Tasirin Karin-Harshe: Nazarin Wasu Kwayoyin Sauti da Kalmomi da Jumloli a Cikin Waƙar Makada Sa’idu Faru ta Sarkin Kudu Muhammadu Maccido

Citation: Bashir, A. & Umar, A.U. (2024). Tasirin Karin-Harshe: Nazarin Wasu Ƙwayoyin Sauti da Kalmomi da Jumloli a Cikin Waƙar Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru ta Sarkin Kudu Muhammadu Macciɗo. Four Decades of Hausa Royal Songs: Proceedings from the International Conference on the Life and Songs of Makaɗa Sa'idu Faru, 3(3), 255-262. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i03.033.

Tasirin Karin-Harshe: Nazarin Wasu Ƙwayoyin Sauti da Kalmomi da Jumloli a Cikin Waƙar Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru ta Sarkin Kudu Muhammadu Macciɗo

Daga

Abdullahi Bashir
Sashen Koyar da Harsuna da Al’adu
Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau
08036481158
abdullahi.bashir@fugusau.edu.ng

Da

Ali Usman Umar
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Tarayya Lafiya, Jihar Nassarwa
07063758416
aliumarusman@gmail.com

Tsakure

Wannan maƙala ta yi ƙoƙarin lalubo wasu kalmomin karin-harshe a cikin wasu waƙoƙin marigayi makaɗa Sa’idu Faru tare da yin duba a kan zubinsu da ma’anoninsu idan aka kwatanta su da waɗanda akan yi amfani da su a Daidaitacciyar Hausa cikin sadarwar al’ummar Hausa ta yau da kullum. Marigayi Alhaji Sa’idu Faru ya yi amfani da karin-harshensa na Yamma a cikin wasu waƙoƙinsa a inda yakan nuna fasaharsa da ƙwarewarsa a harshe da ma nuna yankin da ya fito. Daga cikin hanyoyin bincike da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da kundayen bincike, bugaggun litittafai da kuma hanyar saurare, sannan an yi nazari tare da juyar sautin waƙa zuwa rubutu wanda aka fi sani da rubutun sauti ‘transcription’. Inda aka nazarci ‘Waƙar Shugaban Safun Gabas riƙa ƙwarai, Muhammadun Amadu Uban Zagi’ ta Sarkin Kudun Sakkwato Muhammadu Macciɗo. Bayan haka, an yi amfani da hanyar bincike ta karin harshe a fayyance, wato ta hanyar siffanta harshe. A ƙarshe, binciken ya gano yadda karin-harshe a mataikai daban-daban na tubalan nazirin harshe (kamar tsarin sauti da gudajin kalma da kuma ginin jumla) suka bayyana ƙarara a cikin waƙar baka, musamman wajen fahintar wasu tsofaffin kalmomi da kuma na fannu da nufin bunƙasa harshe da al’adun Hausawa. Haƙiƙa, ana sa ran wannan bincike zai yi ƙoƙarin ƙara wa masu nazari ƙwarin guiwa wajen gabatar da duk wani aikin bincike da ya shafi karin-harshe da nufin bunƙasa harshen Hausa.

Gabatarwa

Harshe da Adabi sun kasance tamkar ɗan juma ne da ɗan jummai domin kuwa ba ka taɓa raba su ta yadda sukan tafi tare a duk inda aka tunkari fagen nazarin Hausa. Wannan ne ya sa manazarta da sauran ɗalibai sukan yi ƙoƙarin bin wata hanya da za ta yi taza da tsifa dangane da abubuwan da suke faruwa a tsakanin harshe da adabi da kuma al’ada. Hausawa sun kasance masu alfahari ko kuma bugun ƙirji a kan abin da ya shafi harshen Hausa. A don haka ne ma, za a taras suna yawan sauraron waƙokin baka na makaɗa da mawaƙan Hausa don samun nishaɗi da kuma ilimantarwa ko faɗakarwa da sauransu.

Wane ne Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru?

Shi dai marigayi makaɗa Alhaji Sa’idu Faru an haife shi ne a ƙauyen faru da ke ƙarƙashin masarautar Maradun ta jihar Zamfara, arewa maso yamma na ƙasar Nijeriya. Tarihi ya nuna yadda irin waɗannan masarautu suka zauna a ƙarkashin kulawar Daular Usmaniyya. Sanin kowa ne cewa, ita dai wannan daula ta mulki ƙasashen Hausa kamar yadda ta kasance mai naɗawa ko warware rawanin duk wani mai riƙe da sarauta a yankin saboda ƙarfin iko tun bayan jihadi. Marigayi Alhaji Sa’idu Faru wanda ake wa laƙabi da Malamin waƙa wani shahararren mawaƙi ne da aka yi a nan ƙasar Hausa. Wancan laƙabi ya samu ne saboda irin ƙwarewarsa da kuma nuna jaruntaka a harkar waƙa ta baka. Shi dai marigayi Alhaji Sa’idu  Faru an haife shi ne a wajajen shekarar Sannan ya rasu a shekarar 1984. Bayan haka, makaɗin kan yi wa kansa kirari da “Mamman mai kwana ɗumi Na Mamman Na Balaraba” a cikin wasu waƙoƙin nasa duk da cewa, a gida ma akan yi masa laƙabi da ɗan Umma, watau matar ƙanen mahaifinsa (Gusau 2011:117). Marigayi Sa’idu Faru ya samu ilimin addinin musulunci a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, sai dai hakan bai hana shi samun baiwar fasahar kiɗa da waƙa ba wadda ya gada daga mahaifinsa mai suna Abubakar Mai Kotso ɗan Abdu (Abubakar Kusu) wanda shi ma ya yi gadon kiɗa ne daga mahaifinsa mai suna Alu mai kurya. Ita kuwa mahaifiyarsa mutuniyar Banga ce da ke ƙasar Ƙauran Namoda (Gusau 2011:117). A nan, za mu iya cewa, Sa’idu Faru ya gaji kiɗa da waƙa daga mahaifinsa da kakansa, a inda ya rinƙa bin mahaifin nasa tare da ‘yan uwansa wajen yawon kiɗa da waƙa, inda a nan ne ya samu ƙwarin guiwa da kuma basirar kiɗa da waƙa musamman irin na fada. Haka kuma, nuna sha’awarsa ga salon bayar da labarai da sanin tarihi da al’adu da yin sharhi a kan zamantakewar al’ummar Hausawa duk sun sa ya yi sabo da sarkuna da ‘ya’yan sarakai maza da mata a lardin Sakkwato. Sai dai hakan bai hana shi shiga sauran yankunan arewacin Nijeriya ba kamar Kebbi da Zamfara da Katsina da sauransu.

Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin da ya bi tawagar mahaifin nasa zuwa fagen kiɗa da waƙa, Sa’idu Faru ya kasance wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa dangane da harkar kiɗa da waƙa domin kuwa a nan ne ya fara yin suna har aka fara jin ɗuriyarsa a lokacin da ya fara jagorantar tawagar mahaifin nasa yana ɗan shekara talatin, kuma daga nan ne ya samu karɓuwa daga wajen sarakuna na wancan lokaci da ke lardin Sakkwato, watau Daular Usmaniyya. Duk da cewa, marigayi Alhaji Sa’idu Faru bai yi karatun zamani na boko ba sai dai ya yi zurfi a karatun Alƙur’ani mai tsarki kuma ya kasance jajirtacce a lokacin rayuwarsa musamman a fagen waƙa wanda hakan ya sa ya samu ɗaukaka kuma har ya fara haɗuwa da manyan mutane a sanadiyyar wannan sana’a tasa ta gado watau waƙa. Misali a tsakanin shekarar 1953 – 1956 ya haɗu da Mai Alfarma Sarkin Musulmi na 19, Marigayi Alhaji Muhammadu Macciɗo Abubakar III a lokacin yana matsayin Sarkin Gabas, Uban ƙasar Talatar Mafara da kuma matsayinsa na Sarkin Kudun Sakkwato da Gusau, a inda ya ci gaba da yi masa kiɗa da waƙa kuma ya ɗauke shi matsayin Ubangidansa a cikin Sarakuna. A lokacin rayuwarsa, ya kasance ba ya yi wa kowa waƙa sai Basarake. Ya rasu yana da matan aure 3 da ‘ya’ya 26 da jikoki kimanin 20. Sannan kuma ya rasu ya bar ƙanensa Mu’azu Ɗangaladimansa na kiɗa da kuma ɗansa Ibrahim waɗanda su aka sa ran su gaje shi. Sannan ya azurata a sanadiyyar waƙa duba da irin kyaututtukan da samu daga iyayen gidansa ta fuskar sutura da Dawakai da kuɗaɗe da sauaransu, Allah Ya jiƙansa da rahama kuma ya kyautata bayansa.

Ma’anar Karin Harshe

A nan, wannan maƙala ta yi kokarin lalubo waɗansu ayyuka da aka yi a kan abin da ya shafi karin harshe domin ta sami madogara dangane da wannan aikin bincike da ta sanya a gaba wajen ganin haƙarta ta cim ma ruwa game da ayyuka da rayuwar marigayi Alhaji Sa’idu Faru ta fuskar yin duba a kan lamarin karin harshe wanda shi ne kalmominsa suka mamaye mafi yawan waƙoƙin nasa. Ga irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar haka:

Abubakar (1990) ya yi ƙoƙarin yin zuzzurfan bincike a kan karin harshen Sakkwatanci, inda ya yi gano bambancin sunaye tsakanin Sakkwatanci da daidaitacciyar Hausa. Kuma ya yi magana a kan yadda karin harshen Sakkwatanci yakan samar da suna na jinsin mace, wanda ya saɓa wa na daidaitacciyar Hausa. Bayan nan, ya nuna cewa akan iya ƙirƙiro suna ta hanyoyi biyu, watau ta amfani da tushen kalma, da kuma ɗafi. ɗafin zai iya kasancewa ɗafa-goshi da kuma ɗafa-ƙeya ko kuma ɗafa-ƙeya kawai.

Fagge (1982), wannan aikin an gudanar da shi ne a kan ilimin kwatanci a harshen Ingilishi. A cikin wannan aikin an tattauna game da su wane ne Hausawa? Sai aka dubi karin harshen Hausa da rabe-rabensa, sai kuma daidaitacciyar Hausa da Kananci ta fuskar tsarin sauti. Da tsarin naso. An tattauna a kan tsarin tagwan wasula da kuma tasrifi, inda suka nazarci yadda ake jam’inta kalmomi da tsarin jinsintarwa. Wannan aikin yana da alaƙa da wannan maƙala saboda duk sun shafi karin harshen Hausa, sai dai wannan aikin ya keɓanta ne a kan karin harshe a cikin wasu wsƙoƙin Sa’idu Faru.

Muhammad (1986) ya yi aikinsa ne kan kwatanci tsakanin Daidaitacciyar Hausa da Katsinanci kuma a cikin aikin nasa ne ya kawo bambance-bambance da ake samu a karin harshen katsinanci. Sannan ya bayyana irin hanyoyin da yake son yin amfani da su wajen gudanar da bincikensa. Haka kuma, manazarcin ya kawo taƙaitaccen tarihin rubutun harshen Hausa da matsayin Daidaitacciyar Hausa dangane da samuwar hanyar rubutun. Har ila yau, ya bayyana tarihin Katsina da Katsinanci, tarihin tsohuwar daular Katsina da kuma Katsina a lokacin jihadin Shehu Ɗanfodiyo. Muhammad ya yi ƙoƙarin bayyana bambance-bambancen da ake samu ta fuskar baƙaƙe da wasula da bayani a kan abin da ya shafi nahawu, a inda ya dubi wasu mahimman sassan jumla na Daidaitacciyar Hausa da na Katsinanci.

Alƙali (2017) ya yi bayani a kan sigogin bambance-bambancen da akan samu a tsakanin Daidaitacciyar Hausa da Katsinanci ta fuskar furuci da nahawu. A inda ya fito da misalai daga wasu kalmomi na Katsinanci sannan ya kwatanta su da na Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Wannan nazari na Muhammad ya sami alaƙa da wannan nazari ne domin dukkansu a kan karin harshe aka yi su, sai dai wannan aikin ya keɓanta ne a kan tasirin karin harshe a cikin waƙoƙin Sa’idu Faru.

Muharazu da wasu (2008) aikin bincike ne da aka yi a kan Zamfarci, a inda aka kawo rabe-raben Zamfarci tare da kawo tarihin ƙasar Zamfara a taƙaice, sannan aka dubi Zamfara a zamanance. Inda aka yi amfani da tsarin ƙananan hukumomin jahar ta Zamfara. Sun zaɓi ƙaramar hukumar Tsafe wadda ta kasance ma’aunin karin harshen Zamfarci. Kuma an tattauna batun Hausawan jihar Zamfara da yaɗuwar su har zuwa mazaunin wasu ƙabilu. Sannan sun nazarci tsarin sauti da furuci a Zamfarci. Misali; /ts/ da /tc/ lokacin da wasalin /aa/ ya biyo bayan su, da /ɸ/ da takan koma /hw/ da kuma tsakanin /s/ da /sw/ sai /z/ da ke komawa /zw/ da kinin wasalin /y/ da /w/. bayana haka, sun dubi leɓantawa da jam’intawa. Manazartan sun dubi tsarin kalmomin doguwa da gajerar mallaka, da ƙwayar ma’anar mallaka “-rsa” mai komawa “tai” a karin harshen Zamfarci. Wannan bincike yana da alaƙa da wannan nazari domin duk a kan karin harshe ake magana, sai dai wannan aikin ya keɓanta ne a kan tasirin karin harshe a cikin wasu waƙoƙin marigayi makaɗa Sa’idu Faru.

Bunza (2009) ya ce, “Duk yadda marubuci ko mawaƙi ya so ya yi wani bayani dole harshensa na gado ya yi tasiri ga bayanin sa. Idan kuma a cikin harshensa yake rubutu ko waƙa, dole a sami nason Karin harshen wurin da ya fito daga cikin ƙasar Hausa ko Kabi ko Gobir ko Filinge ko Zazzau ko Haɗejiya ko Zamfara da dai sauransu”. Haka kuma, ya ƙara da cewa, asalin Narambaɗa mutumin ƙasar Zamfara ne domin kuwa ya zauna a ƙasar Gobir. Ga wasu daga cikin irin kalmomin da yakan yi amfani da su a waƙarsa na dauri waɗanda ko a cikin Sakkwatawa da Kabawa ba duk ne za su iya gane su ba: Keken Muƙa, Kyafilfita, Kekebuƙe, Tunku, Ganoma, Ganɗo da sauransu (Bunza, 2009:181).

Skinner (1977) ya bayyana Karin harshe da cewa, “wani ɗan bambanci ne da akan samu a yayin amfani da harshe wanda mutane masu magana da harshe ɗaya sukan samu a tsakaninsu”.

Zarruk da wasu (1990:9) sun bayyana ma’anar Karin harshe da cewa, “wasu ‘yan bambance-bambancen lafazi ne da kalmomi da jumloli tsakanin rukunin al’umma ko shiyyoyin ƙasa mai harshe ɗaya”.

Galadanci da wasu (1992:12) sun bayyana Karin harshe a matsayin wani “tsari ne na amfani da harshe, yadda masu magana da harshen suka bambanta da sauran ‘yan uwansu duk da cewa suna gane tare da fahintar junansu”.

Har ila yau, Sani (2009:2) ya yi ƙoƙarin bayyana Karin harshe da cewa, “wani nau’i ne daga cikin nau’o’in harshe ɗaya wanda akan yi amfani da shi musamman a wani sashe na al’umma”. Misali a Hausa akwai kare-karen harsuna da da suka ƙunshi Kananci, Gudduranci, Dauranci, Katsinanci, Zazzaganci da sauransu.

Bashir (2019) ya yi bayani dangane da karin harshe, inda ya nuna cewa, ya ƙunshi lafazi da jerin kalmomi da ginin jumloli da kuma irin dangantakar da ke tsakaninsu ta fuskar ma’ana. Kuma irin waɗannan bambance-bambance ana samun su ne mataki na rukuni ko kuma na nahiya. Sannan ya kawo misalan kalmomin karin harshen a cikin waƙoƙin makaɗa Ibrahim Narambaɗa Tubali, inda ya kawo ire-iren kalmomin da makaɗin yakan yi amfani da su a cikin wasu waƙoƙinsa. Musamman a cikin waƙar da ya yi wa sarkin Gobir Ahmadu Bawa Isa wanda ya yi mulki a tsakanin 1935 - 1975. A cikin aikin an kawo wasu kalmomi na karin harshen Sakkwatanci, misali; Gohe da Gamda’are da Keken-ɓuka da sauransu. Wannan aiki ya sami alaƙa da wannan ta fuskar karin harshe kuma a cikin waƙoƙin baka sai dai akwai bambanci a tsakanin makaɗan da aka kawo.

Duk waɗannan ayyukan na waɗannan masanan suna magana ne a kan abin da ya shafi kare-karen harshen Hausa a ciki har da Sakkwatanci da Zamfarci, a inda suka bambanta da wannan aikin shi ne, wannan aikin ya keɓanta ne kan tasirin karin harshe a cikin wasu waƙoƙi na Sa’idu Faru musamman waɗanda aka ji ɗuriyar karin harshen Sakkwatanci da Zamfarci a cikinsu kamar yadda al’umma sukan yi amfani da su a Hausa musamman kasancewar nan ne yankin da makaɗin ya fito. Wannan maƙala tana ƙoƙarin ganin an taskance irin waɗannan kalmomi na karin harshen Sakkwatanci da Zamfarci don amfanin masu nazari daɗalibai da ma sauran al’ummomi.

Nau’o’in Karin Harshe

Akan yi nazarin harshe a fagen ilimi, hakan ne ma ya sanya masana suka samar da hanyoyi daban-daban don ganin an sami sauƙi a lokacin gudanar da wani ko bincike da ya shafi duk wata kimiyya ta harshe. Karin harshe wani kaso ne daga cikin ƙananan ginshiƙai dangane da hanyoyin nazarin kimiyyar harshe wanda kuma ya kasu zuwa gida biyu kamar haka:

Karin Harshen Nahiya

Wannan ya ƙunshi kare-karen harshen da akan sami mazauna wani yanki ko nahiya sukan yi amfani da shi a matasayin hanyar sadarwa a tsakanin junansu waɗanda suka kasance suna zaune a mazauni ɗaya sannan suka kasance suna masu magana da harshe ɗaya. Ga ire-iren Karin Harshe na Nahiya a ƙasar Hausa kamar haka:

Gabas: Kananci, Zazzaganci, Bausanci, Gudduranci da Haɗejiyanci. Yamma: Sakkwatanci, Kabanci, Gobiranci, Zamfaranci. Arewa: Dauranci, Gumalanci, Katsinanci da sauransu (Fagge, 2002:12). Shi kuwa Salim (1990) ya bayyana cewa, Katsinanci a Yammaci yake, a yayin da Arewaci kuma ya ƙunshi Kurfyanci (Filinge), Aranci (Dogon Dutse), Damagaranci (Damagaram) da sauransu. 

Karin Harshen Rukuni

Wannan ma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan rassan ilimin kimiyyar harshe wanda yake magana a kan Hausar wani rukuni na cikin al’umma kuma yakan iya zama na maza ne ko mata, matsayi ko sana’a da sauransu.

Kalmomin karin harshe

Kasancewar kalma wani lafazi ne mai ɗauke da cikakkiyar ma’ana, a inda akan harhaɗa baƙaƙe da wasula domin su bayar kalma mai ma’ana a lokacin sadarwa. Kuma kalmar nan takan fara ne daga mai gaɓa ɗaya zuwa sama. Haka kuma, akan yi la’akari da tushen kalma ta fuskar ginin Kalma da yadda akan furta ta tare da fahintar ma’anarta. Masana sun yi fashin baƙi dangane da tushen kalma ta fuskar sigoginta waɗanda suka ƙunshi baƙaƙe da wasula, domin kuwa ta fuskar furuci ne akan iya bayyana Karin harshe. Ga misali, a tsakanin kalmomin Karin Harshen yankin Sakkwato da kuma na daidaitacciyar Hausa kamar haka:

Sakkwatanci      D/H 

Ɓaci                      Zagi                                                                   

Batu                     Lamari/Zance             

Kuwwa      Ihu                                

Karen-ɓuki Karen tsafi da sauransu (Bashir, 2019).

 

 

Kalmomin Karin Harshe a Waƙoƙin Sa’idu Faru

Kamar yadda aka bayyana cewa, harshe da adabi tamkar ɗanjuma ne da ɗanjummai domin kuwa idan aka lura za a ga yadda suke cuɗanya da kuma taimakekiniya da juna. Wannan ne ya sanya akan jiyo ɓarɓashin wasu kalmomi waɗanda suke buƙatar fashin baƙi tare da tsettsefewa dangane da ma’anoninsu da ma sigoginsu musamman ga waɗanda ba su saba jin irinsu a cikin hirarsu ta yau da kullum ba.

Waƙar Makaɗa Sa'idu Faru ta Sarkin Kudun Sakkwato Muhammadu Macciɗo (Shugaban Safun Gabas Riƙa Ƙwarai, Muhammadun Amadu Uban Zagi)

Jagora: Yay yi mutun mai ƙoƙari,

: Sannan yay yi mutun mai kyawo,

: Kuma yay yi mutun mummuna,

: Sannan yay yi mutun mai haske,

: Kuma yay yi mutun mai dauni,

: Sannan yay yi mutun mai samu,

: Kuma yay yi mutun busasshe,

: Sai yay yi mutun ɗan Sarki,

: Kuma ya aza bawan Sarki,

: Sannan yay yi mutun mai iko,

: Kuma yaa aza mai roƙo nai.

 

Y/Amshi: Albarkan Nana Uwad Daje,

: Ba mu Mato Muhamman Sarkin Kudu,

: Albarkan Nana Uwad Daje,

: Ba ni Mato Muhamman Sarkin Kudu,

 

Jagora: Laihin yaro shi yi ƙuiya,

: Laihin babba shi yi rowa,

: Ina ƙamnak ka Muhammadu,

: Na tabbataƙ ƙamna ta ka kai,

: Ko kai niyya ba mu Dawakuna,

: Samnan Bahwade sara ya kai,

: Ya ce ko ka ba mu Dawakuna,

: Ran da Sallah ka tashi ƙaura mukai,

 : Ya ce ko ka ba mu Dawakuna,

: Ran da Sallah ka tashi ƙaura mukai,

Jagora: Mamman haraka sai yaj jiya,

: Yac ce kai ko ƙarya kakai,

: Kaura da Gusau da Kwatarkwashi,

: Ɗangulbi da Bunguɗu ham Maru,

: Dud ɗai na ga Mamman Sarkin Kudu,

: Ɗan Dikko yana can yaj jiya,

: Wannan magana ta tabbata,

: Daa inda rana ka fita gabas,

: Har inda rana taka faɗuwa,

: Dud ɗai na ga jikan Ɗanhodiyo,

: Babu wurin da mulki nai yatc tcaya,

Y/Amshi: Dud ɗai na ga jikan Ɗanhodiyo,

: Babu wurin da mulki nai yatc tcaya,

: Kana shire Baban Yan Ruwa,

: Na Bello jikan Ɗanfodiyo,

Jagora: Maganag ga da za ni hwaɗa maka,

‘Y/Amshi: Gagarau ɗan Alu kai min gahwara,

Jagora: Maganag ga da za ni hwaɗa maka,

‘Y/Amshi: Gagarau ɗan Alu kai man gahwara,

: Wada dud aka gado ɗaukaka,

: Wada dud aka gado ƙasura,

: Wada dud aka gadon ci gaba,

: Mamman ka gadi Abubakar,

 : Ko da sayen halin nan akai,

: Baba halin da kakai kuɗɗi shikai,

Jagora: Ko da sayen halin..

Y/Amshi: Halin nan akai,

: Baba halin da kakai kuɗɗi shikai,

Jagora: Ko ni Makiɗinka Uban Zagi,

Y/Amshi: Don na gadi a ba mu garuruwa,

Jagora: Ko ni Makiɗin Uban Zagi,

Y/Amshi: Don na gadi a ba mu garuruwa,

: Na gadi a ba mu jukunkuna,

: Na gadi a ba mu Dawakuna,

: Mamman in Allah yai nuhi,

: Ba mu gari da mutane nai duka,

Jagora: Mamman in...

Y/Amshi: Allah yai nuhi ba mu gari da mutane nai duka,

Jagora: Babban daji kake ɗan Abu,

Y/Amshi: Ko icce ko namun dawa,

Jagora: Babban daji kake Dan Abu,

Y/Amshi: Ko icce ko namun dawa,

: Ko manya ko yan ƙank'ane,

: Da mutun da dabba da itatuwa,

: Kowa ƙamnam Mamman yakai,

: Mamman jikan Attafiru,

: Baba na Sidi, Mamman gwarzon Cika,

Jagora: Mamman...

Y/Amshi: Mamman jikan Attafiru,

: Baba na Sidi,

: Mamman gwarzon Cika,

: Kana tsaye Baban Yan Ruwa,

: Na Bello jikan Ɗanhodiyo,

Jagora: Halin ga da Bubakar yar riƙa,

‘Y/Amshi: Macciɗo kai ka shirin gado haka,

Jagora: Halin ga da Bubakar yar riƙa,

Y/Amshi: Macciɗo kai ka shirin gado haka,

Jagora: Gurbin Giwa....

Y/Amshi: Sai ɗan ta,

: Daudu zaman gurbi sai ɗan Kada,

Jagora: Gurbin Giwa...

Y/Amshi: Sai ɗan ta,

: Zomo anka aza yab bag gida,

: Kana shire Baban Yan Ruwa,

: Na Bello jikan Ɗanhodiyo,

Jagora: Tafiyag ga da kay yi da ba ni nan,

Jagora: / Y/Amshi: Nib bi ka ina gudu ga ni nan,

Jagora: Tafiyag ga da kay yi da ba ni nan,

Y/Amshi: Sai nib bi Gusau sai niw wuce,

: Sai nib bi Kwatarkwashi niw wuce,

: Kuma nib bi ta Tcahe ina gudu,

: Can na kusa kai wa Zariya,

: Dan nan Daudu ni ko sai nitc tcaya,

Jagora: Haka nan fa,

Y/Amshi: Sai S/Zazzau nig gani,

: Yac ce man Muhamman ya tai Haji,

Jagora: Ya tai Haji Mu'azu..

Y/Amshi: Sai nis saki hanya nii gabas,

: Can na taɓa yat tafiya kaɗan,

: Sai nii ishe Suda tana kiyo,

: Tana ta Waƙas S/Kudu,

: Rai nai ya daɗe S/Kudu,

: Alisabinanin ɗan Amadu,

: Allah shi ƙara mai nasara,

: Nic ce Suda Waƙa akai,

: Tac ce lalle Waƙa nikai

: Waƙam Muhamman S/Kudu,

: Waƙan nan da Ɗan Umma yam mashi,

: Ban cin uwats Tsuntsaye nike,

: Inda kamam milki na nikai,

: Da na mai wasik'a yay man Kiɗi,

Jagora: Faru ba..

Y/Amshi: Dan nan nikau sai niw wuce,

: Can na taɓa yat tafiya kaɗan,

: Sai nii ishe Burtu na kiyo,

: Shi na ta Waƙas S/Kudu,

: Rai nai ya daɗe S/Kudu,

: Alisabinanin ɗan Amadu Allah shi ƙara mai nasara,

Jagora: Amin...

Y/Amshi: Nic ce Burtu Waƙa akai,

: Yac ce lalle Waƙa nikai,

: Waƙam Muhamman S/Kudu,

: In na hita za ni wurin kiyo,

: In niz zo abinci sai ije,

Jagora: Ihmmm!

Y/Amshi: Dan nan ni ko sai niw wuce,

: Can na taɓa ‘yar tafiya kaɗan,

: Na kai bakin Bahar Maliya,

: Sai nii ishe Larabawa wurin,

: Suna ta Waƙas S/Kudu

: Rai nai ya daɗe S/Kudu,

: Alisabinanin ɗan Amadu,

: Allah shi ƙara mai nasara,

: Ɗan mai darajja S/Kudu Jikan mai darajja ɗan Amadu,

: Sannan mai darajja shi yay yi shi,

: Shi na gida zanne a Sakkwato,

: In yay Sallah yay casbaha,

: Hasken nashi han nan kallo mukai...

Sakamakon Bincike

Wannan maƙala ta yi ƙoƙarin ganin ta fayyace wasu kalmomin da suka fito a cikin wasu zaɓaɓɓun waƙoƙin Sa’idu Faru musamman ma’anoninsu da kuma irin siffofin da akan iya gane su idan an ji su. A don haka, bayanan da suka zo a ƙarƙashin wannan gaɓa za su fi mayar da hankali ne a kan kalmomin da suka kasance na karin harshen Sakkwato ne da Zamfara, watau wani kaso daga cikin karin harshen yammaci da masana suka raba ta fuskar nazarin harshe. A nan, za a kawo jerin kalmomin karin harshe ne tare da kwatankwacinsu a Daidaitacciyar Hausa sai kuma bayan an karkasa su zuwa ƙananan sassa kamar haka:

I. Matakin Tsarin Sauti (Phonological Level)

S/N	KH	ƘS	DH	ƘS
1.	Nuhi	[h]	Nufi	/ɸ/
2.	Ƙamna	[w]	Ƙauna	/u/
3.	Bahwade	[hw]	Bafade	/ɸ/
4.	Tcahe	[tc]	Tsafe	/s’/
5.	Kuɗɗi	[BN]	Kuɗi	/ɗ/

 

Daga waɗannan samfuran bayanai za mu fahimci cewa makaɗin ya fito daga shiyyar Yamma ne dangane da karin harshensa. Abin lura a nan shi ne yadda ƙwayoyin sautin /ɸ, u, ɸ, ts/ na Daidaitacciyar Hausa suka zama [h, w, hw, tc] a Karin Yamma kowannensu. Yayin da sautin baƙin /ɗ/ a Daidaitacciyar Hausa ya zama nannage / shadda a Karin Yamma, watau sai a sami Baƙin Nannage [B^N]. Wannan sannanen lamari ne da aka sani tsakanin karin harshen Yamma da Daidaitacciyar Hausa inda Makaɗa Sa’idu ya nuna kamar yadda bayanai suka zo a cikin ayyukan masana irin su (Ahmed da Daura 1976; Bello 2018; Umar 2024).

II. Matakin Gudajin Kalma (Lexical Level)

S/N	Karin Harshe	D/H
1.	Gamda’are	Gagararre
2.	Niya	Ni
3.	Wada	Yadda
4.	Ƙasura	Ɗaukaka

 

Waɗannan misalan kalmomi da aka kawo a sama, suna nuna irin bambancin da ake samu a cikin tsarin karin harshen Yamma ta fuskar siga a tsakaninsa da daidaitacciyar Hausa. A inda aka fito da irin waɗannan canje-canje dangane da gundarin kalma a zatinta. Kamar yadda za a ga an sami canji tare da maye gurbin wasu baƙaƙe da wasu a farko ko a tsakiya ko kuma a ƙarshen kalam, misali; inda kalmar gamda’are da niya da wada da kuma ƙasura suke daidai da ma’anar kalmomin gagarare da ni da yadda da kuma ɗaukaka kowannensu. Abin luar shi ne wasu kalmomin suna da kusanci yanayi imma daga farko ko tsakiya ko ƙarshen kalmomin biyu masu kinin ma’ana (synonymy). Abin ban sha’awa a nan shi ne su tsofaffin kalmomin Yamma na dauri ne da suke da ɗanɗanon galmi irin na tubarkallanci a harshe, yayin da na Daidaitaciyyar Hausa suke a matsayin kalmomin zamani waɗanda za a iya cewa kowa ya san su.

III. Matakin Ginin Jumla (Syntactic Level)

S/N	Karin Harshe	D/H
1.	Laihin yaro shi yiƙ ƙuiya	Laifin yaro ya yi ƙiuya
2.	Sai nib bi Gusau niw wuce	Sai na bi Gusau na wuce
3.	Duɗ ɗai na ga ...	Duk ɗaya ne ga ...
4.	Maganag ga da za ni hwaɗa maka	Maganar nan da za ni faɗi maka

A nan, an sami jumloli waɗanda suka zo a karin harshen Yamma suke da zubi daban da Daidaitaciyra Hausa. Babban abin luar sh ne yadda ake samun rufaffiyar gaɓa daga jerin wasu tubala da ke kan iyakar kalmomi biyu; lamarin da ke haifar da shadda ko ɗaurin baƙin da yake biye da kalmar da lamarin ya shafa. Wannan sannanne lamari ne a Hausar Yamma. Haka kuma akwai wani batu da binciken nan ya tsinkayo inda karin-harshe na Yamma yake amfani da katsattsaen wakilin suna a gurbin 'lamarin suna kamar yadda za a gani shi yiƙ ƙiuya  a maimakon ya yi ƙiuya. Sai kuma inda aka sami dirka a inda ya ce duɗ ɗai na  a maimakon duk ɗaya ne a Daidaiciyyara Hausa. Irin waɗannan suna da yawa cikin ɗiyan waƙoƙin makaɗa Sa’idu Faru.    

Kammalawa

Wannan bincike ya kammala ne ta hanyar samun ƙwarin guiwa daga waɗanda suka shirya wannan taro na ƙara wa juna sani a kan tarihin rayuwa da ayyukan marigayi Makaɗa Alhaji Sa’idu Faru wanda tun farko har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa bai da wata sana’a da ta wuce kiɗa da waƙa, duk da cewa ba za a yi mamakin jin hakan ba kasancewar ya taso ne a gidan kiɗa da waƙa ta ɓangaren iyaye da kakanni kamar yadda bayani ya zo a (Gusau, 2011). Haka kuma, a cikin wannan maƙala an fito da irin salon da makaɗin yakan yi amfani da shi a cikin waƙoƙin nasa wajen tsarma wasu kalmomi masu wuyar ganewa ga wanda ba ɗan asalin yankin da shi makaɗin ya fito ba, a inda waɗansu suksn kasance tsofaffin kalmomi ne wasu kuma masu ƙarangiya, a yayin da wasu suka shafi ɓangaren kiɗa da waƙa ne kawai ko kuma harkar sarauta da tasirin addini da sauransu. Haƙika irin waɗannan kalmomi sun taimaka gaya kuma sun yi tasiri ƙwarai da gaske a cikin wakoƙin Sa’idu Faru ta tyadda suka mamaye waƙoƙin nasa saboda duk ta inda ka saurara sai ka ji amonsu. Wannan kuwa ya faru ne a dalilin zaman Makaɗin ɗan asalin ƙasar Sokoto da Zamfara, inda nan ne ya yi wayo har ya laƙanci irin waɗannan kalmomi daga iyaye da sauran ‘yan uwa ko abokan sana’arsa ta kiɗa da waƙa

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