Daga Sasantawa Zuwa Sassautawa: Yunkurin ECOWAS na Shiga Tsakanin Juyin Mulkin Jamhuriyar Nijar

Citation: Pengcheng Li & Nura Lawal (2026). Daga Sasantawa Zuwa Sassautawa: Yunƙurin ECOWAS na Shiga Tsakanin Juyin Mulkin Jamhuriyar Nijar. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 5(1), 21-34. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2026.v05i01.003.  

DAGA SASANTAWA ZUWA SASSAUTAWA: YUNƘURIN ECOWAS NA SHIGA TSAKANIN JUYIN MULKIN JAMHURIYAR NIJAR

Pengcheng Li
Academy of Regional and Global Governance
Beijing Foreign Studies University

Da

Nura Lawal
School of African Studies,
Beijing Foreign Studies University

Tsakure

Babbar manufar wannan takarda ita ce fayyace yanayin rawar da Ƙungiyar Raya Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta taka a Jamhuriyar Nijar bayan juyin mulkin soja a karo na biyar a cikin tarihin ƙasar. Haka kuma, an amfani da hanyar bibiyar wasu ayyukan da kuma kafofin yaɗa labarai domin tattaro bayanan wannan bincike. A sakamakon wannan bincike an lura a ci gabanta na ayyukanta sun faɗaɗa zuwa kiyaye tsaron yankin kuma ECOWAS, ta samu nasarori wajen shiga tsakani game da juyin mulki da rikici da dama da aka samu a mambobin ƙungiyar. Bayan da juyin mulkin Nijar karo na biyar ya faru, ECOWAS ta ƙoƙarta wajen shiga tsakani. Ta tura tawagar diflomasiyya don gudanar da tattaunawa ta siyasa, kuma ta saka takunkumin tattalin arziki kan Jamhuriyar Nijar. Haka kuma, tana tattaunawa kan yunƙurin tura sojoji domin daƙile juyin mulkin soja karo na biyar a tarihin Jamhuriyar Nijar a ƙarƙashin shugabancin shugaban karba-karba Shugaban Najeriya Ahmed Bola Tinubu. Amma dukkan matakan da aka ɗauka ba su haifar da sakamako masu kyau ba, kuma ECOWAS ta canja matsayinta daga ƙoƙarin sasantawa zuwa sassautawa. Gazawar ƙungiyar ECOWAS don shiga tsakanin juyin mulki na Jamhuriyar Nijar ta nuna kasawar ƙungiyar ECOWAS wajen daidaita manyan batutuwan yammacin Afirka da kuma saɓani a tsakanin mambobinta. A shekaru nan an samu yawan juyin mulki a yammacin Afirka, wannan matsala tana kuma dinga ƙaruwa. Shi ya sa akwai dimbin muhimmanci don a yi bincike mai zurfi kan dalilin gazawar shiga tsakani ta ECOWAS. A wannan kundi, an yi nazari bisa ra’ayin kasancewar ɓangarori daban daban ta hanyar binciken ayyukan manazarta da aka rubuta, da nazarin tarihi da sauransu, tare da fito da hujjar ƙungiyar ECOWAS ta yi sassautawa bayan sassantawar juyin juya mulkin Nijar.

Muhimman Kalmomi: ECOWAS, Shiga Tsakani, Juyin Mulki, Sasantawa

Gabatarwa

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, juyin mulkin da aka yi a yammacin Afirka ya jawo hankulan duniya. Bayan juyin mulki a ƙasar Mali a watan Agustan 2020, juyin mulkin ko yunƙurin juyin mulki guda goma suka faru a cikin ƙasashe mambobin Ƙungiyar Raya Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) a cikin shekaru huɗu kawai. Wasu ƙwararru sun kira wannan al'amari "dawowar juyin mulkin" da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba (Sun, 2023). Wannan ba wai kawai ya haifar da babbar barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro a yammacin Afirka ba, har ma ya kawo ƙalubale ga rawar da ƙungiyar ECOWAS take takawa wajen kiyaye tsaron shiyya-shiyya. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, 2023, an yi juyin mulkin soja karo na biyar a tarihin jamhuriyar Nijar. Sojoji sun tsare tsohon shugaba Mohamed Bazoum gami da sanar da cewa za su kafa Kwamitin Tsaron Ƙasa (CNSP). Bayan kwanaki biyu, Abdourahamane Tchiani, kwamandan rundunar tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasar ya bayyana kansa a matsayin sabon shugaban ƙasar Nijar a ƙarƙashin mulkin soja. Ƙasashen yammacin Afirka da ma ƙasashen duniya sun mai da hankali sosai kan juyin mulkin. A matsayinta ƙasar da take ɗaukar nauyin shugabancin karɓa-karɓa na ECOWAS. Nijeriya ta ɗauki matakai cikin sauri a ƙarƙashin shugabancin shugaban ƙasar Bola Tinubu, inda ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga tsakani a juyin mulkin Nijar. Ta hanyoyi da dama da suka haɗa da tattaunawa ta siyasa, saka takunkumi da kuma tura sojoji. Sai dai duk da waɗansu tsauraran matakan da ECOWAS ta ɗauka, ba su samar da sakamako mai kyau ba. Gwamnatin sojoji ba ta farfaɗo da mulki ba yadda ya kamata, maimakon haka, ECOWAS tana jin matsin lamba na ciki da waje, a hankali ta yi sassauci ta janye takunkumi, tare da amincewa da mulkin soja na Nijar.

Tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS a shekarar 1975, musamman da taimakon tsohon shugaban Nijeriya Yakubu Gowon da tsohon shugaban Togo Gnassingbe Eyadema. Kodayaushe tana goyon bayan haɗin guiwa tsakanin duk ƙasashen Afirka da burin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka su samu cigaba da kansu. Bayan haka, bisa ga Ƙa’idojin ECOWAS na “wanzar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali da tsaro a yankin ta hanyar kyautata dangantaka da ƙasashen maƙwabta” (ECOWAS Commission, n.d.). Ayyukan ƙungiyar ECOWAS sun faɗaɗa daga haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki zuwa kiyaye tsaron yankin. Haka kuma, ta cim ma nasarar shiga tsakanin juyin mulki na mambobinta da dama, kamarsu juyin mulki na Guinea-Bissau a 2012 da kuma juyin mulki na Gambia a 2016. Sai dai kuma, a lokacin juyin mulkin soja karo na biyar a Jamhuriyar Nijar a shekarar 2023. Kodayake ECOWAS ta ɗauki tsauraran matakan domin shiga tsakani, amma ya gagara, daga ƙarshe ECOWAS ta yi sassauci ga wannan juyin mulkin. Wannan ya fallasa saɓabin da yake cikin mambobinta da tasirin tsoma baki daga ƙasashen waje da kuma gazawar gudanar da harkokinta, musamman ma harkokin tsaro na yankin. Wannan halin ni ’yansu ya nuna wasu ƙungiyoyin sojoji na yammacin Afirka suna yunƙurin samu mulki ta hanyar da ba dimokuraɗiyya ba, sannan kuma ƙungiyar ECOWAS tana fuskantar ƙalubale sosai wajen daidaita harkokin ruɗanin siyasa a yammacin Afirka.

Waiwaye

Wasu masana da ƙwararrun na ƙasar Sin sun mai da hankali sosai kan juyin mulkin Nijar na shekarar 2023. Sun Hong (2023) ta yi bincike kan taƙaddama tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna da juyin mulkin Nijar wadda ta haifar a mahangar siyasa da diflomasiyya. Bai (2023) ya bayyana yiwuwar yaɗuwar juyin mulkin soja a yammacin Afirka daga mahangar tsaron yankin. Jiang Xuan ya mai da hankali a kan yadda ECOWAS take shiga tsakani a juyin mulkin da ke faru a Nijar, ƙarƙashin tsarin haɗin guiwa na ƙasa da ƙasa (Jiang, 2023). Li Hongfeng da wasu, sun gudanar da bincike a kan yadda ECOWAS take shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a ƙasashen masu magana da Faransanci a Afirka bisa tsarin tsaro na ECOWAS, kuma sun bayyana ƙalubalen da ECOWAS take fuskanta a cikin gida wajen daidaita ra’ayoyin mambobinta (Li & Li, 2019). Liu Hongwu da wasu sun bayyana cewa, a baya, ta hanyar tura Kwamitin Kula da Tsagaita Wuta, aka samu nasarar wajen shiga tsakanin juyin mulki a Sierra Leone da Guinea-Bissau, wanda ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ƙungiyoyin ECOWAS take takawa wajen kare zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a shiyya-shiyya (Liu & Deng, 2014).

Huang Rui ya yi amfani da misalin juyin mulki na Liberia, inda ECOWAS ta ci nasarar shiga tsakani sau biyu, don binciken hanyoyin da dabarun da ECOWAS take amfani da su wajen magance rikice-rikice cikin gida a ƙasashen mambobinta (Huang, 2021). Akwai labaru da dama a kafofin yaɗa labarai a ƙasashen waje (Yabi, 2023). Ban da waɗannan kuma, wasu masana sun yi la’akari sosai da tarihin juyin mulki a Jamhuriyar Nijar. Lamin ya nuna cewa tsarin tsaro na ECOWAS yana fuskantar matsaloli wajen magance rikice-rikicen yanki bayan yaƙin cacar baki, don haka ana buƙatar sauye-sauye cikin gaggawa (Lamin, 2006).

Oluropo da wasu sun yi imani da cewa yawan juyin mulki a ƙasashen yammacin Afirka yana ƙaruwa, inda suka nuna cewa manyan ƙasashen yankin kamar Nijeriya sun gaza cim ma nasarar tattaunawa da daidaita muradun ɓangarori yayin juyin mulkin, hakan ya kawo cikas ga sakamakon shiga tsakani (Oluropo et al., 2024). Sowale da wasu sun ci gaba da nazari daga mahangar siyasa, inda suka duba yadda lamarin Nijar ya kawo cikas ga ci gaban dimokuraɗiyya a yammacin Afirka (Sowale, 2024). Masanin siyasa Obasi ya bayyana cewa, takunkuman da ECOWAS ta sanya wa Nijar sun yi tsauri fiye da yadda ya kamata. Domin sun fi shafar jama’a maimakon gwamnatin soja, kuma babu wani ingantaccen tsari na ƙarfafa guiwar mulkin soja domin su maido da gwamnatin dimokuraɗiyya, wanda ya sa shiga tsakanin ECOWAS bai ba da sakamakon mai kyau ba (Obasi, 2023). Waɗannan ayyuka sun bayar da haske sosai a kan wannan bincike. Haka kuma, masana daga ƙetare sun fi mayar da hankali a kan tarihin ci gaban juyin mulki a Nijar, amma ba su taɓo abin da ya shafi juyin mulkin da ya faru a shekarar 2023 ba. Wannan dalili ya bayar da dama gudanar da wannan nazari.

Tarihi na Tsarin Shiga Tsakani na ECOWAS da Manyan Matakanta

Tsarin shiga tsakani na ECOWAS shi ne ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakan kiyaye tsaron yankin a duniya. Tun daga kafuwarta a shekarar 1975, ayyukan ECOWAS sun faɗaɗa daga haɓaka haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki har zuwa kiyaye tsaron yankin. Wannan sauyi ba kawai shi ne sakamakon tasirin yaƙin cacar baki, kuma yana da alaƙa da ruɗanin siyasa tsakanin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka da al’adunsu da harshensu.

ECOWAS ta kafu ne a shekarar 1975 da taimakon ƙasashen yammacin Afirka kamar Nijeriya da Togo, tare da burin ƙarfafa haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki na yankin. A lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar, an tsara “Dokar Lagos” (Treaty of Lagos) wadda ta bayyana “ƙarfafa haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki da bunƙasa” a matsayin babban burin ƙungiyar. Haka kuma, tana mai da hankali a kan gina kasuwar haɗin guiwar yanki ta hanyar kawar da shingayen haraji a cikin samar da ingantattun gine-ginen ababen more rayuwa. Wannan sabuwar ƙungiya ta fuskanci barazanar daga cikin gida da waje, wanda ya tilasta ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa fannin tsaro (Li & Li, 2019).

A fagen harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙalubalen fafatawa tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya mayar da yankin yammacin Afirka da kewayensa dandalin gwagwarmayar ra’ayin siyasa. A cikin shekarun 1970, rikice-rikicen da suka faru a Angola da kuma Chad suna haifar da yiwuwar bazuwar rikice-rikicen zuwa yankin yammacin Afirka. Wanda hakan yake kawo barazana ga zaman lafiyar yankin. Har ila yau, an ba da muhimmanci ƙwarai ga ECOWAS a matsayi mai ƙarfin wajen yaƙi da mulkin mallaka na ƙasashen duniya. Saboda haka, muhimmancin ECOWAS wajen kiyaye tsaro a yankin da kuma daidaita manyan batutuwan yankin ya fito fili. A cikin ƙungiyar, bayan da Nijeriya ta ƙare Yaƙin Basasa, ta bunƙasa cikin sauri ta hanyar amfani da tattalin arzikin man fetur don zama babban ƙasa a yanki, tana ƙoƙarin jagorantar ECOWAS domin faɗaɗa tasirinta a yankin. A ɓangare guda, Faransa tare da ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci suna ƙoƙarin kawo tsaiko ga cigaban Nijeriya ta hanyar amfani da tsarin tsaro na haɗin guiwa (Sun, 2023).

A cikin wannan yanayi, ƙasashe mambobin ECOWAS sun sanya hannu kan jerin yarjejeniyoyin tsaro na haɗin guiwa, waɗanda suka zama ƙa’idojin tsaro a ƙungiyar. Tarihin cigaban tsarin shiga tsakani na ECOWAS ya rabu zuwa muhimman matakai guda uku bisa lokutan sanya hannu yarjejeniyoyi guda uku. Wanda kowanne daga cikin waɗannan lokutan yana wakiltar wata barazana ga tsarin shiga tsakanin ECOWAS. Su ne rikicin Togo da Ghana da juyin mulkin Liberia, da yaƙin basasa na Sierra Leone. Wannan ya nuna cewa ECOWAS ta fara gyare-gyare saboda akwai barazana gare ta.

An rattaba hannu a kan Yarjejeniyar Rashin Kai wa Juna Hari (Protocol on Non-Aggression) a 1978 ne a cikin yanayin rikicin iyaka tsakanin Togo da Ghana, wanda ya nuna farkon samuwar tsarin shiga tsakani na ECOWAS a rikice-rikice. Wannan yarjejeniya ita ce ta farko da ta fayyace ƙa’idar warware rikice-rikice ta lumana tsakanin ƙasashen ECOWAS. Haka kuma, ta buƙaci a miƙa rikicin da ba a iya warwarewa cikin lumana zuwa kwamitin ECOWAS domin ta yanke hukunci. Wannan yarjejeniya ba ta ƙunshi takunkumi ko tsarin shiga tsakani na ƙarfin soja ba, wanda hakan ya bar hatsari a tsarin, wanda shi kuma ne zai kawo matsaloli a gaba.

A farkon 1980s, yaƙin wakilai tsakanin Amurka da Rasha ya ƙaru, juyin mulki da rikice-rikicen suka dinga faruwa a Afirka ta Yamma. A lokacin juyin mulkin Liberia na 1980, bisa yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu, ECOWAS ba ta da ikon fiye da yin la’anta ko Allah-wadai kawai. A matsayin martani, ƙasashen ECOWAS suka rattaba hannu a kan Yarjejeniyar Taimaka da Kiyaye Tsaron Juna (Protocol on Mutual Assistance in Defense) a 1981, wadda ta wakilci aka shiga mataki na biyu na cigaban tsarin shiga tsakani na ECOWAS. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa za a taimaki kowace mambar ƙasar da ta fuskanci barazana ko hari, wanda ta inganta ƙarfin ECOWAS wajen tinkarar matsalolin tsaro a yankin.

Bayan ƙarewar Yaƙin Cacar Baki a 1990s, matakan shiga tsakani da ECOWAS take ɗauka suka fara fuskantar tambayoyi kan dalilin kasancewarta. A 1999, an sanya hannu a kan Yarjejeniyar Rigakafin Rikici, Sarrafawa, Warware Matsaloli da Kiyaye Tsaro (Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security). Wadda ta ƙara sabbabin hukumomi kamar su Kwamitin Tsaro da Shiga Tsakani (Mediation and Security Council of ECOWAS), da na Majalisar Dattijai (Council of the Wise), da na Sojojin Standby Force. Da tsarin gargaɗi, domin tabbatar da cewa ECOWAS na iya yanke hukunci da sauri a kan yanayin tsaro na ƙasashe mambobinta bisa doka da yarjejeniya. Wannan mataki ya ba da tabbaci ga matakan tura sojoji da ECOWAS take ɗauka (Huang, 2021:16),tare da bai wa Kwamitin Tsaro da Shiga Tsakani ikon shiga tsakani cikin kowanne irin rikici a madadin ECOWAS. Wanda hakan ya ba ECOWAS irin iya gudanar da ayyukan sojoji ba na wata ƙasa kadai ba, na duk yankin yammacin Afirka (Huang, 2021).

Daga bisani kuma, ECOWAS ta ƙara da wasu muhimman takardu, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Ƙarin Tanadi a kan Dimokuraɗiyya da Kyawawan Shugabanci (Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance) a 2001. Haka kuma, Tsarin Rigakafin Rikici na ECOWAS (ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework) na 2008, wanda ya nuna canjin tsari daga shiga tsakanin rikici zuwa rigakafin rikici tun kafin faruwa. Kodayake, an inganta tsarin shiga tsakani na ECOWAS sau da dama, amma har yanzu tsarin yana fuskantar manyan ƙalubale a cikin yanayin komowar juyin mulki da yake afkuwa a yankin Afirka ta Yamma a ’yan shekarun nan. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci a yi bincike a kan manyan matakan da ake amfani da su wajen shiga tsakani, domin a fahimci yadda tsarin yake aiki da kuma gazawarsa.

Manyan Matakan da ECOWAS Take Amfani da Su Wajen Shiga Tsakani

Idan akwai rikice-rikice a cikin ƙasashe mambobi, ECOWAS a kan ɗauki matakai uku don shiga tsakani: tattaunawar siyasa da saka takunkumi da kuma tura sojoji. Wannan ɓangare zai yi bayani a kan kowanne daga cikin waɗannan matakai.

Tattaunawar Siyasa

ECOWAS tana ɗaukar matakin tattaunawar siyasa a matsayin hanya ta farko wajen sasanta rikice-rikice. Wannan tsarin yana dogara ne a kan gudanar da tarurrukan shugabanni da taron ministoci da kuma ƙirƙirar wa ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman, domin samar da dandali waɗanda babu son kai ga ɓangarorin da suke rikici. A aikace, tattaunawar siyasa tana aiki ta hanyoyi uku: shiga tsakani ta taron shugabanni da Majalisar Dattijai (Council of the Wise), da kuma daidaitawa ta ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman.

(1) Taron Shugabannin Ƙasashe da Gwamnatoci na ECOWAS, wanda hedkwatarsa take a Abuja, babban birnin Nijeriya, shi ne babban mataki na yanke shawara a cikin ƙungiyar. Ana gudanar da babban taro sau biyu a kowace shekara, inda ake bayyana matsaya ta haɗin guiwa ta hanyar fitar da sanarwa tare ko kuma tura tawaga ta musamman. Alal misali, a cikin juyin mulkin ƙasar Gambiya na shekarar 2016, taron shugabannin ECOWAS ya yanke hukuncin ƙin amincewa da gwamnatin Yahya Jammeh (United Nations, 2017), tare da fitar da sanarwar da take yin Allah wadai da shugaba Jammeh da ya sha kaye amma ya ƙi sauka daga mulki, wanda hakan ya taimaka sosai wajen warware rikici cikin ruwan sanyi.

(2) A matsayinta na ginshiƙi mai muhimmanci a tsarin shiga tsakani na ECOWAS, “Majalisar Dattijai” (Council of the Wise) tun bayan kafuwarta a hukumance a shekarar 2004, tana taka rawar gani wajen gudanar da “hanyar diflomasiyya ta biyu”. Wannan tsari yana ƙunshe da wakilan kowace mambar ƙasa ce, inda ake zaɓar tsoffin shugabannin ƙasa masu mutunci, shugabannin addini, ko manyan jakadu da suka yi fice, domin su zama gadoji tsakanin ɓangarorin da suke rikici. Ta hanyar hanyoyi diflomasiyya ba na hukunce ba. Tsarin wakilcin ya nuna daidaito na siyasar yankin: Nijeriya ta tura tsofaffin shugabanni ƙasa kamarsu Olusegun Obasanjo da Muhammadu Buhari a jere har sau uku; ƙasashen da suke magana da Faransanci kamar Côte d’Ivoire sun tura tsohon firaminista Daniel Kablan Duncan, yayin da Senegal ta tura babban limamin ƙasar Grand Mufti Mballo Lo. Haka kuma, shigowar tsohuwar shugabar Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, wadda ta samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a 2011, ta ƙara wa wannan majalisa ƙima da karɓuwa a idon duniya. A aikace, lokacin da akwai matsalolin hanyoyin diflomasiyya na hukunci, Majalisar Dattijai ta yi nasarar shiga tsakani, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin rikicin Mali na 2013, inda ta taka rawa wajen ƙulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Ouagadougou, wani abin koyi a tsarin tsaron yankin.

(3) Ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman na ECOWAS an kafa su bisa Tsarin Rigakafin Rikici na ECOWAS ta 2008, sashi na 14 game da kafawar Kwamitocin na Musamman. Wato amfanin da ƙungiyoyi na wucin-gadi da ƙwarewa don cim ma matsaya guda a kan magance rikice-rikice. A fagen ruɗanin siyasa, ƙungiyar ƙasashe guda uku zuwa biyar waɗanda suke da wakilci na yankin za su jagoranci ƙungiyar. Kamar yadda aka samu a lokacin juyin-juya-halin na Mali a shekarar 2020, wanda ƙungiyar aiki na musamman ta ƙunshi tawagar Côte d’Ivoire (yanki mai magana da Faransanci), Nijeriya (yanki mai magana da Ingilishi), da Nijar (wakilin ƙasashen Sahel). Haka ya taimaka wajen guje wa rikice-rikicen siyasa na yankin. A matakin ƙwararru da masana, ƙwararrun dokoki da masu bayar da shawara a kan harkokin tsaro sun taimaka sosai wajen inganta tsarin shiga cikin rikice-rikicen.

Saka Takunkumin Tattalin Arziki

Saka takunkumin tattalin arziki wani mataki ne mai ƙarfi da ƙungiyar ECOWAS ta ɗauka ban da tattaunawar siyasa da shiga tsakani na soja. Wannan ya ƙunshi takunkumin hada-hadar kuɗi (ciki har da daskare ƙadarorin ƙasashen waje da dakatar da damar yin amfani da tsarin biyan kuɗi da share fage). Sai kuma, takunkumin kasuwanci (kamar hana fitarwa da hana shigar da kayayyaki) da rufe iyaka da sauran manyan matakan takunkumi. Kwamitin Tsaro da Shiga Tsakani ne yake gabatar wa ECOWAS takunkumi kuma za a iya sanyawa idan aka amince da shawarar kashi biyu bisa uku (ECOWAS, 1999). Takunkumin tattalin arziki ana gudanar da shi a hankali a hankali, wato, sannu a hankali yana yin matsin lamba a kan ɓangarorin da suke rikici a cikin tsari na "gargaɗin saka takunkumi-takunkumi na wasu fanonni-cikakken takunkumi a duk fannoni" don tilasta musu komawa kan tattaunawa. Ƙungiyar ECOWAS ta taɓa sanya wa ƙasashe mambobinta takunkumin sau da yawa. Misali, lokacin da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Mali ta ƙi gudanar da zaɓuɓukan da aka tsara a shekarar 2022, ƙungiyar ECOWAS ta daskarar da ƙadarorin shugabannin sojoji da suka yi juyin mulki tare da rufe iyakokin ƙasar, da dakatar da kasuwanci da kuma dakatar da haƙƙinsu na ɗaukar kuɗi a babban bankin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka (China Military Online, 2022).

Amfani da Ƙarfin Soja

A matsayin matakin ƙarshe na tsarin shiga tsakani na ECOWAS, shiga tsakani na soja yana da ma'ana mai kyau da mara kyau. A gefe guda kuma, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shiga tsakani rikice-rikice, wanda yake nuna irin ƙimar da take da shi wajen maido da tsarin mulki cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci. A ɗayan hannun kuma, ta dogara ga ƙarfin manyan ƙasashen yankin, musamman Nijeriya. Wannan zai haifar da matsalar rashin daidaiton matsayi a cikin ƙungiyar, ya yiwu zai kawo saɓani. Ayyukan shiga tsakani na soja na farko na ECOWAS ya dogara ne a kan ECOMOG da aka kafa a lokacin yaƙin basasar Liberiya a 1990. ECOMOG ya karɓi tsarin shiga tsakani na wucin gaɗi da ƙa'idar tura sojoji na sa kai. A aikace, Nijeriya ta tura yawancin sojoji da kuma samar da galibin kasafin kuɗi cikin ayyukan, da kuma ikon sarrafawa kan ECOMOG sosai (Liu & Deng, 2014). Wannan tsari ya kawo magance rikicin yanki, amma shugabancin Nijeriya a ciki ya jawo shakku daga dukkan ƙasashen duniya.

Haka kuma, domin shawo kan wannan gazawar, ECOWAS ta kafa sojojin Standby Force a hukumance a shekarar 2005, wanda ake samar da nufin daidaita rabon iko tsakanin ƙasashe mambobin ƙungiyar ta hanyar tsarin soja na haɗin guiwa na ƙasa da ƙasa. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙa'idar ta ECOMOG, ana buƙatar ƙasashe mambobin su ƙaddamar da sojoji da kayan soja a gaba da kuma kafa tsarin umarni na dindindin don rage lokacin tura sojoji. Duk da haka, ainihin aikinsa har yanzu yana fuskantar matsala. Kodayake yana jaddada daidaiton haɗin guiwar masu magana da Faransanci da masu magana da Ingilishi (alal misali, hedkwatarsa tana Abuja, Nijeriya, amma yawancin kwamandojin su janar-janar na ƙasashe masu magana da Faransanci ne). Sannu a hankali Nijeriya ta rage tallafin ga ayyukan Standby Force, saboda taɓarɓarewar tattalin arziki na cikin gida da matsin lamba na yaƙi da ta'addanci. Haka kuma, rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙasashe mambobin ƙungiyar ya sa abu ne mai wuya a cim ma matsaya guda a kan shawarwarin haɗin guiwa, lamarin ya kawo hatsari ga ƙungiyar ECOWAS don ta gaza yin ingantaccen tsarin shiga tsakanin soja bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Nijar.

Juyin Mulkin Soja na Jamhuriyar Nijar Karo na Biyar da Matakan Shiga Tsakani da ECOWAS Ta Ɗauka

Tsarin shiga tsakani kan rikice-rikice da manyan matakan da ECOWAS ta ɗauka ya nuna cewa, tsarin shiga tsakani na ECOWAS ya samu ingantawa sosai bayan shekaru da dama na cigaba. Sai dai kuma, ingancin wannan tsarin ya dogara matuƙa da haɗin kai tsakanin mambobin ƙasashe da kuma zaman lafiyar tsarin ruɗanin siyasar yankin. A cikin yanayin dawowar juyin mulki a yankin Yammacin Afirka tun daga 2020, juyin mulkin soja da ya faru a Nijar a shekarar 2023 ya fallasa matsalolin cikin gida da na ƙungiya

Yanayin da Cigaban Juyin Mulkin Soja na Jamhuriyar Nijar Karo na Biyar

Juyin mulkin soja a Jamhuriyar Nijar shi ne karo na biyar da aka yi juyin mulki a tarihin ƙasar. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu talauci a yankin Sahel, juyin mulkin Nijar na 2023 ya samo asali ne daga tarihinta, tare da sauye-sauyen tsarin tsaro a yankin. Yanayin juyin mulkin soja na Jamhuriyar Nijar karo na biyar Tarihin siyasar ƙasar tun bayan samun ’yancin kai a shekarar 1960 yana cike da ruɗani. Inda tasirin rundunar soja, saɓanin ƙabilu da kuma matsalolin cigaban tattalin arziki suka kawo rashin kwanciyar hankali a siyasa. A shekarar 2010, Nijar ta ƙaddamar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki ta hanyar kaɗa ƙuri’a, inda aka sauya tsarin mulkin ƙasa daga tsarin semi-presidential zuwa tsarin presidential tare da kafa majalisar dattawa. Wanda hakan ya kasance wani cigaba a tafiyar dimokuraɗiyyar ƙasar. A shekarar 2021, Shugaba Mohamed Bazoum ya hau karagar mulki ta hanyar babban zaɓe, wanda ya nuna karon farko da aka samu miƙa mulki cikin lumana ta hanyar zaɓe. Sai dai yunƙurinsa na sauya manyan kwamandojin soji yayin mulkinsa ya jawo gagarumin saɓani tsakanin gwamnati da sojoji, wanda ya zama asalin dalilin juyin mulki (Sun, 2023).

A fannin tattalin arziki, Nijar na matuƙar dogaro kan fitar da ma’adinan Uranium, amma yawancin ayyukan haƙar albarkatun ƙasar suna ƙarƙashin ikon kamfanonin ƙasashen waje, wanda hakan ya janyo zargidaga cikin gida cewa dokokin gwamnati suke rashin adalci. Bayan haka, matsalar rashin guraben aikin yi ga matasa sun ƙara haifar da rashin jin daɗi a cikin al’umma. Takunkuman da ECOWAS ta ƙaƙaba wa ƙasashen da suke maƙwabtaka da Nijar kamar Mali da Burkina Faso sun ƙara haddasa tangarɗa ga hanyoyin ciniki a yankin, lamarin da ya tsananta matsin tattalin arziki da ƙasar take fuskanta.

A fannin tsaro, Nijar na fuskantar barazanar ta’addanci daga yankin Sahel wanda yake tsananta kullum. Duk da kasancewar dakarun Faransa da na Amurka a ƙasa na tsawon lokaci, ba su iya kyautata yanayin tsaron ƙasar yadda ya kamata ba. Maimakon haka, ayyukansu sun haifar da asarar rayuka da dama na fararen hula. Lamarin da ya jawo rashin amincewar jama’ar Nijar a kan ƙasashen Turai da Amurka. Haka kuma, jerin juyin mulki da suka faru a ƙasashen yammacin Afirka daga 2020 zuwa 2023 sun zama tamkar misalai ga Nijar. Sojoji masu juyin mulki na amfani da adawa da ƙasashen yamma don samun goyon bayan jama’a. Sannan kuma, suna neman taimakon ƙungiyar Wagner ta Rasha domin samun kariya. Wannan ya nuna raunin tasirin ECOWAS, kuma ya ƙarfafa zukatan sojojin Nijar wajen yin juyin mulki.

Ci gaban Juyin Mulkin Soja na Jamhuriyar Nijar Karo na biyar, wato a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2023, rundunar tsaron shugaban ƙasar Nijar ta yi juyin mulki a babban birnin Niamey, cewa “Gazawar yaƙi da ta’addanci” da “Cin amanar muradun ƙasa” ne dalilin hakan. Shugaban rundunar tsaron shugaban ƙasa, Abdourahamane Tchiani ya jagoranci sojojinsa suka mamaye fadar shugaban ƙasa, inda suka tsare shugaban ƙasa, Mohamed Bazoum, tare da iyalinsa. Sannan kuma, suka sanar da cewa sun hambarar da gwamnatin da aka zaɓa ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya, tare da kafa “Majalisar Tsaro ta Ƙasa” (CNSP) domin karɓar mulki. Rundunar juyin mulki ta fitar da wata sanarwa a talabijin na ƙasa, inda ta zargi gwamnatin Bazoum da “yarda da ikon mallakar Faransa wajen ƙwace albarkatun ƙasa,” tare da yin alƙawarin “maido da tsaron ƙasa.”

A rana ta gaba, sojojin juyin mulki sun ƙulle iyakoki, suka sanya dokar hana fita, sannan suka katse wasu hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya. A ranar da abin ya faru, ECOWAS ta fitar da wata sanarwa da kakkausar murya, inda ta la’anci yunƙurin karɓar mulki ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin soji, tare da kiran a saki Shugaba Bazoum ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba (ECOWAS Commission, 2023). Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya (UN), Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU), da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai (EU) sun bayyana tir da abin da ya faru. A cikin ’yan kwanaki, yayin da ECOWAS take ci gaba da tattaunawa da sojojin Nijar ta hanyoyi da dama, ta kuma ƙaddamar da takunkumi a kan gwamnatin soja ta Nijar.

Sai dai, rundunar sojin ta nuna ƙarfin hali wajen mayar da martani. Shugaban gwamnatin soja Abdourahamane Tchiani ya zargi ECOWAS da cewa: “Manufar takunkumin ba wai neman mafita ba ce, sai dai kunyata mu ne da tilasta mana don miƙa wuya" (Okafor, 2023). Ya kuma yi kira ga ’yan Nijar da su haɗu don fuskantar waɗannan takunkumin. Sannan a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, gwamnatin sojin ta sanar da wani shirin wucin-gaɗi da zai miƙa mulki ga gwamnati ta dimokuraɗiyya cikin shekaru uku. ECOWAS ta ƙi amincewa da wannan shiri daga baya. Yayin da shirin ECOWAS na shiga tsakani ta hanyar soja da takunkumin da aka sanya ba su kawo sakamakon da ake fata ba. Gwamnatin sojin Nijar ta fara ƙarfafa mulkinta ta hanyar neman goyon baya daga ƙasashen waje. Rundunar sojin ba wai kawai ta soke yarjejeniyar haɗin guiwa da Faransa ba ne, har ma ta kori jakadun Faransa daga ƙasar. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2023, tare da haɗin guiwar gwamnatocin soja na Burkina Faso da Mali, Nijar ta kafa haɗin guiwa mai suna Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Sahel (Alliance of Sahel States). Bayan haka kuma, ECOWAS ta fara sassauta matsayinta, wato, ta rage yawan tsokaci kan juyin mulkin Nijar, kuma takunkumin da take aiwatarwa ya fara fuskantar suka daga ƙungiyoyin jin ƙai na duniya. A ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2024, ECOWAS ta gudanar da taron shugabanni inda ta yanke shawarar janye dukkan takunkumin da aka sanya wa Nijar. Wannan wani mataki ne da yake nuna cewa tsarin shiga tsakani da aka tsara ya gaza kwata-kwata. A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2025, bayan dogon lokaci da aka dakatar da su daga matsayin ƙasashe mambobi na ECOWAS, Nijar, da Burkina Faso da Mali suka fitar da sanarwar haɗin guiwa inda suka bayyana ficewarsu daga ECOWAS gaba-ɗaya. Wannan lamari ya sanya ECOWAS cikin babbar matsala mafi tsanani tun kafuwarta ta rarrabuwar kai, da ayyukansu na daidaita batutuwan yanki sun samu shakku daga ɓangarori da dama.

Matakan da ECOWAS ta Ɗauka Don Shiga Tsakani a Juyin Mulkin Nijar

A yayin juyin mulkin da ya faru a Nijar a shekarar 2023, ECOWAS ta bi tsarin matakan shiga tsakani ta aiwatar da dabarar kamarsu gudanar da tattaunawar siyasa, sanya takunkumin tattalin arziki, da shiga tsakani na ƙarfin soja. Sai dai, wannan tsarin shiga tsakani ya fara durƙushewa sannu a hankali saboda saɓanin da yake tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi da tasirin daga ƙasashen waje.

Tattaunawar Siyasa

ECOWAS ta fara aiwatar da tsarin tattaunawa ta siyasa cikin gaggawa bayan juyin mulki a Nijer, tana ƙoƙarin warware rikicin ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin diflomasiyya masu yawa. Don ƙarfafa tattaunawa, ECOWAS ta tura wata tawaga a ranar 3 ga Agusta 2023 wadda ta ƙunshi tsohon shugaban mulkin sojan Nijeriya, wato Abdussalam Abubakar da Sarkin Musulmi Sa’adu Abubakar da shugaban ECOWAS Touré, domin zuwa Niamey don tattaunawa da gwamnatin soja. Duk da cewa tawagar ta yi doguwar ganawa mai tsawon awanni 5 a filin jirgin sama da gwamnatin soja, ba a ba su izinin shiga cikin birnin don tattaunawa a hukumance da shugabannin gwamnati ba (Premium Times, 2023).

Halin Gwamnatin soja na ƙin tattaunawa ya sa tattaunawar siyasa ta shiga cikin yanayi na gazawa. Kodayake a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2023, sarkin Kano Sanusi Lamido Sanusi ya yi nasarar gudanar da tattaunawa tare da gwamnatin soja na Nijar a matsayin shugaban addini na yankin, amma wannan haɗin kai bai haifar da babban sakamako ba. Domin gwamnatin soja ba ta yi wani sassauci a kan muhimman batutuwa kamar lokacin canjin mulki da miƙa mulki ba. A yanayin wannan gazawar tattaunawar siyasa, ECOWAS ta canza dabarunta cikin gaggawa, ta fara matsa lamba ta sanya takunkumi na tattalin arziki a kan gwamnatin sojojin Nijar, da fatan za a tilasta su komawa kan tattaunawa.

Tasirin Takunkumin a Kan Tattalin Arziki

Bayan tattaunawar siyasa ta farko ta ci tura, ECOWAS ta fara sanya takunkumi a hukumance a kan Nijar a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2023. Matakan sun haɗa da rufe iyakokin ƙasa da sama, daskarar da ƙadarorin kuɗi, da katse wutar lantarki (Alake, 2023). Domin kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na wutar lantarkin Nijar ya dogara da Nijeriya ne. Wannan takunkumin ya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga tattalin arziki da rayuwar yau da kullum a Nijar a farkon aiwatar da shi. A matsayinta Nijar da ba ta iyaka da teku, dogaronta ga tashar jiragen ruwa na ƙasar Nijeriya da Benin ya sa ba ta da dabara don yaƙi da munanan sakamakon takunkumi. Farashin kayan masarufi, abinci da man fetur a Nijar ya tashi ƙwarai.

Har ila yau, munanan tasirin takukumi ga ECOWAS ita kanta ya fara bayyana ba da jimawa ba. A farin farawa, gwamnatin soja ta Nijar ta yi amfani da halin rashin kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida don zargi aikin sabon mulkin mallaka na Faransa take yi. Inda tana ƙoƙarin wayar da kan jama’a don su yi haɗin guiwa tare da gwamnati wajen kawar da ‘yan mulkin mallaka. A sakamakon haka, an sha yin zanga-zangar goyon bayan juyin mulkin soja da adawa da dakarun Faransa a birnin Niamey da Agadez. Na biyu, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta ɗauki matakai na rage dogaro da tattalin arzikin ECOWAS. Ta hanyar ƙarfafa haɗin kai da ƙasashen Sahel kamar Mali da Burkina Faso, da kuma buɗe iyakar ƙasa da Aljeriya a arewa don ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci. Haka kuma, tana neman tallafi daga rundunar Wagner ta Rasha domin rage matsin lambar takunkumin tattalin arziki. A lokaci guda kuma, hauhawar farashin abinci ya sa yawan mutanen da ke fama da rashin abinci a Nijar ya ƙaru, kuma rufe iyakoki ya ƙara matsalar ‘yan gudun hijira. Waɗannan matsalolin jinƙai sun ƙara haifar da rashin jin daɗin jama’a a kan takunkumin da ECOWAS ta sanya. Wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin soji ta sami wani goyon bayan ƙasa da ƙasa. A taƙaice, matsin lamba na tattalin arziki daga ECOWAS ya nuna gazawarsa saboda ta kasa tinkarar matsalar canjin fasalin tsarin siyasar yankin. Wanda hakan ya sa ECOWAS tana tunanin ɗaukar matakin tura sojoji a ƙarshe.

Yunƙurin Tura Sojoji

Saboda kasa cim ma matsaya guda a tattaunawar siyasa da kuma gazawar takunkumin tattalin arziki, ECOWAS ta gudanar da Taron Shugabannin Kwamitin Kiyaye Tsaro (Meeting of the ECOWAS Committee of Chiefs of Defence Staff) da Taron Shugabanni na Musamman a farkon watan Agusta, domin tattauna shirin shiga tsakani na ƙarfin soja a Nijar. Sun sanya ranar 6 ga watan Agusta a matsayin lokaci na ƙarshe da sojojin Nijar za su dawo da mulkin dimokuraɗiyya tare da saki Shugaba Bazoum, amma rundunar sojin ba ta mayar da martani gare ta ba.

ECOWAS ta ci gaba da matsa lamba, a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, ƙasashen Côte d’Ivoire da Benin da Senegal da Nijeriya sun tura dakarun soji cikin hanzari don jiran umurni. Hakazalika, daga baya mambobin ƙasashen ECOWAS sun fara samun saɓani kan batun tura sojoji. Nijeriya, wadda take matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar, ta fara nuna jinkiri saboda al’ummar Hausawa da suke maƙwabtaka da ƙasar Nijar sun nuna adawa da yunƙurin tsoma bakin soja. A cikin Senegal, ɗan majalisar na adawa Thierno Alassane Sall ya bayyana a fili yana gargaɗin cewa tsoma bakin soja na iya tayar da “ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin yaƙe-yaƙe a yankin” (Le Monde, 2023). Ƙasashen Mali da Burkina Faso kuwa sun bayyana a fili cewa idan aka yi yaƙi, za su ba da cikakken goyon baya ga ƙawarsu Nijar.

A wajen ECOWAS ma, akwai matsanciyar adawa da tsoma bakin sojan. Shugaban ƙasar Aljeriya, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, ya bayyana a fili cewa duk wani yunƙurin soja da ECOWAS za ta yi a Nijar tamkar barazana ce kai-tsaye ga ƙasar Aljeriya. Ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Rasha ma ta fitar da sanarwa tana adawa da wannan yunƙurin tsoma bakin (BBC News, 2023). A ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga ciki da waje, shirin tsoma bakin sojan ECOWAS ya gagara a hankali. Gwamnatin sojan Nijar ta sanar da tsarin mulki na wucin-gadi na shekaru uku, inda aka ce za a miƙa mulki bayan shekaru uku, da kuma gwamnatin soja ta fara gudanar da ayyukanta don daidaita halin cikin gida. Wannan ya nuna cewa shirin tsoma bakin ECOWAS ya ci tura gaba-ɗaya. Wannan ba wai kawai ya fallasa raguwar ƙarfin jagoranci na ECOWAS ba. Har ma ya bayyana sauyin tsarin siyasar ƙasa da ƙasa na yammacin Afirka sakamakon tasirin sabbin haɗin guiwar ƙasashen Sahel. Babu shakka, wannan ya kawo ƙalubale a kan makomar tsaron yammacin Afirka.

Dalilin Gazawar Shiga Tsakanin ECOWAS

A yayin da ECOWAS take ƙoƙarin shiga tsakanin a juyin mulkin da ya faru a Nijar, duk da cewa ta yi yunƙurin amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, ba su haifar cda sakamako mai kyau ba. Wannan ɓangare ya fito da yadda wasu batutuwan cikin ƙungiyar suka zama manyan dalilan da suka haifar da gazawa wajen shiga tsakanin kamar haka:

Canzawar Matsayar Manyan Ƙasashe

A matsayinta na ƙasa mai ƙarfi a yanki kuma shugabar ƙungiyar ECOWAS a wannan lokaci, Nijeriya ya kamata ta zama jagora kuma hedkwatar yanke shawara a cikin matakin shiga tsakani da ECOWAS ta ɗauka a kan juyin mulkin Nijar. Sai dai matsayar Nijeriya ta riƙa canzawa lokaci zuwa lokaci. Wanda hakan ya haifar da sauyin matsayar ECOWAS gaba-ɗaya. Wannan yana nuna yadda matsalolin cikin gida suke shafar manufofin diflomasiyyar yanki. Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu, bayan ya hau mulki a ƙarshen watan Mayu na shekarar 2023, ya ƙaddamar da manyan sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki. Manyan daga cikin waɗannan sauye-sauyen sun haɗa da cire tallafin man fetur wanda shekaru da dama ake amfani da shi, da kuma daidaita tsarin darajar kuɗi da ya kasance da bambance-bambance. Waɗannan matakai biyu sun haifar da gagarumar illa ga tattalin arzikin cikin gida, inda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ta haura zuwa 28.92% a ƙarshen shekarar 2023. Wannan ya zama yanayi mafi muni cikin tsawon shekaru 27 da suka gabata dangane da tashin farashi, wato har farashin abinci ya tashi da kashi 33.93% (Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics, 2024).

Wannan ya kawo babbar matsin lamba ga tattalin arziki da kasafin kuɗi, kuma ƙarancin kuɗaɗe daga ƙasashen waje ya sa Nijeriya cikin jinkiri wajen yanke shawarar tura sojoji don kwantar da juyin mulkin Nijar. Wani muhimmin abu da yake hana Nijeriya ɗaukar matakin sanya cikakken takunkumi da ma tura sojoji shi ne batun dangantakar al’ummar Hausa da suke tsakanin Nijeriya da Nijar. Hausawa su ne al’umma mafi girma a Nijar, yawansu ya fi rabin yawan jama’ar ƙasar. Haka kuma, Hausawa suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙabilu uku a Nijeriya. Cikin tsawon shekaru da dama, Nijeriya da Nijar sun gina tsarin kasuwanci da hulɗa tsakanin mutane bisa tushen ƙasar Hausa (Hausaland), wanda yake da matuƙar muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Binciken da Babban Bankin Nijeriya (CBN) ya gudanar ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 75% daga cikin kayayyakin Nijeriya take fitarwa ta hanyar kasuwancin da ba a hukumance ba suna shiga cikin Nijar ne (Africa Defense Forum, 2023). Takunkumin da ECOWAS ta sanya wa Nijar ya haifar da tsaikon kayayyaki da yawa a kan iyaka, inda ’yan kasuwa Hausawa da dama suka shiga cikin halin kunci. Hakan ya haddasa rashin jin daɗi daga ɓangaren Hausawa. Bayan sanarwar kashedin ECOWAS na tura sojoji ta fitar, a ranar 12 ga Agusta, jama’a a Kano, birni mafi girma a Arewacin Nijeriya, sun fito kan titi domin yin zanga-zanga, suna nuna adawa da takunkumi, tare da nema a kare ‘yan’uwansu Hausawa da suke a Nijar.

Bayan haka, gargaɗin da ya fito daga ƙasashe irin su Rasha da Aljeriya da Mali, da kuma Burkina Faso ya haifar da tsoron cewa tura sojoji zai haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikicen siyasa da ba a son su faru. Har ila yau, a lokacin da Shugaba Tinubu ya hau mulki, manyan sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da ya ƙaddamar, suna cikin matakin farko, kuma yawancin matsalolin cikin gida ba su samu mafita ba. Duk da cewa ya yi kira ECOWAS ta ɗauki tsauraran matakan a kan gwamnatin soja ta Nijar, amma saboda matsin lamba daga gida da ƙetare, sai ya zaɓi yin sassauci a kan matsalar Nijar. Sauye-sauyen matsayin Nijeriya ya yi tasiri a kan yadda ECOWAS take yanke hukunci a matsayin ƙungiya, kuma a ƙarshe, ECOWAS ta yanke shawarar janye takunkumin da aka sanya wa gwamnatin soja ta Nijar, a sakamakon shawarar shugaba Tinubu a cikin taron.

Takunkumi ko Haɗin Guiwar Tattalin Arziki

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin da ECOWAS ta kafa kanta da su tun asali shi ne ƙarfafa hanyar ’yancin kasuwanci a tsakanin ƙasashe da kuma haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki, don samar da ingantaccen tsarin kasuwaunci kayayyaki da jari da kuma tabbatar da ‘yan kasuwa da ma’aikata daga ƙasashe daban za su iya tsallaka iyakar ƙasashe cikin sauƙi. Amma yayin da juyin mulki ya faru a Nijar, matakan takunkumi na tattalin arziki da na kuɗi da ECOWAS ta ɗauka sun haifar da babban tasiri a cikin gajeren lokaci ga wannan tsarin haɗin guiwar. Musamman ma ga ƙasashen da ba su iyaka da teku na yankin Sahel, wato Burkina Faso da Mali da Nijar, kasuwancinsu ya dogara matuƙa a kan haɗin kai da ƙasashen da suke dab da teku.

Hakazalika, wannan takunkumi bai haifar da sakamako mai kyau, haka ta sa ƙasashen uku suka yanke shawara don fice daga ECOWAS da kuma fara neman hanyoyin fitar da kayayyaki zuwa Arewacin Afirka, damar haɗin guiwar tattalin arzikin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka za ta ragu matuƙa. Har ila yau, idan waɗannan ƙasashe uku suka fice daga ECOWAS gaba-ɗaya, babu shakka ƙasashen yammacin Afirka za su fuskanci ƙarin shingayen haraji da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Wannan zai lalata tsarin haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki da ECOWAS ta gina tsawon shekaru. Idan tsarin takunkumi ya ci gaba da lalata tushen amincewa da juna tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi, ECOWAS za ta fuskanci haɗarin tarwatsewar tattalin arziki da kuma ƙalubalen halascinta (legitimacy crisis) a matsayin wakilci na yankin.

Bayan haka, ƙasashen uku sun daɗe suna dogara ga Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (UEMOA) wajen aiwatar da manufofin kuɗi da haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki. Wannan ƙungiya na amfani da CFA Franc na Yammacin Afirka da kuma tsarin da Babban Bankin Ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka (BCEAO) yake jagoranta domin samun wani mataki na haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki. Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Sahel da ƙasashen uku suka kafa ta sanar da ficewarta daga ECOWAS, ba ta fice kai-tsaye daga UEMOA ba. Sai dai kuma, shugaban gwamnatin sojan Nijar, Abdourahamane Tchiani, ya ambaci yiwuwar ƙasashen ukun ƙaddamar da sabon kuɗi na bai ɗaya a cikin wani jawabi a talabijin, inda ya bayyana cewa: “Kuɗi shi ne mataki na farko wajen kawar da gado daga mulkin mallaka” (Thioune, 2024). Wannan ya kawo ƙalubale kai-tsaye ga tsarin gudanar da harkokin kuɗi da ECOWAS take yi a halin yanzu.

Domin kauce wa tsanantar matsaloli a yankin da kuma kare tsarin kasuwanci da yake kasancewa a yanzu, ECOWAS ta fara aiwatar da matakan sarrafa rikici. Bayan ƙasashen uku sun sanar da ficewarsu daga ECOWAS, ECOWAS ta gudanar da taron ƙoli na musamman a Abuja a watan Fabrairu 2024, inda ta sanar da cewa za ta janye wasu takunkumin tattalin arziki da aka sanya wa waɗannan ƙasashe. A ƙarshen shekara, ECOWAS ta sake bayyana cewa za ta ba su lokacin watanni shida don sake yin tunani a kan ko za su fice daga ƙungiyar gaba-ɗaya ko a’a. Waɗannan matakan sun nuna cewa, a matsayin ƙungiyar haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki na yanki, yanzu ECOWAS tana karkata hankalinta daga tilasta mambobinta don riƙe ƙa’idojinta zuwa ainihin yanayi don tabbatar da ci gaban haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki a yammacin Afirka.

Sauye-sauyen Ruɗanin Siyasa

Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun kafa tsarin mulki na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Sahel ta hanyar juyin mulkin soja. Wanda yake sake tsara yanayin ruɗanin siyasa da tsaro a yammacin Afirka. A cikin ƙungiyar, ta hanyar rattaba hannu a kan yarjejeniyar kare juna da tsarin haɗin guiwar tattalin arziki. Sun mai da tsaron mambobinta fiye da kome, inda suka kafa wani sabon tsarin siyasar tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi da ya kawo cikas ga cigaban ECOWAS. Ban da haka kuma, ƙasashen ukun sun fara faɗaɗa ƙawance da ƙasashe da dama, inda suke amfani da saɓanin da suke da shi da tsofoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka (musamman Faransa). Domin tabbatar ’yantar da kai daga mulkin mallaka. A sakamakon haka, sun samu taimako daga Rasha domin haɗin guiwa a fannonin horar da sojoji da samar da kayayyakin aikin sojoji, da haɓaka haƙa ma’adinai na Uranium. Haka kuma, suna neman buɗe hanyar kasuwanci daga Algeria zuwa Arewacin Afirka da Tekun Bahar Rum, domin kawar da dogaro da ƙasashen ECOWAS. Abin da yake da muhimmanci sosai shi ne, ƙasashen ukun sun fitar da wani sabon fasfot wanda ba yake ɗauke da tambarin ECOWAS, matakin da yake nuna rarrabuwar kai tsakanin tsarin shugabanci na yanki da matsalolin ruɗanin siyasa na yanzu da ECOWAS take fuskantarwaa wannan yanayi.

Kodayake ƙungiyar ƙasashen uku ba su kai ECOWAS ƙarfin soja ba tukuna, amma ta hanyar haɗin kai da samun tallafin kuɗi da shawarwari daga ƙetare, sun sami cigaba sosai wajen gina ƙarfin sojoji. A gefe guda, tun bayan da ECOWAS ta shiga tsakanin juyin mulki na Gambiya a 2017, akwai matsalar rashin gogewa a fagen fama da ƙarancin kuɗin ga ƙasashe mambobin da kuma yunƙurin shiga tsakani ta hanyar tura sojoji na ECOWAS yana fuskantar cikas. Waɗannan suna daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka tilasta wa ECOWAS sassauta matsayinta a kan batun Nijar.

Sakamakon Bincike

A sakamakon wannan bincike an fahimci yanayin matsalolin siyasa na cikin gida na ECOWAS, dogaro da juna a fannin tattalin arziki da dangantakar da take tsakanin al’umommin ƙasashe. Haka kuma, da rashin daidaiton matsayar ƙasashe masu ƙarfi kamar Nijeriya da matsaloli cikin gida, dukkansu sun sa an canja matsaya daga shiga tsakani zuwa sassautawa. Wannan sakamako ya nuna gazawar ƙungiyar yankin wajen daidaita harkoki tsakanin ɓangarori daban-daban.

Haka kuma, ECOWAS ta fitar da “Burin 2050” (ECOWAS Vision 2050) a shekarar 2021, wanda manufar wannan shi ne gina ECOWAS da za ta kasance ƙungiya wadda za ta samar da dunƙulewar ƙungiyar ƙasashen yammacin Afirka ta bai ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wanda za ta samar da zaman lafiya da wadatar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar rayuwa, da ingantaccen tsarin shugabanci da girmama ’yancin ɗan’adam tare da ƙarfafa ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Tsarin ya yi shirin zai faɗaɗa haɗin kai a fannoni da dama kamar kasuwanci da tsarin kuɗi da tsaro (Hou, 2023). Don cim ma wannan buri, ECOWAS ya kamata ta yi amfani da wannan dama wajen zurfafa gyare-gyaren cikin gida, ƙarfafa haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi, da haɓaka ƙwarewar shiga tsakanin rikici cikin gaggawa. Ta hakan ne za a samar da wani ingantaccen tsarin tsaron yanki da zai kasance mai ƙarfi da daidaito, wanda zai wanzar da zaman lafiya da wadata ga dukkan ƙasashen yankin a nan gaba.

Kammalawa

A wannan takarda an yi tsokaci a kan dalilin da suka sa ECOWAS ta canja matakanta na shiga tsakani zuwa sassautawa, ta hanyar nazarin ci gaban juyin mulki a Jamhuriyar Nijar da matakan shiga tsakanin na ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Tsarin shiga tsakani na ECOWAS ya haɗa da tattaunawar siyasa da saka takunkumin da amfani da ƙarfin soja, da kuma yanayin tarihi taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da tsaro a yankin. Halin yanzu inda yawan juyin mulki a yammacin Afirka yake ƙaruwa sosai da saɓanin ra’ayoyin shiga tsakani a cikin mambobin ƙasashe ya nuna tasirin tsoma baki daga ƙasashen waje ya ɓullo sosai, sakamakon matakan shiga tsakani na ECOWAS.

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