Matallafa Koyo Na Gargajiya Tasirinsu Wajen Koyar Da Darussan Hausa

Citation: Ayagi, J.S., Musa, I.I. & Aliyu, S.A. (2025). Matallafa Koyo Na Gargajiya Tasirinsu Wajen Koyar Da Darussan Hausa. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 4(2), 39-45. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2025.v04i02.006.    

MATALLAFA KOYO NA GARGAJIYA TASIRINSU WAJEN KOYAR DA DARUSSAN HAUSA

By

Jibrin Sani Ayagi PhD
Rabi’u Musa Kwankwaso College of Advanced and Remedial Studies
Kano State, Nigeria.
Ayagijibrinsani@gmail.com
+2348061549519

Da 

Idris Ibrahim Musa PhD
Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages
Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education Owerri, Imo State
idrisibrahimusa@gmail.com
+2348085203344

Da 

Salihu Adamu Aliyu
 Rabi’u Musa Kwankwaso College of Advanced and Remedial Studies
Kano State, Nigeria.
salihuadamualiyu@gmail.com
+2348062110482

Tsakure

A wannan takarda mai taken matallafa koyo na gargajiya tasirinsu wajen koyar da darussan Hausa, an nuna irin muhimmiyar rawa da matallafa koyo na gargajiya suke takawa wajen koyar da darussan Hausa. Darussan sun haɗa da abubuwa na al’ada da na yau da kullum da Bahaushe yake aikatawa waɗanda suka haɗa da sana’o’insu da kayayyakin da yake amfani da su a gidajensa da kayayyakin gidan sarauta da hanyoyin da suke amfani da shi wajen tafiye-tafiye da sauransu. An kawo kayayyakin ne domin nuna irin sauƙin da malami yake samu wajen koyo da koyar da al’adun Hausawa a makarantun Firamare da na Sakandare kai har da makarantun gaba da Sakandare.

1.0 Gabatarwa

Wannan takarda ta ƙunshi bayani dangane da irin rawar da matallafa koyo na gargajiya suke bayarwa wajen koyo da koyar da harshen Hausa a makarantu. An yi rubuce-rubuce da dama a kan wannan batu. Kaɗan daga cikin akwai Alhassan (2012) da Muhammad (2008) da Getso (2010) da Miomira (2015) da kuma Zhou da Botha (2008). A duk lokacin da aka yi maganar tasiri, to ana so a yi magana ne a kan abin da ya yi ranjaye a kan wani abu, Ƙƙamusun Hausa (2006:431) ya bayyana ma’anar tasiri da muhimmanci ko dangantaka ko ƙarfi. Saboda haka wannan takarda, za ta yi tsokaci ne a kan irin rawar da matallafa koyo suke bayarwa wajen koyar da darussan Hausa musamman darussan da suka shafi al’adun Hausawa.

1.1 Ma’anar Matallafa Koyo

Masana Ilimi daban-daban, sun bayar da ma’anar abin da ake nufi da matallafa koyo, kaɗan daga ciki sun haɗa da Terry (2008:37) inda yake cewa “Instructional materials are tools used in educational lesson, which include active learning and assessment”, Ma’ana matallafa koyo, kayayyaki ne da ake amfani da su wajen koyar da darasin da ya danganci ilimi wanda ya ƙunshi koyo da gwaji.

Alhassan, (2012:9) cewa ya yi “Instructional materials refers to human and non-human materials and facilities that can be used to ease, encourage, improved and promote teaching learning activities”. Ma’ana matallafa koyo shi ne amfani da kayayyaki da suka haɗa da mutum da abin da ba mutum ba da sauran abubuwan da za su taimaka wajen sauƙaƙa da ƙarfafa da bunƙasa da kuma kawo cigaba wajen koyo da koyarwa. Brophy and Good (1986:46) sun bayyana matallafa koyo da cewa “Instructional materials means all materials that are designed for use by pupils and their teachers as a learning resource and help pupils to acquire facts, skills or opinion or to develop cognitive process.” Ma’ana matallafa koyo shi ne duk wasu kayayyaki da ɗalibai da kuma malaminsu da za su yi amfani da su wajen koyarwa. Su kuma taimaka wa ɗalibai su sami bayanai da fasahohi ko ra’ayoyi cikin sauƙi,

Campbell, (1999:68) cewa ya yi “Instructional materials are primarily a medium for delivery of content, the teacher re-iterates and build on the content”. Ma’ana matallafa koyo na nufin hanya ta isar da saƙo inda malami yake jaddadawa, kuma ya ɗora a kan abin da yake koyarwa. Arisi, (1998:29) cewa ya yi “Instructional materials are defined as items having intellectual content that by design served as a major tool for assisting in the instructional of a subject or course.” Ma’ana matallafa koyo abubuwa ne da suke ƙunshe da ilimi, yanayinsu yana zama kamar makami da yake taimakawa a wajen koyo da koyarwa.

A wannan binciken matallafa koyo na nufin dukkanin wata hanya ko amfani da wani abu da Malami za ya yi, wajen koyo da koyar da ɗalibai wanda zai taimaka masu su fahimci darasi sosai.

1.2 Ma’anar Gargajiya

Masana da dama sun bayyana ma’anar wannan kalmar ta gargajiya, kaɗan daga ciki akwai. Ɗangambo, (1984:2) ya bayyana cewa gargajiya shi ne abin da aka gada kaka da kakanni. Ibrahim (1993:220) cewa ya yi gargajiya shi ne abin da aka gada tun iyaye da kakanni.

Junaidu da Tanimu (2007:66) cewa suka yi gargajiya shi ne abubuwan rayuwar Bahaushe na da can. Muhammad (2003:7) cewa ya yi gargajiya na nufin abin da aka gada tun farkon rayuwa tun kaka da kakanni. CSNL (1977:42) sun bayyana gargajiya da lokacin da can.

A wannan binciken gargajiya na nufin dukkanin abin da al’umma suka riƙa suke amfani da shi na tsawon lokaci kuma babu wanda zai ce ga mafarinsa a cikin ita al’ummar shi ne gargajiya.

2.0 Nau’o’in Matallafa Koyo

Jonovsky, (2003:7) ta kasa kayayyakin koyarwa zuwa gida uku muhimmai.

i)       Na gargajiya (Traditional resources) wanda ya ƙunshi littattafai da sauran matallafa koyo da suke da alaƙa da darasin da ake koyawa.

ii)     Graphic organizers – wanda ya ƙunshi kayayyakin da sai an gansu da ido domin samun sauƙin koyarwa kamar amfani da graph wajen koyar da darasin lissafi ko Taswira (Map) wajen koyar da darasin Geography (Iabarin ƙasa) da History (Tarihi), (Newmans, 2020: 399 da 416).

iii)   Teacher made resources- wannan ko ya ƙunshi duk abin da malami ya ƙirƙira da kansa kamar handout, gwaji, gasa da sauran abubuwan da za su kaifafa basirar ɗalibi.

3.0 Darussan da ake Amfani da kayayyakin Gargajiya Domin Samun Sauƙin Koyo da Koyarwa A Harshen Hausa.

A ƙarƙashin wannan batu, kusan duk kayayyakin da aka yi amfani da su domin nuna misalai a wannan takarda, sun danganci al’ada ta Hausa ne. Wato al’adar gargajiya wanda Hausawa suka gada tun iyaye da kakanni. Duk lokacin da aka ce malami ya zo koyar da su ga ɗalibai ko wanda bai san abin ba, ba a rasa wani abu ko abubuwa daga cikinsu, wanda idan aka nuna shi ga wanɗanda suke koyo, zai kara musu haske, su fahimci aikin sosai saboda haka dangane da wannan takarda, an yi amfani da kayayyakin gargajiya wajen nuna misalan yadda za a koyar da darussan da suka danganci al’adun Hausawa da makamantansu. Ga su kamar haka:

1.      Noma- sana’a ce da ta danganci samar da abin da za a ci ko a sayar ta amfani da ƙasa, domin amfanin al’umma ƙamusun Hausa (2006:359). Duk lokacin da malami zai koyar da wannan darasi, bayan ya faɗi ma’anar noma da kayayyakin da ake amfani da su wajen aikin noma, akwai buƙatar malami ya zo da ire-iren waɗannan kayayyaki a zahiri ko a hotuna domin fahimtar darasin sosai ire-iren waɗannan kaya kuwa sun haɗa da sungumi da hauya da gatari da galma da masassabi da fartanya da lauje da sauransu.

2.      Saƙa – wannan shi ne aikin sassarqa zare da abawa domin fitar da ƙyalle ko kuma sarrafa kaba domin a yi tabarma ko faifai ko malafa ko mafici da sauransu (ƙamusu 2006:385). wato sana’a ce da ta danganci sarrafa zare da abawa domin fitar da ƙyalle. Akwai kayayyakin da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da sana’ar, misali akwai buƙatar a zo da waɗannan kayayyaki a lokacin da ake koyar da wannan darasi ko a ɗauki wanda ake koyawa a kai shi wajen da ake gudanar da sana’ar ko kuma a ɗauki hotunan kayayyakin aikin, wannan zai ƙara sa wa ɗalibai su fahimci darasin sosai. Daga cikin kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a sana’ar akwai, jakin saƙa da matsefi da zare da auduga da massabi da makallatai da waɗari da allera da jakin aƙa kofa biyu, da unkuru da kwarkwaro da sauransu.

3.      Su – Kalmar su kamar yadda yake a cikin ƙamusu (2006:399) shi ne “ farautar kifi a ruwa” Sana’a ce ta farautar dabbobin cikin ruwa kamar kamun kifi da waninsa. A nan bayan malami ya yi bayin ma’anar su da kayayyakin da ake amfani da su wajen sana’ar su akwai buƙatar ya kawo ire-iren kayayyakin a zahiri ko ya kai ɗalibai bakin ruwa wajen da ake sana’ar ko a zana su a takarda domin gane wa idonsu da fahimtar darasin sosai, ire-iren kayayyakin sun haɗa da Taru da Koma da Kalli, Marimari da Suru da Ƙugiya da sauransu.

4.      Kiɗa – kiɗa ko kiɗe shi ne bugun ganga ko kalangu da abin bugawa ( ƙamusu 2006:243). Sana’a ce da ta danganci bugun ganga ko kalangu da abin bugawa a wajen koyar da wannan darasi akwai buƙatar malami ya kawo ire-iren kayan kiɗan Hausawa a zahiri ko a ɗauko hutonansu ko a gayyaci makaɗi ya zo da kayan kiɗansa ko kuma a kai ɗaliban wajen makaɗi domin gani da idonsu, wannan zai taimaka wa ɗalibai su fahimci darasin sosai. Ire-ire waɗannan kayayyaki sun haɗa da ganga, kalangu, tambari, taushi da kotso, jauje da talle, tandu, kurya, kuntuku, banga, kanjau, koriyo na busa da kuge da sarewa da goge da sauransu.

5.      Dakau – Dakau shi ne sana’ar dakan hatsi da mata kan yi a biya su ƙamusu (2006:88) Wato sana’a ce da ta danganci aikatau inda ake sirfa hatsi a daka shi ya yi laushi domin amfani. A wajen koyar da wannan darasi bayan an yi wa ɗalibai bayanin sana’ar, akwai buƙatar a kawo kayan da ake amfani da su wajen yin dakau, misalai, akwai buƙatar a nuna musu ire-iren kayayyakin kamar turmi da taɓarya da dutsen niƙa da sauransu. Saboda wannan zai ƙara taimaka wa ɗalibi ya fahimci darasin sosai.

6.      Jima – jima shi ne sana’ar fidda da gashi daga jikin fatar dabba domin a sarrafata ƙamusu (2006:217). Sana’a ce da ta fuskanci sarrafa fatar dabba. Wato bin wasu hanyoyi domin raba ta da gashin dake jikinta. Wannan ma darasi ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga ɗaliban Hausa. Akwai buƙatar Malami bayan ya yi bayanin sana’ar da kayayyakin aikinta, ya kawo kayayyakin a zahiri ko a ɗauko hotonsu ko ma a kai su wurin da ake yi domin ƙarin haske. Daga cikin ire-iren kayayyakin da ake amfani da shi wajen gudanar da sana’ar jima akwai kartaji da gungume da kayan Jiƙo kamar su bagaruwa da koloko da sauransu.

7.      Dukanci- Dukanci shi ne Sana’ar sarrafa jemammiyar fata. ƙamusu (2006:110). Wannan ma sana’a ce da ta danganci yadda ake sarrafa jemammiyar fata inda ake barinta a samfarerar ta ko a tura ta da nufin yin amfani da ita. Wajen koyar da wannan sana’ar, akwai buƙatar a kawo ire-iren kayayyakin da masu aikin dukanci suke amfani da su wajen aiwatar da sana’arsu a zahiri ko a ɗauko su a hoto ko a zana taswirarsu ko kuma a kai waɗanda ake koyawa wajen da ake aiwatar da sana’ar. Ire-iren waɗannan kayayyakin kuwa sun haɗa da hantsaki da basilla da tuwon Ruwa da tawada da almakashi da zare da sauransu.

8.      Fawa –– Fawa ita ce sana’ar sayar da nama ( ƙamusu 2006; 138), wannan ma sana’a ce da ta fuskanci yanka dabbobi da feɗe su domin samun nama. Akwai kayayyakin da ake amfani da su wajen yin wanann sana’a da suka haɗa da wuƙaƙe kamar su banati da jantaɗi da kurada da gungume da ƙugiya da manyan kwanuka da Ruwa da sauransu. Akwai buƙatar malami ya bi duk hanyar da zai bi ya nuna wa waɗanda yake koyawa waɗannan kayayyaki domin fahimtar darasin sosai.

9.      Gida shi ne wurin zama da ake gina masa ɗakuna da soraye a gewaye da shi, sannan ana kiransa da suna muhalli ko matsuguni (ƙamusun Hausa 2006:164) Darasin da ya ƙunshi kayayyakin gidan Bahaushe, shi ma yana buƙatar a lokacin da ake koyar da darasin, malami bayan ya gama yi musu bayanin da ire-iren kayayyakin gidan Bahaushe, da ya kawo wasu daga cikin kayayyakin a zahiri su gani ko a zana su ko kuma a ɗauki hotunansu ko kuma a ɗauko ɗalibai a kai su gidajen gargajiya na Hausawa su gani da idonsu. Ire-iren waɗannan kayayyaki sun haɗa da turmi da taɓarya, da ƙwarya da ƙoshiya da kwartanniya da dabaibayi da akurki da algarara da asusu da dutsen niƙa da akushi da ludayi da gora da a-ci-bal-bal da faifai da tabarma karauni da sauransu. Kawo su zai taimaka wa mai koyo ya fahimci darasin sosai.

10.  Abinci shi ne duk abin da ake ci domin maganin yunwa (Ƙamusun Hausa 2005:1). Har wa yau, Haka ma darasi da ya danganci ire-iren abincin da Bahaushe yake amfani da shi kamar waina, dambu, burabusko, kunun tsamiya da kunun kanwa, ɗanwake, tuwo da ire-iren miyar da ake haɗawa da shi kamar miyar kuka da ta kuɓewa da turgunnuwa da sauransu. Akwai buƙatar a kawo su ko da a hoto ne wajen waɗanda ake koyawa saboda su fahimci aikin sosai.

11.  Sarauta shi ne shugabanci musamman irin na gargajiya (Ƙamusun Hausa: 2006:391) Idan ko ana darasin da ya shafi sarauta da kayayyaki da suka danganci sarauta, ya zama wajibi malamai ya kawo wa waɗanda yake koyawa kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a masarauta kamar irin su sango da rigar sulke, da sha furji da kutufani da ƙaimi da figini da garkuwa da bata da alkyabba da tsitaka da kuge da kwakwata da sauransu domin su fahimci darasin da aka koya musu sosai, sannan kuma da zarar sun ga kayayyakin a ko’ina, sun san daga in da suka fito.

12.  Gini shi ne ɗora tubala ko bulo wani kan wani tare da yaɓe su da ƙasa ko siminti, domin tayar da gida ko katanga ko ɗaki (ƙamusu 2006:166) Idan ko ana koyar da darasin da ya danganci gine-ginen Hausawa na gargajiya, akwai buƙatar a taɓo nau’o’in gine-ginen Hausawa da suka haɗa da bukka, danni/danga da ɗan boto da tsaiko da tsangaya da rufin ƙasa, da jiro da katangar ƙasa da daɓe da sauransu. Domin samun koyar da wannan darasi, malami zai ɗauki waɗanda yake koyawa zuwan guraren da gine-ginen Hausawa na gargajiya suke, ko ya ɗauko gine-ginen a hoto ya nuna musu, ko kuma ya zana su a takarda ya nuna musu.

13.  Tafiya ta ƙunshi motsawa daga wani wuri zuwa wani wuri (ƙamusun Hausa 2006: 419). Darasin da ya danganci hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye na gargajiya na Hausawa. Akwai buƙatar bayyana hanyoyin tare da ɗaukar hotonsu ko kuma a kai waɗanda ake koya wa guraren da kayayyakin su ke. Wannan zai taimaka musu fahimtar darasin sosai. Ire-iren kayayyakin tafiye-tafiye sun haɗa da:

i)       Dabbobi da suka da haɗa da jaki da doki da raƙumi da shanu.

ii)     Kayan fito da suka haɗa da gora ko masaki ko kwami da sauransu.

iii)   Ƙafa

4.0 Kammalawa

Daga ƙarshe a farkon wannan takarda, an ga yadda aka kawo ma’anar matallafa koyo a mahanga ta ilimi, sannan an kawo ma’anar tasiri da ma’anar gargajiya. An kuma bayyana yadda matallafa koyo na gargajiya suke taimakawa wajen koyar da wasu daga cikin darussan Hausa musamman waɗanda suka danganci al’adun Hausawa, da suka haɗa da sana’a’o’in Hausawa kamar noma da jima, da su da saƙa da kiɗa da fawa da sauransu. Haka ma wajen koyar da kayayyakin da Bahaushe yake amfani da shi a gidansa da ire-ire abincin Bahaushe na gargajiya da kuma kayayyakin sarauta da kuma hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye na gargajiya na duniyar Hausawa da sauransu. Sannan an yi bayanin ire-iren kayayyakin gargajiya da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin matallafa koyo wajen koyar da darussan Hausa.

 Baya ga haka, yana da kyau a yi bayani tare da ba da shawarwari dangane da wuraren da za a iya samun waɗannan kayayyakin na gargajiyar Bahaushe da malami za ya yi amfani da su wajen sauƙaƙa koyo da koyar da harshen Hausa tare da bayyana hanyoyin da za a bi a adana su idan an same su. Daga cikin wuraren da zaa iya samun waɗannan kayayyaki, sun haɗa da:

1.      Kasuwanni: kusan kowane daɗaɗɗen gari na Hausawa, suna da kasuwannin da suke sayar da kayayyakin gargajiyarsu. Idan ake je, za a iya samun wasu daga ciki koma duka.

2.      Gidajen adana kayan tarihi: kusan kowanne garuruwan da Hausawa suke zaune, suna da gidajen da suke adana kayayyakinsu na tarihi. Za a iya kai ɗalibai can ko malami ya je ya ɗauko hotunan kayayyakin ya zo ya nunawa ɗalibansa.

3.      Wuraren da ake gudanar da sana’o’in gargajiya, nan ma hanya ce ta samun su cikin sauƙi.

4.      Ziyayar da malami za ya kai ko ya kai ɗalibansa Hausa Village wato wuri ne da manyan makarantu musamman jami’o’i suke tanada domin adana kayan tarihi da gudanar da wasanni na al’ada lokaci-lokaci ga ɗalibai. A nan ma, za iya  samun kayayyakin cikin sauƙi.

5.      Ziyartar ɗakunan karatu, za ya taimakawa malami da ɗalibai ganin hotunan kayayyaki a cikin ayyuka daban-daban na masu bincike..

6.      Ziyartar yanar gizo, ita ma hanya ce da za ta taimaka wa malami da ɗalibai samun kayan cikin sauƙi.

Hanyoyin da za a adana kayan kuwa, wajibi ne malami ko makaranta su sami wuraren da za a adana su a cikin makaranta domin amfanin ɗaliban da za su zo. Wuraren adana kayan tarihi na garuruwa da sauransu

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