana, wato baƙi ko wasali na harshe. Haka ma Junaidu da ‘Yar aduwa (2007, sh. 1) suke cewa Ilimin furuci kashi ne na nazarin Ilimin Harsuna da yake nuna yadda zunzurutun gundarin ƙwayoyin sauti sukan kasance wajen furta su, da zirga-zirgarsu tun daga baki har zuwa kunnen mai sauraronsu da kuma yadda suke fita daga kafofin kunne zuwa cikin ƙwaƙwalwar bil’adama a inda ake fayyace ƙwayoyin saututtukan domin tantance kowanne da kuma bayar da ma’anar da ta cancanta. Har ila yau, Dunwa-Ifode (1990, sh. xxi) yana cewa Ilimin Furuci yana nuna yadda sautuka ke samuwa a harsunan Duniya. Ilimin Furuci yana nazarin yadda sautukan magana na Ɗan adam ke rabuwa gida-gida da kuma nazarin gaɓoɓin furuci da ke haddasa waɗannan rabe-raben. 

2.1 Fannonin Ilimin Furuci

Ilimin Furuci yana da fannoni uku (Crystal 2008, sh. 363): akwai Fannin Furta Sauti da Fannin Kamanta Sauti da kuma Fannin Jin Sauti.

a)     Fannin Furta Sauti

Fannin Furta Sauti fanni ne da yake nazarin gaɓoɓin furuci da yanayin furucin da kuma kai kawo da gaɓoɓin suke yi wajen samar da sauti.

b)     Fannin Kamanta Sauti

Fannin Kamanta Sauti fanni ne na Ilimin Furuci da yake bayani a kan yadda amo (hawa da sauka na murya) yake yaɗuwa a sautukan magana.

c)     Fannin Jin Sauti

Fannin Jin Sauti fanni ne na Ilimin Furuci da yake nazartar ji da kuma sauraron sautukan magana. Wannan fanni yana bin diddigin nagartar sauti da kaifin amo da karajin sauti. Fanni ne kuma wanda yake siffanta halittar kunne da yadda kunnen ke ji.

Masanan waɗannan fannonin ilimin furuci suna amfani da na’urorin zamani wajen fahimtar gaɓoɓin furuci, layin sautuka da nagartar sautukan. Waɗannan na’urorin su ne kamar su:

-Na’urar taswirar sauti (spectrograph)

-Komfutar nuna kaifin amo (pitch computer)

-Na’urar nuna tsananin/ƙarfin sauti (intensity meter)

-Na’urar tace jin sauti (audio-frequency filter)

-Tabarun ganin hawa da saukar (layin) sauti (oscilloscope)

-Tabarun ganin motsin maƙwallato (laryngoscope)

-Na’urar ɗaukar hoto na guraben furuci (x-ray photograph)

-Na’urar adana shige da fice na iska daga huhu zuwa baki da hanci (electro-aerometer)

-Na’urar tantance Karin mutum (accent/speech synthesizer)

3.1 Gaɓoɓin Furuci

Gaɓoɓin Furuci waɗansu sassan jikin Ɗan adam ne da Allah Ya halitta masa domin biyan wasu buƙatun nasa shi Ɗan adam ɗin. Waɗannan buƙatun su ne kamar ci da sha da ɗanɗano da numfashi, da dai sauransu. Bayan waɗannan ginshiƙan buƙatun akwai wasu buƙatu na rakiya kamar magana, ado, sumba da sauransu. Babu shakka magana ma buƙata ce ƙwaƙwara, amma idan aka haɗa ta da ginshiƙan buƙatun ta zama ‘yar rakiya. Waɗannan gaɓoɓin furuci su ne kamar: harshe, leɓɓa, haƙora, hanɗa, ganɗa, hanƙa, maƙwallato, beli, huhu, kogon hanci, haƙarƙari da sauransu.

Gaɓoɓin furuci (ko mafurta kamar yadda Sani 2011, sh. 5 ya kira su) ya rabu gida biyu, akwai mafurta motsau da mafurtau kwantau. Mafurta motsau su ne kamar leɓen ƙasa, haƙoran ƙasa, da harshe. Harshe ya rabu gida huɗu kamar haka: tsinin harshe, ƙirjin harshe, doron harshe da tushen harshe. Beli, maƙwallato, huhu da haƙarƙari su ma suna cikin mafurta motsau. Mafurta kwantau su ne kamar leɓen sama, haƙoran sama, hanɗa, ganɗa da hanƙa. Kogon hanci da na baki su ma suna iya samun muhalli a gaɓoɓin furuci ƙarƙashin kwantau.

Idan mai karatun zai zurfafa tunani, zai yi la’akari da cewa dukdayake dabbobi kamar irin su raƙumi, sa, tinkiya har ma da biri mai kama da mutum suna da dukkan waɗannan gaɓoɓin furucin amma ba su magana. Ina dalili? Saboda ƙwaƙwalwa ma tana cikin gaɓoɓin furuci wadda ta Ɗan adam tana da wata na’ura ta musamman cikinta da take sarrafa yadda sauran gaɓoɓin suke furta sauti (Field 2003, sh. 3). Irin wannan na’urar da ke ƙwaƙwalwar Ɗan adam babu ita a ta dabbobi. Ga misalin hoton gaɓoɓin furuci kamar haka:

Gaɓoɓin Furuci

4.1 Zirin iska

Zirin iska shi ne shige da fice da iska ke yi daga wajen waje zuwa cikin jiki, inda yake shigewa ta hanci ko baki, ya wuce maƙwallato, ya kai har huhu, sannan ya tashi daga huhu ya fice waje ta hanci ko bakin. Yayin da iskar ke shigewa ko ficewa, haƙarƙari kan buɗe saboda huhun ya cika da iska ko kuma haƙarƙarin ya matse saboda huhun ya fitar da iska. Watau zirin iska iri biyu ne, akwai zirin iska na ciki da zirin iska na waje.

A yayin da iska ta taso daga waje yana iya kasancewa iyakacinsa ya tsaya a baki sannan ya fice waje. Yana kuma tasowa daga waje ya wuce baki amma iyakacinsa maƙwallato sannan ya fice, yana kuma tasowa daga waje, ya wuce baki, ya wuce maƙwallato har ya kai huhu sannan ya fice. Watau zirin iska ya rabu gida uku kamar haka:

i)     Zirin iskar hanɗa

Zirin iskar hanɗa ba ya samar da sauti a harshen Hausa. ‘Yan kaɗan daga ciki harsuna kudancin Afirka kamar harshen ‘Xhosa’ suke amfani da wannan iskar wajen samar da sautukan ‘click’.

ii)     Zirin iskar maƙwallato

Zirin iskar maƙwallato iyakacinsa maƙwallato sannan ya fice. Maƙwallato na iya haɗiyar iskar ko ya amar da iskar wajen ƙoƙarin furta sautuka. Ana amfani da zirin iskar maƙwallato na ciki wajen samar da sautuka na Hausa irin su /ɓ/, /ɗ/, /ƙ/ /ƙy/, /ƙw/ da /‘y/ ko na waje /?/ da /ts/.

iii)    Zirin iskar huhu.

Zirin iskar huhu yana tasowa daga waje, ya wuce baki, ya wuce maƙwallato ya kai har huhu sannan ya fice. Yawancin harsunan Duniya suna samar da sautuka su ne ta wannan iskar. Amma abin mamaki duk da irin yawan sautukan da wannan iskar ke samarwa sai kuma aka samu akasi a na cikin, watau zirin iskar huhu mai ficewa kaɗai ke samar da waɗannan sautukan. A harshen Hausa, zirin iskar huhu na waje na samar da sautuka kamar ‘yan hanci /n, m/, ‘yan ɓuga ko ‘yan bindiga /b, t, d, k, g/, zozau /s, z, sh, f, fy/, ‘yan atishawa /c, j/, ɗan jirge /l/, ra-kaɗe /r/, ra-buge /ɽ/, sulalau /y, w/.

5.1 Gurbin Furuci

Gurbin furuci yana nufin gaɓoɓin da ake amfani da su wajen samar da sauti. Watau haɗuwar ko kusancin gaɓoɓin furuci na motsau da na kwantau domin furta sauti na magana mai ma’ana. Kowane sauti yana da gurbinsa a gaɓoɓin furuci. Misali leɓawa sautuka ne da ake samarwa sakamakon haɗuwar ko kusancin leɓen ƙasa motsau da na sama kwantau, wasu lokutan da taimakon haƙoran sama kwantau. Sautuka irin /b, ɓ, m, f/ leɓawa ne, a ɗaiɗaikunsu kowannensu baleɓe ne a gurbin furuci. Ɗalibi na iya tambayar zuciyarsa “wai shin zirin iska ne ko gaɓoɓi ne ke samar da sauti?” Lallai zirin iska da gaɓoɓin furuci tamkar doki ne da linzami.

Ga misalan sautukan Hausa da guraben furucinsu kamar haka:

1.     Leɓawa: /b, ɓ, m, f/

2.     Hanƙawa:  /ɗ, t, n, d, s, z, l, r, ts/

3.     Lauye-harshe: /ɽ/

4.     Haŋganɗawa: /c, j, sh/

5.     Baganɗe: /y/

6.     Hanɗawa: /k, g, ƙ/

7.     Leɓa-hanɗa: /w/

8.     Hamzawa: /?, h/

9.     Ganɗantattun hanɗawa:  /ky, gy, ƙy/

10.    Ganɗantaccen baleɓe: /fy/

11.    Leɓantattun hanɗawa: /kw, gw, ƙw/

12.    Ganɗantacciyar hamza: /‘y/

6.1 Yanayin Furuci

Yanayin Furuci yanayi ne da iska ke tsintar kansa wajen hidindimu na samar da sauti. Yanayi ne da idan iska ta taso daga waje ta shige, iskar na iya ficewa sululu, ko samun tangarɗa, ko ma ya toshe sannan ya harba tare da ƙara irin na bindiga. Gaɓoɓin furuci suke kawo wa iskar cikas wajen ficewa. Misali maƙwallato na iya buɗewa, ko ya tsuke, ko ma ya rufe ruf idan iska ta zo ficewa. Ba maƙwallato kaɗai ba, duk ma sauran gaɓoɓin furucin na kawowa iska cikas wanda zai haifar da fashewa mai ƙara irin na bindiga ko ɓuga, ko ƙara irin na buzuzu, ko irin na atishawa, ko karkarwa. Ga sautukan da yanayin furucinsu kamar haka: 

1.     ‘Yan ɓuga: /b, t, d, k, kw, ky, g, gy, gw, ?, ‘y/

2.     Hamzantattun ‘yan ɓuga: /ɓ, ɗ, ƙ, ƙw, ƙy/

3.     Zozau: /f, fy, s, z, sh, h/

4.     Hamzantaccen zozau: /ts/

5.     ‘Yan atishawa: /c, j/

6.     ‘Yan hanci: /m, n/

7.     
an jirge: /l/

8.     Ra-kaɗe:   ruwatau /r/

9.     Ra-buge: /ɽ/

10.    Sulalau:         /y, w/

7.1 Matsayin Maƙwallato

Maƙwallato na da matsayi na musamman a duk cikin gaɓoɓin furuci saboda da nasa iskar da na huhu duk sai ya sarrafa su sannan su shige ko su fice. Maƙwallato na da matsayi iri biyu: akwai mai ziza da mara ziza.

1.     Mai ziza

Maƙwallato na tsukewa idan iska na ficewa daga huhu, dalilin wannan sai iskar na karkar da maƙwallaton sannan sautin da ke samuwa shi ne sauti mai ziza. Ana gane sauti mai ziza ne idan mai magana ya ɗora yatsarsa kan maƙogoronsa sai ya furta sauti, idan ya ji sautin na da ƙara irin na buzuzu to wannan sautin mai ziza ne. Wasula, ‘yan hanci, ɗan jirge, ra-kaɗe, ra-buge, da sulalau da sauran sautuka da za a kawo nan ƙasa duk sautuka ne masu ziza.

Misali: /a, e, i, o, u, m, n, l, r, ɽ, y, w, b, ɓ, d, ɗ, g, gw, gy, z, j, h, ?, ‘y/  

2.     Mara ziza

Saɓanin mai ziza, shi mara ziza maƙwallato na buɗewa ne idan iska na ficewa daga huhu inda iskar ba ta karkar da maƙwallato sai a samar da sauti mara ziza. Dabarar da ake yi wajen gane mai ziza ita za a yi wajen gane mara ziza, watau yatsarka za ka aza kan maƙogoro sai ka furta sautin, idan ka ji shiru to mara ziza ne. Abin mamaki sautuka marasa ziza yawanci suna da ‘yan uwansu masu ziza, gurbinsu da yanayinsu duk ɗaya sai matsayin maƙwallato kaɗai ya raba su. Misalin sautuka marasa ziza su ne kamar haka:

/t, k, kw, ky, ƙ, ƙw, ƙy, s, sh, f, fy, ts, c/

Gurbin furuci, yanayin furuci da matsayin maƙwallato su ne matakai uku da ake bi wajen siffanta sautuka na magana. Ana iya haɗa duka ukun a jadawali ɗaya kamar yadda aka rataya a shafi na ƙarshe na wannan takarda.

8.1 Wasula

Wasali shi ne cibiyar gaɓa. Wasali sauti ne da ake furtawa ta amfani da zirin iskar huhu, wanda ke ficewa ba tare da wata tangarɗa ba (Elizabeth 2013, sh. 56) sai dai karkarwar maƙwallato, watau dukkan wasula masu ziza ne. /a, e, i, o, u/ su ne goburayen wasula guda biyar a Hausa, /aa, ee, ii, oo, uu/ su ne dogayen wasula, sai /ai, au, ui/ su ne auren wasula.

Siffanta wasula ya sha bambam da na baƙaƙe, inda su ake siffanta su da muhallin harshe a baki ko yanayin leɓɓa. Harshe na iya kasancewa a muhalli na sama, ko na tsakiya ko ƙasa, kokuma ƙofa, tsakiya, ko kurya yayin da ake furta wasulan. Haka kuma, leɓɓa na iya samun kansu a yanayi na sace, wangame ko zumbure yayin da ake furta wasulan. Ga misalin nan kamar haka: 

Wasulan Hausa

 9.1 Ma’anar Ilimin Tsarin Sauti

Ilimin Tsarin Sauti ilimi ne da ke nazartar tsare-tsare na sauti a harsuna (Trask 2007, sh. 216) da kuma yadda ƙwayoyin sauti ke aiki a cikin harshe da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙwayoyin. Yana bayani ne a kan jeranta sauti da kuma tsarin sauti. Yana tsara sautuka a zance don samar da ma’ana. Ilimin Tsarin Sauti reshe ne na ilimin harsuna wanda ke nazartar sauti da shuɗanyarsa da muhallinsa da kuma siffofin rarrabewarsa. Yana kwatanta tsarin sauti na kowane harshe sannan sai ya nuna inda tsarin sauti na kowane harshe suka yi tarayya da kuma inda suka sha bamban.

10.1 Ma’anar Ƙwayar Sauti, Gundarin Sauti da Takwarar Sauti

Ƙwayar sauti: ita ce mafi ƙarancin guda a tsarin sauti na wani harshe. Ƙwayar sauti ita ce ruhin sauti.

Gundarin sauti: shi ne mafi ƙarancin ankararren yanki na sauti a zance. Gundarin sauti shi ne gangar jikin sauti.

Takwarar sauti: takwarar sauti ita ce sautin da kan maye gurbin wani sauti saboda sauyin muhalli, ba tare da sauya ma’anar Kalmar ba.

11.1 Rarrabewar Sauti

Rarrabewa dangantakace ta sauti, muhalli da ma’ana. Rarrabewa ta rabu gida huɗu kamar haka:

a)     Rubo jere: rubo jere shi ne rarrabewa inda ake samun kalmomi biyu ko fiye waɗanda ma’anoninsu ke canzawa a sakamakon canjin sautuka a muhalli ɗaya na kalmomin.

Misali: i.

ii.

iii.

i. Sautuka /k, b, z, h, ts/ sun canza ma’anonin kalma saboda aukuwar su a muhalli na farko na kalmar da ke da gaɓar -arii.

ii. Sautuka /u, a/ sun canza ma’anonin kalma saboda aukuwar su a muhalli na tsakiya na kalmar da ke da gaɓar r-waa.

iii. Sautuka /ii, oo/ sun canza ma’anonin kalma saboda aukuwar su a muhalli na ƙarshe na kalmar da ke da gaɓar maak-.

b) Zaman surukuta: wannan dangantaka ce ta sauti da muhallinsa a kalma, inda sauti ke sauya siffarsa saboda sauyin muhalli. Misali /n/ → [ŋ, ɲ], /w, t, d, s, z/ → /y, c, j, sh, j/.

c)     Zaman zaɓi: dangantaka ce ta sauti da muhallinsa a kalma, inda sauti yake da ‘yanci ya sauya ba tare da sai ya sauya muhalli ko ma’ana ba. Misali ashana → ahyana, sheƙi → heƙi, ƙofa → ƙohwa.

d) Dogararre: dangantaka ce ta sauti da muhallinta a kalma, inda sauti ke kafewa a muhalli ɗaya, watau a irin muhallin kawai ake samun sa. Misali /ɽ/ ya kafe a muhalli na farkon kalma kaɗai, /r/ ya kafe a muhalli na tsakiya ko ƙarshen kalma, /ŋ/ ya kafe a muhalli kafin /w, g, k, ƙ/. Haka ma sautin /ɲ/ ya kafe a muhalli kafin /y, c, j/.

11.2 Siffofin Rarrabewa

Duk sautuka da suke da siffa irin ɗaya ta fuskar yanayin furucinsu ana samar masu da gida ɗaya a yi masu kuɗin goro. Bayan gidajen nan na gargajiya da aka sani na gidan baƙi da na wasali, akwai waɗansu gidajen na zamani kamar haka: amau, takurau, kwararau, zozau-amau da ziza. A cikin sautukan, wasu na shiga fiye da gida ɗaya, haka kuma gidajen, wasu na ƙarƙashin kulawar wasu.

Misali:

-Amau: sautuka irin su wasula, ‘yan hanci, sulalau da ruwatau duk ‘ya’ya ne na wannan gidan.

-Takurau: wannan babban gida ne da ya ɗauki nauyin kulawar gidan kwararau. Sautuka irin su zuzau, ‘yan ɓuga, da ‘yan atishawa suna ƙarƙashin wannan gida.

-Zozau-amau: sautuka da suke wannan gida su ne kamar zuzau da ‘yan atishawa.

-Kwararau: kwararau ya rabu biyu, akwai +kwararau, akwai kuma –kwararau. + kwararau su ne zuzau, -kwararau su ne ‘yan ɓuga da ‘yan atishawa. +kwararau da –kwararau duk ‘yan gidan ne na takurau.

-Ziza: duk ‘ya’yan gidajen nan na sama da aka jero suna da muhalli a wannan gida na ziza. Kodai su kasanci masu ziza (+ziza) ko marasa ziza (-ziza). Misali, duk ‘yan gidan Amau masu ziza ne. A dubi jadawali a shafi na ƙarshe a wannan takardar domin tantance sautuka masu ziza da marasa ziza.

12.1 Naso

Naso shi ne hanyar sarrafa sautuka domin su saje siffarsu ko kama da siffa irin ta maƙwabtansu a muhalli na kalma. ‘Zama da maɗaukin kanwa shi ke kawo farin kai’. Waɗannan siffofin su ne guda uku da muka kawo a can baya kamar gurbin furuci, yanayin furuci, da matsayin maƙwallato. Sauti yana ɗaukar siffa ɗaya, ko biyu ko ma duka ukun na maƙwabcinsa, watau akwai cikakken naso da ragaggen naso. Maƙwabcin sauti na kasancewa na kusa ko na nesa, na gaba ko na baya; watau hagu ko dama na kalma ko na bai biyu; watau gaba da baya/hagu da dama.

Misali:

i)     /hankàlii/ → [haŋkàlii]

/n/ → [ŋ] / -/k/. Bahanƙe ɗan hanci mai ziza /n/ ya koma bahanɗe ɗan hanci mai ziza /ŋ/ da ya yi maƙwabtaka da bahanɗe ɗan ɓuga mara ziza /k/. (ragaggen naso na gaba na kusa).

ii)    /càsbii/ → [càzbii]

/s/ → [z] / - /b/. Bahanƙe zuzau mara ziza /s/ ya koma bahanƙe zuzau mai ziza [z] da ya yi maƙwabtaka da baleɓe ɗan ɓuga mai ziza /b/. (ragaggen naso na gaba na kusa).

iii)    /sun bi/ → [sumbi]

/n/ → [m] /-b#-#. Bahanƙe ɗan hanci mai ziza /n/ ya koma baleɓe ɗan hanci mai ziza /m/ da ya yi maƙwabtaka da baleɓe ɗan ɓuga mai ziza /b/ a ƙarshen kalma, tsakanin kalmomi biyu. (ragaggen naso na gaba na kusa).

iv)    /jàarùmtaa/ → [jàarùntaa]

/m/ → [n] / -/t/. Baleɓe ɗan hanci mai ziza /m/ ya koma Bahanƙe ɗan hanci mai ziza /n/ da ya yi maƙwabtaka da bahanƙe ɗan ɓuga mara ziza /t/. (ragaggen naso na gaba na kusa).

v)     /sôn râi/ → [sôrrâi]

/n/ → [r] / - /r/. Bahanƙe ɗan hanci mai ziza /n/ ya koma bahanƙe ruwatau mai ziza /r/ da ya yi maƙwabtaka da bahanƙe ruwatau mai ziza /r/. (cikakken naso na gaba, na kusa).

vi)    /kaamà/ → /kamkàamaa/ → /kaŋkàamaa/ → [kakkàamaa]

/m/ → [k] / - /k/. Baleɓe ɗan hanci mai ziza /m/ ya koma bahanɗe ɗan ɓuga mara ziza /k/ da ya yi maƙwabtaka da bahanɗe ɗan ɓuga mara ziza /k/. (cikakken naso na gaba, na kusa).

vii)   /mani/ → [mini]

#BaBi# → #BiBi#. Wasalin /a/ ya koma wasalin /i/ tsakanin baƙaƙe a kalma. (cikakken naso na gaba, na nesa).

viii)   /maku/ → [muku]

#BaBu# → #BuBu#. Wasalin /a/ ya koma wasalin /u/ tsakanin baƙaƙe a kalma. (cikakken naso na gaba, na nesa).

ix)    /tsìigàlau/ → [tsìigìlau]

#BiBa# → #BiBi#. Wasalin /a/ ya koma wasalin /i/ tsakanin baƙaƙe a kalma. (cikakken naso na baya, na nesa).

x)     /ƙii-wùyaa/ → [ƙii-wìyaa]

#Bi#Bu# → #Bi#Bi#. Wasalin /u/ ya koma wasalin /i/ tsakanin baƙaƙe a kalmomi biyu. (cikakken naso na baya, na nesa).

13.1 Naɗewa

Wannan takarda tana a matsayin matashiya ce ga ɗaliban kwas na Ilimin Furuci da na Tsarin Sauti. Ba a shawarci ɗalibi ya yi dogara da ita sukutum wajen nazartar wannan fanni ba. Ya kamata ɗalibi ya ziyarci ɗakunan karatu domin samun littafai da suke da cikakken bayani a kan wannan fannin. Idan akwai wani batu a wannan takarda da ɗalibi bai fahimta ba, ya dubi manazarta na wannan takarda ya je ɗakin karatu ya ƙara bincike, ko kuma ya sami malaminsa a ranaku da lokutan aiki ya yi tambayarsa. An yarda a yaɗa ta kyauta ko ta wace hanya ko a fassara ta zuwa kowane harshe saboda amfanin wasu ɗaliban da suke nazarin wannan fanni na wasu harsuna daban. 

MANAZARTA

Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. The M.I.T. Press.

Donwa-Ifode, S. (1990). Basic phonetics. Sunray Books Ltd.

Elizabeth, C.Z (2013). The sounds of language: An introduction to phonetics and phonology. John Wiley and Sons.

Field, J. (2003). Psycholinguistics: A resource book for students. Routledge.

Junaidu, I. and ‘Yar Aduwa T.M (2007). Harshe da adabin Hausa a kammale. Spectrum Books.

Sani, M.A.Z. (1989). Tsarin sauti na Hausa. T.P.C.

Sani, M.A.Z. (2011). Tsarin sauti da nahawun Hausa. University Press.

Trask, R.L (2007). Language and linguistics: The key concepts. 2^nd edition. Abingdon.

Zaria, A.B. (1981). Nahawun Hausa. Nelson.

Zarruk, R.M, da Wasu (1979). Lafazin Hausa a taƙaice. Institute of Education, Ahmadu Bello University.