Nazari a Kan Mutuwar Harshe

Table of Contents

• Tsakure
• Gabatarwa
• Mutuwar H arshe a Ilimin Kimiyar Harshe
• Nau’o’in Mutuwar Harshe
•  Dalilan Mutuwar Harshe
• Matakan Mutuwar Harshe
• Mizanan Auna Mutuwar Harshe
•  Ko Akwai Ra’in Nazarin Mutuwar Harshe?
• Hanyoyin Farfa ɗ o da Harshe
• Waiwaye A Kan Ke ɓ a ɓɓ un Kalmomin Nazarin Mutuwar Harshe
• Kammalawa
• Manazarta

Citation: Muhammad, I.A. (2024). Nazari a Kan Mutuwar Harshe. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 3(1), 292-301. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i01.033.

Nazari a Kan Mutuwar Harshe

Daga

Isah Abdullahi Muhammad. Ph.D
Na Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato
Email: amisah2007@yahoo.com
Phon.No: +2347037484144

Tsakure

Batun nazarin mutuwar harshe, reshe na Ilimin Walwalar Harshe, yana da matu ƙ ar muhimmanci da ban sha ’ awa. Duk da yake ko a fagen nazarin kimiyar harshe, batu ne wanda ba ya da farin jini ga manazarta Ilimin Walwalar Harshe . Wannan ya sa bai samu kulawar da ta kamace shi ba, musamman ma wajen manazarta harshen Hausa . Wannan ya sa aka ƙ udurci kawo batun a bisa faifan nazari a wannan takarda . Yawancin bayanai da aka yi a wannan nazarin a n gina su ne a kan tafarkin bayanin mutuwar harshe na Crystal (2003, 2014). Babban abin da wannan takarda ta mayar wa hankali shi ne, fitowa da nazarin mutuwar harshe a zahiri a ri ƙ a jin ɗ uriyarsa a nazarin Hausa. Sakamakon nazari na wannan takarda shi ne fitowa da ma’anar mutuwar harshe da nau’o’insa da matakansa da mizanansa da ra’in nazarinsa da kuma ke ɓ a ɓɓ un kalmomin nazarin mutuwar harshe. Nazar i n yana da manyan sassa hu ɗ u, su ne: Gabatarwa da bayani a kan harshe da mutuwar harshe a ilimin kimiyyar harshe , s ai sakamakon nazari da kammalawa.

Gabatarwa

Harshe fitacciyar hanya ce kuma tsararriya ta sadarwa ga mutane. A wata fahinta, halitta ce wadda Ubangiji ya ke ɓ anci mutum da ita. Duk yadda wata halitta ta la ƙ anci sarrafa harshe abu ne mai wahala ta kai ga mutum. Ha ƙ i ƙ a Mahalicci, ya mallaka wa ‘yan’adam harshe.

Akwai ala ƙ a ta ƙ ud-da- ƙ ud a tsakanin harshe da mutum. Saboda haka, yadda mutum yake da rai wata rana ya mutu. Haka ma, harshe yakan rayu kuma idan lokaci ya yi, ya mutu. Mutuwar harshe fage ne da ake nazarin halin da harshe yake ciki da duk wani abin da ya shafi ha ɓ akar harshe da dur ƙ ushewarsa . Mutuwar harshe ba kamar irin mutuwar mutum ba ce, suna da bambanci. A mafi yawan lokuta, akan sami dalili ɗ aya , ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutum. Sa ɓ anin harshe wanda dalilai da yawa ne suke haifar da mutuwarsa. Akan ce harshe ya mutu ne, idan babu sauran mai iya magana da shi a do ro n ƙ asa ( Crystal, 2014).

Nazarin mutuwar harshe ko a fagen nazarin kimiyyar harshe bai samu cikakkiyar kulawa kamar yadda sauran fannoni suka samu ba. Haka ma a nazarin Hausa, kwata-kwata ba ka jin ɗ uriyar nazarin mutuwar harshe. Wannan ya sa, a nan, aka ƙ udurci ɗ auko batun a fito da shi fili, domin raya shi da nazari n sa da kuma tattaunawa a tsakanin manazarta. A ta ƙ aice, abubuwan da ake son tattaunawa a kan su, su ne: Harshe da mutuwar harshe a kimiyyar harshe. A ƙ ar ƙ ashins u , akwai ma ’ anar mutuwar harshe da nau ’ o ’ insa da matakan mutuwar harshe da mizanan mutuwar harshe da kuma hanyoyin farfa ɗ owa da harshe wanda yake a kan gararin mutuwa.

Harshe

Abin tambaya a nan shi ne, mene ne harshe? Ma’anar harshe ana iya kasa ta gida biyu:

a.      Ma’ana gama-gari

b.      Ke ɓ antacciyar ma’ana

Ma’ana gama-gari, ma’ana ce wadda aka fi samu daga bakunan masana da ma manazarta. Wato dai ma’ana ce ta kai-tsaye. Da za ka tambayi wani a kan ma’anar harshe zai iya ce maka ‘harshe shi ne magana’. A wani lokaci kuma, a ce maka tsararriyar hanyar sadarwa ce. A mizanin wa ɗ annan bayanai, harshe magana ce kuma sadarwa ce ( Bagari, 1986). Anyanwu (2007:7) ya ce:

Language is a type of patterned human behaviour. It is a way; perhaps the most important way; in which human beings interact in social situations.

Fassara:

Harshe yana daga cikin halaye na ɗ an’adam wanda yake da tsari na musamman. Haka kuma, wata muhimmiyar hanyar ce wadda ɗ an’adam yake amfani da ita wajen hul ɗ ayya cikin al’umma.

  Har wa yau, malamin ya kawo wasu siffofin harshe tara na ɗ an’adam. Ga su kamar haka:

1.      Harshe fage ne na ƙ ir ƙ irar abubuwa ( wato ‘ creative ’ da Ingilishi).

2.      Harshe wakili ne ba abin da aka furta ba ne. Wato dai, babu ala ƙ a ta kamanci a tsakanin abin da aka furta da abin kansa ( da Ingilishi, shi ne ‘ arbitrariness ’ ).

3.      Harshe gamin-gambiza ne na sautuka daban-daban wa ɗ anda asali ba wata ma’ana suke da ita ba (Wato ‘duality’ da Ingilishi).

4.      Harshe wata hanya ce da za a yi amfani da ita domin yin lin ƙ aya ga abin da zai faru. Ko kuma har ya faru, ba dole ne sai in yana faruwa ba (wannan shi ne Displacement).

5.      Harshe hanya ce ko kafa ta ya ɗ a al’ada (wato ‘cultural transmission’).

6.      Harshe al’amari ne da ya ginu bisa wani tsari kuma daki-daki, ba kara zube ba. Wato daga matakin sautuka zuwa kalmomi zuwa jumloli (da Ingilishi shi ne ‘Pattern congruity’).

7.      Akwai ala ƙ a ta dindindin a tsakanin kalmomi da ma ’ anarsu (shi ne ‘ Constancy ’ ).

8.      Harshe al’amari ne da ba a sanya masa shinge ( shi ne ‘Versatality’).

9.      Harshe wata hanya ce ta bayyana matsayi ko wata ƙ warewa (wannan shi ne ‘ Specilazation’).

Bauer & Calude (2020:1) ga abin da suke cewa a kan muhimmancin harshe:

Language is a powerful tool that help us to think and make sense of the world, that we use to transmit our cutural histories that we use to entertain, convince, seduce, inform and misleads.... language is everyone business.

Fassarar Marubuci:

Harshe wani babban jigo ne da yake sanya mu zurfafa tunani domin gano hikimar da take ƙ unshe cikin duniya, da harshe ake isar da tarihin al ’ adu kuma a nisha ɗ antar, a gamsar da mutum, a janyo ra’ayinsa kuma a fa ɗ akar, wani lokaci akan yi yaudara da harshe...Ha ƙ i ƙ a harshe hajar kowa ce’

Su ma O’Grady & Dobrovosky & Katamba (1996:1) sun ƙ ara jaddada mana haske, kamar haka:

Language is many things, a system of communication, a medium for though, a vahicle for literary expression, a social institution, a matter for political controvesy a catalyst for nation building.

Fassarar Marubuci:

Harshe sirri ne kome-da-ruwanka, kuma kyakkyawan tsari na sadarwa, kafa ta bayyana fahinta, taska ce da adabi mai ƙ unshe da tsari na rayuwar al ’ umma, hanya ta tafka muhawara ga ‘yan siyasa kuma ginshi ƙ in gina ƙ asa da kawo cigaba.

Wannan dai, ya nuna cewa harshe hanya ce ta yin magana don sadarwa mai siffofi daban-daban.

A ke ɓ antacciyar ma’ana wadda ba ta gama-gari ba. Wato dai, ta ke ɓ anta ne ga fahintar wata mazhaba ko ra’i. A mazhabar Chomsky a karon farko wata halitta ce da take shimfi ɗ e a cikin jikin ɗ an’adam wadda take taimaka masa wajen la ƙ antar harshe, cikin ƙ an ƙ anen lokaci. Kuma la ƙ anta ta ha ƙ i ƙ ani, wadda take sa idan ka yi kure, ya gyara maka. Wannan harshe ne gama-gari, duk halittar ɗ an’adam, tana da shi. Sai kuma, ɓ angare na biyu, wanda yake nuni ga harshen da kowa yake magana da shi wanda mutum ya tashi cikinsa ( Cook & Newson 2007. Carnie 2013).

Mutuwar H arshe a Ilimin Kimiyar Harshe

Ilimin kimiyar harshe, fage ne wanda ake nazari a kan kimiyar da take cikin harshe n ɗ an’adam ( McGregor,2009). Shi ko mutuwar harshe, ɓ angare ne muhimmi a ƙ ar ƙ ashin nazarin walwalar harshe, inda ake duba halin da harshe yake ciki, dangane da cigabansa ko cibayansa. Za ncen mutuwar harshe ya fara samun kulawa ne daga masana harshe daga shekarun 1990. Kamar yadda Crystal (2014: vii) ya bayyana:

In 1992, linguists attending the international linguistics congress in Quebec agreed the following statement:

As the disappearance of any one language constitutes an irretrievable loss to mankind, it is for UNESCO a task of great urgency to respond to this situation by promoting and if possible, sponsoring programs of linguistic organizations for the description in the form of grammars, dictionaries and texts, i ncluding the recording oral literatures, of hitherto unstudied or inadequately documented endangered and dying languages.

Fassarar Marubuci:

A taron ƙ asa-da- ƙ asa na kimiyar harshe da aka yi a Kyuba shekarar 1992, masana kimiyar harshe, sun yi matsaya a kan cewa:

Ha ƙ i ƙ a ɓ acewar harshe ɗ aya a duniya, hasara ce babba ga ɗ an’adam wadda ba ta misaltuwa. Saboda haka, ƙ ungiyar kula da harkokin ilimi da kimiya da al ’ adu ta majalisar ɗ inkin duniya ‘UNESCO’ ta ɗ aura ɗ amarar ɗ aukar mataki na gaggawa a kan wannan al’amari ta hanyar ciyar da harsunan gaba. In zai yiwu hukumar (UNESCO) ta shigo ciki ta hanyar ɗ aukar ɗ awainiyar gudanar da aikin. Wanda ya ƙ unshi samar da ayuka da suke bayani a kan wa ɗ annan harsuna masu rauni, kamar: Littafan nahawu da ƙ amu- ƙ amus da gundarin rubuce-rubuce, ha ɗ a da taskace adabin baka na harsunan da suke da ƙ arancin rubuce-rubuce, sannan suke a ga ɓ ar shu ɗ ewa.

Wannan ya nuna cewa, akwai matsalar mutuwar harshe a duniya, sannan akwai bukatar ɗ aukar mataki. Marubucin (Crystal 2014) ya bayyana cewa kusan rabin harsunan duniya suna a ga ɓ ar mutuwa. A wata majiya ( Newman, 2003) akwai a ƙ alla jimillar harsuna 6000 kafin ƙ arshen wannan ƙ arni rabin wa ɗ annan harsuna za su mutu. Cikin 3000 da suka rage 600 kawai alamu ya nuna za su cigaba da sha ƙ ar iskar duniya. Sauran kuma, za su kwanta-dama. Wannan ya nuna kashi 90% daga cikin harsunan duniya za su mutu. Wata babbar musiba da take ƙ ara rura wutar wannan matsala shi ne, al ’ ummomin wannan ƙ arni hankalinsu yana karkata ne, ga manyan harsunan duniya kamar Ingilishi. Wanda in ba a yi hattara ba, wata rana za a wayi gari da harshe ɗ aya a duniya. Wadda babbar musiba ce da ba a ta ɓ a tunani ko ji ba, a doron duniya. Wannan ya nuna, akwai bu ƙ atar al ’ ummar duniya ta mayar da hankali wajen ceto harsuna masu rauni (Crystal, 2014).

Bayan wannan shimfi ɗ a abin tambaya a nan, shi ne, wai mene ne ‘mutuwar harshe’ (wato ‘language death’ da Ingilishi). Janse (2003:viii) ya ruwaito ma’anar Campbell (1994:1961) inda yake cewa:

The loss of language is due to gradual shift to the dominant language in language contact situation .

Fassara r Marubuci :

Mutuwar harshe shi ne salwantar harshe a dalilin mayar da hankali kacokan ga babban harshe a hali na cu ɗ anyar harsuna.

Crystal (2014:1) yana cewa:

‘A language dies when nobody speaks it any more’

Fassarar Marubuci:

‘ Harshe yakan mutu ne idan aka kai zamanin da ba sauran mai magana da shi’

Can kuma a shafi na 14, ya maimaita magana mai kama da wannan:

‘A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it any more’

Fassarar Marubuci:

‘Ana iya cewa harshe ya mutu idan aka kai zamanin da ba mai magana da shi . ’

Daga wa ɗ annan ma’anoni, ana iya fahintar cewa harshe yakan mutu idan babu sauran mai magana da shi. Wato dai da zaran al’umma ta yi sakaci har aka wayi gari, ba wani mai iya magana da harshen, sai dai a yi musu ta’aziyyar mutuwar harshensu. Makamanciyar wannan ta ta ɓ a faruwa ga harshen ‘Kasabe’ a lardin Adamawa. Inda aka sami shaidun mutuwar ‘Bogon’wanda aka tabbatar shi ka ɗ ai ne ya rage, wanda ya iya magana da harshen. An tabbatar da mutuwarsa a 5 ga watan nuwamba 1995. Haka ma, ga harshen ‘Uboh’ da yake yammacin ‘Caucasian’ a nahiyar Turai. Shi ma mai iya magana da shi na ƙ arshe mai suna ‘ Ubykh ’ , ya mutu ne daidai almurun 8 ga watan oktoba ta 1992. Duk wa ɗ annan harsuna sun shu ɗ e, kamar ba a ta ɓ a yin su a duniya ba. Ka ga an yi hasarar harshen da adabin da kuma al’adunsu duka sun tafi ba dawowa, (Crystal 2014) .

Mai harshe yana iya samun kansa ci k in ɗ aya daga cikin wa ɗ annan halaye:

a.       Musanya harshensa (Language shift): Wato a samu yanayin da al’umma take fifita wani harshe da ba shi kula fiye da nata. Har ta kai, ta bar amfani da harshenta, ta ri ƙ e wanda ba nata ba, tana amfani da shi fiye da nata.

b.      Ku ɓ ucewar harshe (Langugae loss): Shi ne a sami yanayin da mai harshe ya wayi gari, kwata-kwata bai iya magana da harshensa, sai wani harshen.

c.       Kula da harshe (Language maintenance): A nan mai harshe ta kai, yana ɗ aukar wasu matakai na kula da harshensa kada ya ku ɓ uce masa.

d.      Ki shin harshe (Language loyalty): A nan kuma, an lura cewa harshe yana fuskantar wata barazana, sai a dalilin haka, a ɗ auki matakai na cigaba da amfani da shi, (Crystal 2014).

Nau’o’in Mutuwar Harshe

Sasse (1992) ya kawo nau’o’i hu ɗ u na mutuwar harshe, kamar haka:

1.      Mutuwar gaggawa (Sudden death): Mutuwa ce wadda harshe yake yi a dalilin wata annoba wadda ta kashe dukkanin al’umma masu magana da harshe.

2.      Mutuwar kisan gilla ( Radical death): Wannan yana da ala ƙ a da manufofin siyasar danniya, inda za a haramta amfani da wani harshe. Duk wanda ya yi magana da shi, a kashe shi. Wanda bisa tilas , a daina amfani da ha r she, ba don rai ya so ba.

3.      Mutuwa ta tsanaki ( Gradual death): Harshe yakan mutu idan al’ummar da take amfani da shi , ta fara daina amfani da shi, ta rungumi wani harshe daban, saboda dalilai masu ala ƙ a da siyasa da tattalin arziki.

4.      Mutuwa ta musamman (Bottom to top death): Wannan yana faruwa ne a dalilin ke ɓ ance amfani da harshe a wani muhalli na musamman. Kamar wajen harakar addini ko wasu bukukuwa da ake yi jefi-jefi.

 Dalilan Mutuwar Harshe

Dalilan da suke haifar da mutuwar harshe suna da yawa. To amma, za a kawo manya-manyan dalilan da suke haifar da salwantar da harshe. Wa ɗ annan dalilai suna da ala ƙ a da: (a) Addini (b) Siyasa (c) Tattalin arziki (d) Mulkin mallaka (e) Yawaita aro.

A cikin littafan addinin Yahudawa da na Nasara, an nuna saboda yawan sa ɓ on da ‘yan’adam suke yi, sai Allah ya yi fushi da su, wannan ya sa harsunan mutane suka bambanta sa ɓ anin harshe ɗ aya. Wannan yana nuna ke nan samun harsuna daban-daban sharri ne ba alhairi ba ne, ya kamata a ya ƙ e shi. Ta fuskar siyasa kuwa, da yawa ake samun fito da wasu manufofi da dokoki wa ɗ anda suke illa ne ga ƙ ananan harsuna. Sannan suna ƙ ara wa harsuna masu ƙ arfi, ƙ arfi. Tattalin arzikin masu harshe yana daga cikin abin da yake ƙ ara wa harshensu ƙ arfi da matsayi a cikin al ’ umma. Su kuma harsunan masu ƙ aramin ƙ arfi ba za su sami wata kulawa ba. Shi ko mulkin mallaka, tuni ya dasa wa ƙ ananan harsuna tarko, wanda har wa yau suna cikinsa ba ranar fit a . Wato dai, ‘yan mulkin mallaka suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen karya darajar harsunan ƙ asa. Sai suka mayar da harshensu a matsayin harshen mulki. Wannan ya sa a kodayaushe, musamman wurare masu muhimmanci ba za a yi amfani da kowane harshe ba, sai harshensu. Haka ma, yawaita aro na ba-gaira-ba-dalili, shi ma yana nakasa harshe, har ta kai wata rana, ya kai ga kashe harshe, (Crystal 2014) .

Matakan Mutuwar Harshe

Har wa yau, Sasse (1992) ya kawo mana matakai uku na mutuwar harshe, kamar haka:

a.      Musanya harshe (Languge shift): Al’umma saboda wasu dalilai, suna iya karkata ga amfani da wani harshe wanda ba harshensu ba. Sannu a hankali, tun da sun fifita shi bisa amfani da nasu, sai ya zama sanadiyar ajalin harshensu.Wannan ne matakin farko.

b.      Gur ɓ acewar harshe (Language decay): Wato inda aka sami, al’umma tana amfani da harshe, yadda ta ga dama, ba tare da kiyaye dokokin harshe ba, wata ƙ ila saboda tasirin wani harshe a kan nasu. Wannan ma, yana kai wa ga mutuwar harshe.Wannan ne mataki na biyu.

c.       Mutuwar harshe (language death): Wannan shi ne mataki na ƙ arshe. Da zaran masu harshe, suka musanya harshensu, saboda ba su yawan amfani da shi, to zai gur ɓ ata. Bayan gur ɓ ata, sai lalacewa. Daga nan sai mutuwa.

Mizanan Auna Mutuwar Harshe

Masana harshe, sun kawo mizanai daban-daban na auna mutuwar harshe. Kodayake dukkansu ana iya kasa su zuwa manya sassa uku a ta ƙ aice. kamar haka:

a.      Harsuna tsayayyu (Safe languages): Wato harsuna tsayayyu wa ɗ anda ba su tsoron wata barazana. H arsuna ne da suke cikin ganiyarsu.

b.      Harsuna masu rauni (Endangered languages): Wa ɗ annan rukunin harsuna ne masu rauni ta fuskoki daban-daban. Harsuna ne da suke fuskantar barazanar manyan harsuna.

c.       Matattun harsuna ( Extinct languages): Rukunin harsuna ne da suka riga mu gidan gaskiya. (Crystal, 2014).

Wa ɗ annan mizanai an fa ɗ a ɗ a su, kamar haka: Akan sami harshe tsayayye mai ƙ arfi (viable). Kamar harshen Ingilishi, domin harshe ne wanda ya mallaki gida da daji. Sannan kullum aka wayi gari ƙ arfi yake ƙ arawa. Wannan ya sa ake ganin, shi ne harshe na ɗ aya a duniya (Crystal, 2003). Sai masu take masa baya, wato harsuna tsayayyu amma masu matsakaicin ƙ arfi (Small viable). Daga nan, sai kuma rukunin harsuna masu rauni (Endangered). Daga cikinsu akwai wa ɗ anda masu magana da su, suna da yawa amma kash! An ta ƙ aita amfani da shi a wurare masu muhimmanci. Akwai wa ɗ anda rauninsu ya yi yawa, tsofaffi kawai ne, suke iya magana da shi, ban da matasa. Da Ing i lishi shi ake kira ‘Nearly Extinction’.

Haka ma, Crystal (2014) ya ruwaito bayanan Stephen Wurm wanda ya yi a kan kashe-kashen matakan harsuna masu rauni:

1.      Harsunan da aka tauye ( Potentially endangered): Rukunin harsuna ne masu ƙ arfi idan aka ba su dama. Sai dai, manyan harsuna sun tauye su. Ma ’ ana sun nuna musu ruwa ba sa ’ ar kwando ba ne.

2.      Harsuna masu rauni ( Endangered languages): A nan, ana nuni ne ga harsuna masu rauni, saboda matasan da suka iya harshen ka ɗ an ne ba su da yawa. Amma tsofaffi da yawa suka iya harshen.

3.      Harsuna masu matu ƙ ar rauni (Seriously endangered languages): Harsunan da kwata-kwata matasa ‘yan asalin harshen ba su jin harshen , t sofaffi kawai suka iya magana da shi.

4.      Harsunan da suke ga ɓ ar mutuwa ( Moribund): Rukuni ne na harsuna, wa ɗ anda suka iya magana da su, tsofaffi ne sosai kuma ba su da yawa, ‘yan ka ɗ an ne. Wato ko cikin tsofaffin ba kowa yake iya magana da su ba.

5.      Matattun harsuna ( Extinct languages): Rukunin harsuna ne da babu sauran mai magana da su a duniya ( Bunza, 2017).

Dole ne, al’umma ta ankara a kan matakin da harshenta yake. Shin yana cigaba ne ko yana cibaya ? Domin kuwa, harshe al’amari ne muhimmi:

a.      Harshe kafa ce ta ya ɗ a zaman lafiya da hana tashin hankali cikin al’umma.

b.      Harshe yana ƙ ara inganta tattalin arzikin al ’ umma, domin zai sau ƙ a ƙ a hul ɗ ayyar ciniki.

c.       Samun harsuna daban-daban a ƙ asa, ba musiba ba c e, alheri ne kuma ƙ awa ce na al ’ ummar.

d.     Kar a manta harshe tushe ne kuma asali ne na al’umma.

e.      Harshe taska ce ta tarihi.

f.        Harshe fage ne na ilimi.

g.       Rumbu na kyawawan halayen al’umma.

h.      Kuma rumbu ne na al’adun al’umma. (Crystal. 2014).

Idan har wa ɗ annan alherai, ana samunsu ta fuskar harshe, ta yaya al’umma za ta yi wa harshenta ri ƙ on sakainiyar kashi?

 Ko Akwai Ra’in Nazarin Mutuwar Harshe?

Haspelmath (2009:3) ya bayyana ma’anar ra’i (theory) kamar haka: ‘..a sophistacated metalanguage for describing languages’ ma’ana ‘ingantattun ke ɓ a ɓɓ un kalmomi masu zurfin ma’ana da aka tanadar domin bayanin kowane harshe’. Sasse (1992) ya tabbatar da cewa, ya zuwa yau, babu wani tsayayyen ra’in nazarin mutuwar harshe. Neman ra’in ɓ ata lokaci ne. Amma duk da hakan, ya yi nasa yun ƙ urin na samar da wata sahihiyar hanya ta fito da halin da harshe yake cikin matsayin ra ’ i. Inda a ta ƙ aice, ya kawo abubuwa uku da za a yi la’akari da su. Domin ya nuna duk akasarin nazarce-nazarcen da aka yi baya a kan mutuwar harshe, sun ƙ unshi abu uku, sannan ana iya amfani da su don fito da wani ra ’ i na nazarin mutuwar harshe:

1.      Fito da dalilan mutuwar harshe na waje ( External setting): Kamar dalilai na zamantakewa da siyaya da tattalin arziki.

2.      Dalilai na walwalar harshe, (Speech behaviour): Wato dalilai ne na masu nuna halayyar da mutane suke nuna wa harshensu.

3.      Sai dalilai na fasalin harshe ( Structural description): Wato dalilai na tsarin harshe wato kamar tsarin sauti da ƙ irar kalma da ginin jumla.

Hanyoyin Farfa ɗ o da Harshe

Crystal (2014) ya yi bayani mai matu ƙ ar muhimmanci da ma ’ ana a kan hayoyin da za a bi wajen kare harshe daga ta ɓ ar ɓ arewa da kuma farfa ɗ o da shi. Na farko abin da za a fara shi ne:

a.      Tattara bayanai a kan harshe don fayyace inda matsalar take. Wanda ya ƙ unshi: Adadin masu harshe da muhallin mai harshe yake rayuwa da ɗ abi’un da masu harshe suke nuna wa harshensu da ra’ayinsu a kan farfa ɗ o da harshensu da ma yiwuwar farfa ɗ owa da harshen da kuma yanayin la ƙ antar harshensu.

b.      Tacewa da fitowa da manyan matsalolin da harshe yake fuskanta.

c.       Cusa kishin harshe ga al’umma.

d.     Fitowa da gangariyar harshe da kare-karensa.

e.      Fahintar da al’umma cewa harshe babban ginshi ƙ i ne na al’ada.

f.        Kwa ɗ aitar da al’umma wajen yi wa harshensu hidima.

g.      Ɗ aga darajar harshe ta hanyar ya ɗ a shi da amfani da shi.

h.      Masu harshe su du ƙ ufa wajen ha ɓ aka tattalin arzikinsu. Wato su shiga harkar kasuwanci ka’in-da-na’in, su zama masu ƙ arfin fa ɗ a-a-ji a cikin al’umma.

i.        Masu harshe su kasance masu fa ɗ a-a-ji a harakar zartar da dokoki. Wanda zai taimaka ƙ warai wajen samar da dokoki masu ɗ aga darajar harshensu.

j.        Masu harshe su yi ƙ o ƙ arin wajen samun ƙ arfin-fada-a-ji a harakar ilimi.

k.      Masu harshe mafi yawansu su kasance suna iya karatu da rubutu.

l.        Masu harshe su ƙ ara ƙ aimi sosai wajen yayata harshensu a kafafen ya ɗ a labarai na zamani.

Abin da yawa, mutuwa ta shigo kasuwa! Malamin (Crystal, 2014), ya tabbatar da cewa muddin masu harshe suka yi amfani da wa ɗ annan shawarwari to ba shakka, harshe zai sami ɗ aukaka da cigaba a cikin tsaransa sauran harsunan duniya. Kamar yadda wasu harsuna suka samu, kamar harshen Ingilishi.

A yau harshen Ingilishi, ya zarce duk wani harshe a duniya. Saboda ko, a yau wasu manazarta suna ganin Ingilishi ya wuce ya zama mallakin wata ke ɓ antacciyar al’umma tilo. Sai dai a ɗ auke shi a matsayin harshe na alummar duniya (Wato ‘global language’). Wasu suna ganin, in ba a yi hattara ba, za a kai ga lokacin da harshe ‘Ingilishi’ ka ɗ ai zai rage a duniya. Dalilin wannan hasashe, shi ne duba da yadda harshen yake ƙ ara samun ƙ arfi da kar ɓ uwa a duniya. A ta ƙ aice Ingilishi, harshe ne wanda:

a.      Ya mamaye yankin Turai da na ma ƙ wabta, sannan ya fa ɗ a ɗ a ƙ arfinsa a sauran ma ƙ wabta na nesa.

b.      Harshe ne da ƙ asashe a ƙ alla saba’in suke amfani da shi a matsayin harshen ƙ asa.

c.       Harshe mai ƙ arfin fa ɗ a-a-ji a siyasar duniya da tattalin arziki da ɓ angaren ilimi da harkonin kimiya da fasaha da sauransu (Crystal, 2003).

Abin da yake da muhimmanci a nan shi ne, gano hanyoyin da harshen Ingilishi ya bi, ya kai ga wannan nasara. Wata ƙ ila, wata rana zai yiwu Hausa ta sami makamancinsa. Wannan ba zai ta ɓ a samuwa ba, sai in al’ummar Hausawa ta saukar da nauyin da yake a kanta na nuna kulawa ga harshenta.

Waiwaye A Kan Ke ɓ a ɓɓ un Kalmomin Nazarin Mutuwar Harshe

A nan kuma, za a kawo ke ɓ a ɓɓ un kalmomi da fassararsu na wucin-gadi a kan batun nazarin mutuwar harshe a Hausa. Ga su kamar haka:

1.      Harshèe ( H ) ‘Language’: Tsararriyar hanya ce ta sadarwar ɗ an’adam. Akwai fahinta gama-gari a kan harshe. Watau shi ne kallon harshe a matsayin ‘magana’. To, amma akwai ke ɓ antacciyar ma’ana, inda ake kallon harshe a matsayin wata ke ɓ antacciyar halitta ta ɗ an’adam. Wadda da ita ce ta sa ya zama gagarabadau ta fuskar harshe, wadda ba ya bu ƙ atar wani dogon koyo, kai-tsaye zai iya gane kure har ya yi nufin gyara, sabada la ƙ antar harshe da ya yi ( Cook & Newton, 2007, Carnie 2013).

2.      Mutuwàr harshèe (M.H) ‘ Language death ’ : Idan aka wayi gari babu mai iya magana da harshe, to, harshe ya mutu. Ko kuma, a sami al’umma saboda wasu dalilai ta juya wa harshenta baya zuwa wani harshe can daban. Misali kamar harshen ‘Ubykh’ ya mutu a 1992, Kasabe ma, ya mutu a 1995. Yau a duniya kaf! Babu mai iya magana da su (Crystal 2003). Masana harshe, sun nuna a ƙ alla akwai harsuna 6000 a duniya, rabinsu sun ɓ ace ɓ at! Harsuna 600 suke raye, wa ɗ anda suka sami gata na rubutu da nazari ba su kai 300 ba (Thomas 1997, Bauer 2007). A fagen nazarin mutuwar harshe, ake fayyace matsayin harshe ta fuskar cigabansa da ya ɗ uwarsa da kuma ta ɓ ar ɓ arewarsa.

3.      Mùsanyan harshèe (M.H), ‘Language shift’: Inda al’umma ta fara ba harshenta baya, saboda wasu dalilai masu ala ƙ a da ilimi ko siyasa ko tattatlin arziki zuwa wani harshe.

4.      Ɓ acèewar harshèe ( Ɓ .H) ‘ Language loss ’ : A wayi gari kwata-kwata mai harshe bai iya magana da harshensa ba, sai dai wani harshen daban.

5.       Kùlaa dà harshèe (K.H) ‘Language maintenance’: Watau inda masu harshe suka wayi gari rauninsu ya bayyana, alamomin mutuwar harshe ta bayyana ƙ arara ga hrashensu, daga nan sai a fara ‘ yan kame-kame da sunan kula da harshen, wata ƙ ila, idan an yi nasara sai su cuce shi.

6.      K i ishìn harshèe (KSH.H) ‘Language loyalty’: Ɗ aukar matakan yawan amfani da harshe saboda barazanar wasu harsuna. Sai a yawaita amfani da shi.

7.      Mutuwàr gagg a aw a a (M.G) ‘Sudden death’: Nau’i ne na mutuwar harshe a dalilin wata annoba da ta kashe dukkanin masu harshe.

8.       Mutuwàr gillà ( M.H) ‘Radical death’: Shi ma, nu’i ne na mutawar harshe, wanda yake da ala ƙ a da mulkin danniya, wato inda za a hana amfani da harshe, wanda ya yi kuma, sai a kashe shi.

9.      Mutuwàr tsànaakii (M.Tsnk) ‘Gradual death’: Nau’i ne na mutuwar harshe, inda aka sami al’umma da kanta ta ba da baya ga harshensu saboda wasu dalilai.

10.  Mutuwàa ta mùsammàn (M.M) ‘Bottom to top death’: Nau’i ne na mutuwar harshe wanda aka ke ɓ ance amfani da harshe, sai a wurare na musamman ( kamar na ibada).

11.  Tsàyàyyun harsunàa (Ts.H) ‘Safe languages’: Matsayi ne na cigaban harshe, misali Ingilishi, tsayayyen harshe ne, saboda ya mamaye yankin Turai, harshe ne na ƙ asa a ƙ asashe a ƙ alla saba ’ in (70). Yana da matu ƙ ar fa ɗ a-a-ji, a siyasar duniya da tattalin arziki da ilimi. Akwai matsakaita masu ƙ arfi musamman a yankunansu. A ta ƙ aice, Ingilishi a yau, shi ka ɗ ai ne harshen duniya watau ‘Global language’.

12.  Raun i i (R) ‘Endangered language’: Matsayi ne na rukunin harsuna masu rauni, saboda dalilai daban-daban. Masu ala ƙ a da manyan harsuna da halayyar al’umma ga harshensu da sauransu.

13.  Sàlwàntàttun harsunàa (S.H) ‘Extinct languages’: Shu ɗ a ɗɗ un harsuna ne da suka kwanta-dama.

14.  Harshèn dà akà ni i sànt a a (H.A.N) ‘Abandoned language’: Harshe ne wanda masu harshe suka yi fatali da shi, saboda wani dalili.

15.  Harshèn dà àl’ummàa ta rùngumàa (H.A.R) ‘Target langauage’: Harshen da al’umma ta mayar wa hankali, ta jingine nata.

16.  Madarar harshèe (M.H) ‘Primary language’: Wannan cikakkiyar kamala ce ta harshe.

17.  Harshè nùunar ra a n a a (H.N.R) ‘Second a ry language’: Wannan kuma, ragaggiyar siffa ce ta harshe.

18.  M u sànyà harshèe (M.H) ‘Language Replacement’: Inda al’umma ta sauya harshenta ta za ɓ i wani.

19.  Sadar dà harshèe (S.H) ‘Language transmission’: Matakin koyar da harshe ga masu tasowa wato ƙ anana. Babbar garkuwa ce ga mutuwar harshe.

20.  Màtàakan sadar dà harshèe (M.S.H) ‘ Langauge Transmission Strategies’: Matakan da ake ɗ auka don hana mutuwar harshe da koyar da shi ga ƙ anana.

21.  Gaa ɓ àr mutuwàa (G.M) ‘Moribund’: Rukunin harsuna ne wa ɗ anda suke gab da mutuwa, masu jin sa ‘yan ƙ alilan ne.

22.  Gur ɓ àacêwar harshèe (G.H) ‘Language decay’: Inda aka sami saboda rashin kulawa, al’umma harshenta ya gur ɓ ace a dalilin ma ƙ wabataka da wasu harsuna.

23.   Mài raunin harshèe (M.R.H) ‘Semi-Speaker’: Wanda bai la ƙ anci harshe da kyau ba.

24.  Mài màganàa na ƙ àrsh e e (M.M.N. Ƙ ) ‘ Terminal Language ’ : Wanda shi ka ɗ ai ya rage a duniya wanda yake iya magana da harshe.

25.  Nàkasàr harshèe (H.L) ‘Reduction’: Amfani da Harshe wanda yake nakasasshe mai matu ƙ ar rauni, marar gar ɗ i.

26.  Harshèe gàmà-gàr i i (H.G) ‘Global language’: Ba duk harshe yake samun kai wa wannan matsayi ba. Sai wanda Allah ya yi wa wannan ɗ aukaka. Watau harshe ne, wanda a duniya babu inda bai sami matsayi na musamman ba. Bayan ya mamaye yankinsa ko nahiyarsa. A wasu sassan duniya ma, yana a gaba. Sannan harshe ne, wanda ya fi ƙ arfin a jingina shi ga wata ƙ abila ɗ aya, saboda ya ɗ uwarsa. Kuma a kullum ƙ ara ƙ arfi yake yi. Zuwa yau, harshen Ingilishi kawai ya kai wannan matsayi. Domin wa ɗ annan dalilai:

a.      Ya mamaye yankin Turai da na ma ƙ wabta, sannan ya fa ɗ a ɗ a ƙ arfinsa a sauran ma ƙ wabta na nesa.

b.      Harshe ne da ƙ asashe a ƙ alla saba ’ in suke amfani da shi a matsayin harshen ƙ asa.

Harshe ne mai ƙ arfin fa ɗ a-a-ji a siyasar duniya da tattalin arziki da ɓ angaren ilimi da harkokin kimiya da fasaha da sauransu (Crystal, 2003)

27.   Harsunàa màasu rauni (H.M.R) ‘Endangered language’: Harsuna ne wa ɗ anda suka kasance masu rauni ko ta fuskar siyasa ko ta tattalin arziki ko saboda wasu dalilai.

28.  Farfa ɗ o dà Harshèe (F. H) ‘Language Revitalization’: Matakai ne da za a ɗ auka wajen farfar ɗ o da harshe daga gararin mutuwa ko salwanta ko kuma da ƙ ushewa.

Kammalawa

Wannan nazari ya yi magana ne, a kan batun mutuwar harshe a Hausa. Domin sau ƙ a ƙ a tattaunawar an kasa nazarin zuwa sassa bakwai: Ma’anar mutuwar harshe da nau’o’in mutuwar harshe da matakan mutuwar harshe da mizanan mutuwar harshe da kuma ra’in mutuwar harshe da hanyoyin farfar ɗ o da harshe da kuma jerin gwanon ke ɓ a ɓɓ un kalmomin fashin ba ƙ in mutuwar harshe a Hausa. Babban gurin wannan nazari shi ne, ya ƙ ara fitowa da batun mutuwar harshe a Hausa, a ci gaba da jin ɗ uriyarsa kamar yadda ake jin muryar sauran fannoni na nazarin harshe a Hausa. Haka ma ya zama silar janyon hankalin masana zuwa wannan fanni, daga nan har ta kai ga al’umma ta fa ɗ aku ta rungumi harshenta da kyau, a ha ɗ a hannu da manazarta da sauran jama’a wajen ciyar da Hausa gaba, ya yi sanadin fitar Hausa daga ƙ angin rauni.

Manazarta

Anyanwu, O. (2007) . Languages of Nigeria. Basic Linguistics for Nigerian Languages Teachers (ed) Ore Yusuf.pp.1-28.

Argungu, D.M. (2021). Hausa and the National Language Question in Nigeria: Privilages, Prospects and Predicaments. 23rd Inaugral Lecture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.

Bagari, D.M. (1986). Bayanan Hausa:Jagora ga Mai Koyon Bayanin Ilimin Harshe. Maroco: Almaarif eljadida.

Bauer, L.(2021). The Linguistic Student’s Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bauer, L & Calaude, A. S. (2020). Questions About Language: What Everyone Should Know About Language in the 21st Century. London: Rouledge.

Bunza, A.M. (2017). Language Endangerment, Status and Extinction: The Linguistic Balance Sheet of Kyangawa. Endangered Language in Nigeria Policy, Structure & Documentation . (eds) Yusuf, M.A., Salim, B.A., Bello, Vol.2. pp . 467-476.

Brenzinger, M., Dimmendaal, G. (1992). Social Context and Language Death. Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Reference to East Africa (ed) Brezinger, M. pp . 1-3.

Carnie, A. 2013. Syntax: A Generative Introduction Third Edition. USA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Cook, V., Newson, M. (2007). Chomsky’s Universal Grammar: An Introduction. USA: Blacwell Publishing.

Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Crystal, D. (2014). Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dixon, R.M.W. (1997). The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University.

Ikara, B. (1991). Hausa Language Studies: A Projection for Future. Nigerian Language Yersterday, Today and Tomorrow. (ed) Rufa’i, Abba. Pp. 26-51.

Janse, M. 2003. Introduction: Language Death and Language Maintenance: Problems and Prospects. Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches. (eds) Janse, M., Tol, S. vii-ix.

McGregor, W. (2009). Linguistics: An Introduction. Newyork: Continuum International Publishin Group.

Muhammad, I.A. (2021). Ko Harshen Hausa Zai Mutu? Ma ƙ alar da Aka Gabatar a Taron Ƙ ara wa Juna Sani na Tsangayar Fasaha da Nazarin Addinin Musulunci.

Newman, P. (2003). The Endangered Languages Issues as a Hopeless Cause. Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches . (eds) Janse, M., Tol, S. Pp . 1-14.

Sasse, Hans-Jurgen (1992). Theory of Language Death. Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Reference to East Africa (ed) Brezinger, M. Pp . 7-31.

William, O & Dobrosvosky, M & Katamba, F. (1996). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Longman.

Yakasai, S.A. (20 20 ). Jagorar Ilimin Walwalar Harshe. Sokoto: Garkuwa Media Services LTD.

Get the full PDF here: