Daga Saliaddeen Sicey
A Rana mai Kamar Ta Yau 20 Ga Watan Afrilu 1817 Allah Ya
Kar6i Rayuwar Shehu Usman Dan Fodio (Mujaddadi) A Sokoto.
An haifi Usman dan Fodio mai wa'azin addinin Musulunci, mai kawo sauyi, masani, kuma dan siyasa a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1754 a kauyen Maratta, a cikin Masautar Gobir na kasar Hausa, a yau a arewacin Najeriya. Ya kasance zuriyar Fulanin farko a kasar Hausa a karni na 15. Ya yi kuruciyarsa wajen neman ilimin addinin Musulunci, sannan ya fara balaga da wa'azi da karantarwa da rubuce-rubuce.
Sunan mahaifinsa Muhammadu Fodiyo. Asalinsu Fulani ne
mutanen Futatoro a cikin kasar Senegal.
A wajen karni na 15 kakanninsa suka yi kaura daga Futatoro
suka zo kasar Hausa a zamanin Sarkin Kano Yakubu. Kakansa shi ne Musa Jaffolo,
yana daga cikin ayarin da suka zo kasar Hausa. Sun fara zama cikin birnin
Kwanni wanda ke cikin Jamhuriyar Nijar ta yau. Yawanci malamai Masana masu ba
da karatu, sannan kuma suna karantarwa haka kuma suna ɗaukar karatu a inda suka samu malamai. Wani
lokaci su kan yi aiki a fadar Sarakuna ko su rika koyar da ‘ya’yan Sarakai
ilimi. Suna da yawa kuma sun bazu kusan ko’ina a kasar Hausa.
Shehu ya yi karatu a wajen Mahaifinsa da kuma kawunsa, daga
nan yayi karatu a wajen malamai masu yawa a wurare daban-daban. Usman Ɗan
Fodio ya haddace ƙur’ani
yana da ƙananan
shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.
Daga cikin muhimman malamansa akwai Malam Jibirila na Agades
wanda ake zaton daga gare shi ne Shehu ya samu tasirin yin jihadi, domin Malam
Jibirila ya yi kokarin yin jihadi a kasashen Buzaye. Shehu ya yi yawo da dama,
bayan ya dawo gida sai ya kama yin wa’azi da karantarwa a wurare irin su Gobir
da Kebbi da Zamfara. Ɗan Fodio ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara ashirin
a rayuwarsa. Ɗan Fodio yana bin ɗarikar
shaykh Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani, wanda shine wanda ya samar da ɗarikar Ƙadiriya.
A wannan lokacin ya samu kasar Hausa na yin wasu abubuwa na
al’adun gargajiya, kamar su bori da tsafi da haɗa
Musulunci da al’adun gargajiya, saboda haka Shehu ya yi tinanin aiwatar da
jihadi don ya kawar da al’adun gargajiya daga gurɓata
addinin Musulunci.
Bayan Haka kuma akwai zalunci mai yawa tsakanin Sarakuna.
Duk irin waɗannan
abubuwan ne suka harzuka Shehu ya sa ya yi jihadi don a daina cuɗanya Musulunci da al’adun
Magu*zanci, a daina zalunci da danne wa talakawa ‘yancinsu, a kuma daina nuna
bambanci wajen shari’a Wannan ya sa ya samu goyon bayan talakawa da dama, domin
irin zalincin da Sarakuna suke yi musu. A lokacin Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo
wannan wa’azin na Shehu ya yi tasiri gare shi, don haka ya yi ‘yan gyare-gyare
a fadarsa, ya rage haraji ya kuma umarci maza Musulmi suke yin rawani, mata
kuma suke yin lulluɓi,
kana Shehu ya zama Malamin ‘ya’yansa. Irin wannan sassauci da Bawa ya yi,
Fadawa ba su ji daɗin
sa ba, domin an toshe musu waɗansu
hanyoyi na samu da zalunci Ran ‘Yan bori ya ɓaci
ganin an kara wa Musulunci daraja su kuma Sana'arsu Ta Dakushe.
Bawa ya rasu a 1796 Miladiyya, sai kaninsa Nafata ya gaje
shi, da hawansa sai Fadawa da ‘Yan bori suka kara zuga shi, don haka sai ya
soke sassaucin da Bawa ya yi, ya kara haraji aka kuma cigaba da zalinci. Nafata
ya ba da umarnin duk wanda bai gaji Musulunci ba, karda ya shiga wanda ya shiga
kuma ya fita.
A shekara ta 1797-98, Sarkin Gobir Nafata na Gobir ya
haramta wa Shaihu wa'azi.
Usman ya ji haushi sosai wanda ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa
Tanbih al-Ikhwan 'ala away al-Sudan (" Game da gwamnatin kasarmu da
kasashe makwabta a Sudan ") Usman ya rubuta: idan sarki musulmi ne,
kasarsa musulmi ce, idan kuma kafiri ne, kasarsa kasa ce ta kafirai.
Nafata bai daɗe
ba ya rasu a 1802. Bayan ya mutu, sai ɗan
Bawa wato Yumfa ya gaje shi. An zaci za a samu kyakkyawan sassauci a wurin
Yumfa domin shi ɗalibin
Shehu ne, to amma sai abun ma ya kara ta’azzara, zugar Fadawa da ‘Yan-bori ta
kara karfi. Ya hana mata lulluɓi
ya hana maza sanya rawani, sannan ya takurawa duk wanda aka ji yana goyon bayan
Shehu Usman Danfodiyo A shekarar 1804, Shehu Ala Tilas ya yi hijira daga ‘Dagel
ya tafi Gudu shi da Almajiransa. (Gudu Wani Gunduma ce A Sokoto)
A kan hanyarsu Almajiran Shehun suka yi mishi Sarkin
Musulmi, (Amirul Muminai) kaninsa Abdullahi Fodiyo da ɗansa Muhammadu Bello aka yi musu Sarakunan
yaki.
A wannan shekarar ne Usman ya fara jihadi ya kafa Daular
Sakkwato. A wannan lokacin, Usman ya tara dimbin magoya baya a cikin Fulani,
Hausawa manoma da makiyaya Toureg.
Bayan Shehu ya tafi Gudu, sai mutane suka dinga biyo shi,
ganin haka sai Sarkin Gobir Yumfa ya yi kokarin hanawa, ya umarci Sarakunansa
da kada su bar kowa ya yi kaura zuwa wurin Shehu, Daga nan sai Yunfa ya nemi
taimako ga sauran shugabannin kasar Hausa, yana mai gargadar su da cewa Usman
zai iya haddasa jihadi mai yaduwa.
Daga nan suka shiga cika aiki, suka rika kama mutanen Shehu
suna azaftar da su, suna kwace musu dukiyoyi amma wannan bai hana mutane zuwa
wurin Shehu ba.
Da Yumfa ya ga haka, sai ya ɗaura
yaki da Shehu a shekarar 1804, ya samu Shehu a Gudu aka fara yaki a Tafkin
Kwatto inda Shehu ya yi nasara. Aka cigaba da yaki har zuwa shekarar 1808,
A Lokacin Da Birnin Alkalawa Ya Fadi
A shekarar 1808, shi da mabiyansa Bayan sun ci Gobir da
kamata, da Kano, da sauran garuruwan Hausa. Ya yi ritaya daga yaki a shekara ta
1811 ya koma koyarwa da rubuce-rubuce amma sojojinsa sun ci gaba da cin galaba
har zuwa 1815. A lokacin da sojojin suka kawo karshen yakinsu, daular Usman dan
Fodio ta hada da mafi yawan yankunan arewacin Najeriya da arewacin Kamaru da
kuma arewacin Kamaru da sassan Nijar.
Shehu Ya yi shekara 20 a can yana rubuce-rubuce da koyarwa
da wa’azi. Kamar yadda yake a sauran al'ummomin Musulunci, samun 'Yancin cin
gashin kan al'ummomin musulmi karkashin jagorancin malamai ya sa aka yi nasarar
bijirewa tsarin mulkin zalinci da kafa shari'a da halifanci na kwarai.
A karon farko a tarihi duk garuruwan kasar Hausa sun kasance
karkashin Daula Daya. Dan Fodio ya kafa sabon babban birni a Sakkwato kuma nan
da nan aka kira wannan daular mulkin daular Sokoto Caliphate (Daular Sokoto).
Jihadin Usman dan Fodio ya zaburar da jerin yake-yake masu
tsarki a duk fadin kasar Sudan ta Yamma tare da sanya Musulunci ya zama babban
imani a tsakanin dimbin al'ummar kasar Senegal har zuwa Chadi. Har ila yau
yunkurinsa ya haifar da Ci gaban wakoki da adabi a Gobir, Kano, Katsina, da
sauran jihohin kasar Hausa. Rubuce-rubucen Larabci da suka wanzu na Daular
Sakkwato sun zarce adadin rubuce-rubucen adabin da aka yi a Sudan ta tsakiya da
yammaci, a shekara ta 1000 Miladiyya.lokacin da Musulunci ya fara bayyana a
Afirka ta Yamma, har zuwa 1802. A Wannan lokacin ana yin amfani da Larabci
sosai wajen Huddar diflomasiyya da wasiku a duk fadin yankin.
Usman dan Fodio ya raba yakin da ya yi tsakanin dan uwansa
Abdullahi da ke mulkin yammacin masarautar, da kuma dansa Muhammad Bello wanda
ya mulki yankin gabashin Masarautar har da jihohin kasar Hausa. A karshen
mulkin Bello a shekara ta 1837, Daular Sokoto, mai yawan mutane miliyan 20, ta
zama daula mafi yawan jama'a a yammacin Afrika. Dan Fodio, wanda ya fara
rayuwarsa a matsayin malami mai akida kuma masanin tauhidi wanda da farko ya yi
watsi da takobi, daga karshe ya zama mai karfi kuma mai ba da umarni na babban
daular soji.
Tutucin da Shehu Usman Dan Fodio Ya Kafa:
1. Kano- Malam Suleman.
2. Katsina- Malam Umarun Dallaji.
3. Katagum- Malam Ibrahim Zaki.
4. Kazaure- Malam Dantunku.
5. Bauchi- Malam Yakubu.
6. Daura- Malam Isiyaku.
7. Adamawa- Malam Moddibo.
8. Hadeja- Malam Sambo.
9. Misau- Malam Goni Muktar.
10. Gombe- Malam Buba Yero.
11. Ilorin- Malam Abdul’alim.
12. Zazzau- Malam Musa.
Matansa:
1.Maimuna
2. Aisha
3. Hauwa’u
4.Hadiza
‘Ya’yansa:
Daga cikin ‘ya’yan Shehu Usman Danfodiyo guda 23, akwai:
1. Muhammad Bello.
2. Nana Asma’u.
3. Abu Bakr Atiku.
4. Sunan Mahaifiyarsa Maimuna.
5. Sunan Mahaifinsa Mallam Muhammadu Fodiyo.
Sunan kaninsa Abdullahi Danfodiyo.
Mutuwa
A shekarar 1815, Usman ya koma Sakkwato, inda Bello ya gina
masa gida a bayan gari. Usman ya rasu a wannan gari a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1817,
yana da shekaru 62. Bayan rasuwarsa, dansa Muhammed Bello, ya gaje shi a
matsayin amirul-muminin, ya zama halifa na biyu na Khalifan Sokoto.
An ba wa ɗan’uwan
Usman Abdullahi sarautar Sarkin Gwandu kuma aka naɗa shi mai kula da Masarautar Nupe ta Yamma.
Don haka, duk jihohin Hausawa, da sassan Nupe da fulani da Bauchi da Adamawa
duk tsarin siyasa daya ne na addini da mulki.
A shekara ta 1830 jihadi ya mamaye mafi yawan yankunan
arewacin Najeriya da kuma arewacin Kamaru. Daga lokacin Usman ɗan Fodio har zuwa turawan
Ingila a farkon karni na 20 akwai halifofi goma sha biyu.
Rubuce Rubuce
Usman ɗan
Fodio "ya rubuta ɗaruruwan
littattafai akan ilimomin musulunci da suka haɗa
da akida, fikihu Malikiyya, hadisi, waƙa da ruhin musulunci", yawancinsu
cikin harshen Larabci ne Ya kuma rubuta kusan wakoki 480 cikin harsunan Larabci
da Fulfulde da Hausa.
Kammalawa
Ana kallon Usman a matsayin shugaban da ya fi kowa gyara a
Afirka. Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin Mujaddadi (mai sabunta imani).
Sanarwa: Wannan rubutu mallakin Saliaddeen Sicey ne.
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