Nazari A Kan Takidin Wasu Wakokin Makadan Baka

 Takardar ƙara wa juna sani da aka gabatar a ajin ALH 400: Seminars, a Sashen Nazarin Harsuna Da Al’adu, Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau, Nijeriya, (2022/2023 Academic Session).

Nazari A Kan Takidin Wasu Wakokin Makadan Baka

Zainab Sani

Phone NO.: 08167422252

Mail: zainabsani781@gmail.com

TSAKURE

Wannan maƙala ta maida hankali kan Nazari Takidin Waɗansu Waƙoƙin Makaɗan Baka. Wannan bincike an gina shi ne kan tsarin bayani na ƙwaƙƙwafi da ƙalailaice batutuwa da aka nazarta (descriptive survey). Wasu daga cikin bayanan da aka yi anfani da su sun kasance ƙarƙashin rukunnai da aka samu daga majiya ta farko (primary source). Tussan bayanai da aka yi amfani da su a wannan majiya sun haɗa da odiyo (audio) da bidiyon (video) wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin baka. Kuma wasu bayanan an samo su ne daga majiya ta biyu (secondary source). Tussan bayanan da aka yi amfani da su a wannan majiya su ne bugaggun littattafai. Wannan bincike ya gano cewa makaɗan baka suna yin takidi ne domin ƙarfafa ƙarfin ma’ana, ko jadda ƙaramin saƙo domin ƙara fito da muhimmancinsa, ko ƙara ƙwalƙwale ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa ko yin hutu da numfasawa, musamman a lokacin da zaren tunanin makaɗi ya sarƙe masa.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Waƙoƙi; Makaɗa; Makaɗan Baka; Takidi.

1.0 GABATARWA

Makaɗan baka na Hausa suna amfani da dabaru daban-daban wajen rera ɗiya a waƙoƙin suna baka. Sannan kuma kowane rukuni na makaɗan baka na Hausa da hanyar da suke bi daga cikin dabarun domin isar da wani muhimmin saƙo. Daga cikin waɗannan dabarun akwai “takidi”.

kalmar “takidi” kalma ce ararriya -kamar yadda za mu gani- wadda ta samu gindin zama a harshen Hausa kuma Hausawa suke amfani da ita a wajen harkokinsu na yau da kullun.

Masana awon baka a nazarin adabin baka sun lura da yadda makaɗan baka sukan maimaita wata saɗara a lokacin gudanar da aikinsu domin ƙarfafa wani al'amari da suke son ƙara jawo hankalin masu sauraro. Wannan shi ne ya sa manazarta maida hankalisu wurin nazartar wannan takidi. A muhallin ilimi Kalmar na da ma’ana ta musamman tare da waɗansu siffofi da nau’uka da matakai. Takidi na buƙatar bayanai irin na ilimi da fasaha musamman saboda yadda lamurransa keda sarƙaƙiya da buƙatar warwarewa.

Kasancewar nazarin Takidi abu ne wanda bai daɗe ba, wannan takarda ta warware zare da abawa a kansa. A bisa wannan ƙuduri ne aka gina wannan bincike domin gano dalilin da ke sa a yi Takidi, da kuma gano waɗanda suke Takidi da kuma wuraren da ake yin sa a waƙar baka.

1.1 DABARUN GUDANAR DA BINCIKE

Wannan bincike an gina shi ne kan tsarin bayani na ƙwaƙƙwafi da kalailaice batutuwa da aka nazarta (descriptive survey). Wasu daga cikin bayanan da aka yi anfani da su sun kasance ƙarƙashin rukunnai da aka samu daga majiya ta farko (primary source), Tussan bayanai da aka yi amfani da su a wannan majiya sun haɗa da odiyo (audio) da bidiyon (video) wasu daga cikin wakokin baka.

Kuma wasu bayanan an samo su ne daga majiya ta biyu wato (secondary source). Tussan bayanan da aka yi amfani da su a wannan majiya sun hada da bugaggun littattafai da diwalai na wasu daga cikin makaɗan baka.

Wannan takarda ta yi nazari a kan takidin wakokin Dr. Alh. Mamman Shata, Alh. Musa Ɗankwairo da Alh. Sani Aliyu Ɗandawo, da Alh. Sa'idu Faru.

Bayanan da aka tattara daga waɗannan tussah sun taimaka wajen haskaka muhimman batutuwa da aka nazarta daidai da jagorancin hanyar da aka ɗora aikin. Daga karshe kuma an ƙalailaice tare ƙwanƙwance (comparison of information) da fitar da sakayayyun bayanai ta la’akari da dalilai/abubuwan kamawa manya da ƙanana.

1.2 RA’IN BINCIKE

An gina wannan bincike ne a bisa ra’in Gusau, (2015 p. 23) wanda yake cewa mazhabar waƙar baka Bahaushiya ta fi raja’a ne da ba da ƙarfi wajen bayyana tarihi da asali da salsalar waƙar baka ta Hausa da zurfafa bayani kan turke da ayana tubanin ginin turke da yana yin sassarkuwa adabi da al’adu a waƙar baka da nazarin awon baka da adon harshe da kuma aiwatar da harshe.

2.0 WAIWAYE A KAN MA’ANAR TAKIDI

Takidi asalin Kalmar balarabiyar kalma ce Hausawa suka aro daga Kalmar larabci wadda larabawa ke kira “taukidi” (توكيد) wadda Hausawa suka yi wa kwaskwarima domin ta dace da tsarin ginin kalmomin Hausa. Ma’anarta shi ne karfafawa.

Takidi shi ne maimaita abu domin ƙara ƙarfafa shi Gusau, (2003 p. 44). Makaɗi ya kan yi amfani da dabarar takidi inda yake maimaita ko sake rera wani zubin ɗan waka domin wata manufa ta musamman Gusau, (2003 p. 44). Gusau ya ce:

”Maimai a Magana ta yau da kullum illa ne, amma azubin wakokin baka dabara ce ta tsari da take kara kyautata shi” Gusau, (1993 p. 44).

2.1 DALILAN DA KE SA A YI TAKIDI Akwai dalilai da yawa da kan sa makaɗi ya jaddada ma’ana a zubin waƙa. Waɗannan dalilai kuwa sun haɗa da; ƙarfafa ƙarfin ma’ana, ko jadda karamin sako domin ƙara fito da muhimmancinsa, ko ƙara ƙwalƙwale ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa ko nishadi ko yin hutu da numfasawa, musamman a lokacin da zaren tunanin makaɗi ya sarke masa. Haka kuma makaɗi yakan yi maimai a ɗan waƙa don ya daɗa kyautata matakan Karin murya tare da inganta hawa da saukar saɗaru a ɗa har zuwa gindi Gusau, (2003 p. 45).

2.2 WADANDA SUKE YIN TAKIDI

Jagora yana yin takidi, haka ma yan’amshi suma suna yin takidi idan a rerawa ta kungiya ce. Idan kuma arerawa ta kaɗaita ce, wato makaɗan da su kaɗai suke ƙulla waƙar su ba a yi ma su ƙari, suma suna yin takidi.

Furucin jagora da na ‘yan amshi su ke haɗuwa su samar da “ɗa” a waƙoƙin makaɗan baka. Jagora shi ke fara ƙulla waƙar shi sai ‘yan amshi su yi masa ƙari. Furucin jagora da na ‘yan amshi su ake haɗawa a samar da “ɗa” waƙa. Idan wannan waƙar rerawa ce ta ƙungiya. Idan kuma ta kaɗaita ce to makaɗan kaɗaita su suke ƙulla waƙar su ba a ƙara musu. Idan masu ‘ya amshi ne sai dai a amsa musu amma ba a ƙara musu. Wanda kuma ba a amsa masa ma’ana ba shi da ‘yan amshi a waƙarsa, shi kaɗai yake ƙulla waƙar shi ba a ƙara mai kuma ba a amsa mai misali irin su Ibrahim na Rambada Kurawa, (2023).

2.3 HANYOYIN DA AKE ANFANI DA SU WAJEN TAKIDI

Akwai hanyoyin da yawa waɗanda makaɗa suke anfani da su wajen yin takidi (maimaitawa). Daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyi akwai farkon ɗa ko tsakiya ko a karshensa, ko ma a maimaita ɗan baki ɗayansa. Haka kuma ana iya yin takidi a rabin saɗara ko a saɗara ɗaya ko fiye da haka. Sannan kuma takidi yana iya zama na ƙarɓeɓeniya wato rakiya inda za a yi ta maimaita wasu kalmomi ba tare da sauyasu ba Gusau,(2003 p. 45). Sai kuma takidi na bayayyeniya inda ‘yan amshi suke maimaita duk abin da jagora ya furta a saɗara a matsayin bani in baka.

Ga misalan takidi daga cikin wasu ɗiya na waƙoƙin baka

·         Farkon ɗa

 Misali

i. Ƙulli: Gamji Uban yan boko,

 Ƙari: Amadun Amadu mai tawakkali gun Allah,

 Jikan mai saje.

Takidin; Ƙulli: Gamji Uban yan boko,

 Ƙari: Amadun Amadu mai tawakkali gun Allah,

 Jikan mai saje,

 Sai ba ka nan maza suka kuri,

 Suce maza ne,

 In ka taho uban Ajiya kowa bai motsawa,

 Na sarkin musulmi,

 Dan Audu tsayayyen namiji,

 Gindin waƙa: Mai dubun nasara garnakaki sardauna,

 Ba a hauma ka barde shi a wargaigai.

(Wakar Alh. Ɗankwairo da ya yi wa Sardaunan Sakkwato Alh. Ahmadu Bello).

Wannan nau'in takidi ne na ƙalƙwale ainahin ruhin abu da girmamawa.

ii. Ƙulli: Mai kyauta da jikkuna,

 Ƙari: Da dawaki da riguna.

Takidi; ƙulli: Mai kyauta da jikkuna,

 Ƙari: Da dawaki da riguna,

  Jikan Shehu dan Hassan,

  Sardaunan Firimiya,

  Yau kai adda duniya,

  Duk abin kyauta Allah ya saukake maka,

  Don batun magana,

 Sai kwairo mai toho.

Gindin waƙa: Mai dubun nasara garnakaki Sardauna,

 Ba a hau maka barde shi a wargaigai.

(Waƙar Alh. Ɗankwairo da yay i wa Sardaunan Sakkwato Alh. Ahmadu Bello)..

Shima wannan nau'in takidi ne na ƙwalƙwale ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa.

Alh. Musa Ɗankwairo ya maimaita layuka na farkon ɗan waɗanan waƙoƙin da suka gabata saboda gwarzantawa da girmamawa ga ainihin Sardauna Bello cewa shi shugaba ne mai yawan kyauta da ya sami nasara a jagoranci saboda tawakkalinsa ga Allah.

 iii. Ƙulli: Dallatun Zazzau,

 Ƙari: In gaisai tilas na

Takidi; ƙulli: Dallatun Zazzau,

 Ƙari: In gaisai tilas na,

 Ƙulli: Madawaki mu gaisai,

 Ƙari: Don ya kyauta min.

Gindin waƙa: Mai dubun nasara garnakaki Sardauna,

 Ba a hau maka barde shi a wargaigai.

(Wakar Alh. Ɗankwairo da ya yi wa Sardaunan Sakkwato Alh. Ahmadu Bello).

Wannan takidi kuwa ya na ɗaya daga cikin nau'o'in takidi na jaddada ƙaramin saƙo domin fitowa da mahimmancinsa.

Acikin gwarzanta Sardauna, layukan farkon waƙar Alh. Musa Ɗankwairo ya zo da wani karamin saƙo wato jinjina ga Dallatun Zauzau, kuma sai ya yi takidinsa domin ƙara jaddada muhimmancin saƙon.

·                         Tsakiya da

Misali

i. Ƙulli: Daga can birnin katsinan Dikko,

  Nazo Zazzau na huta nan,

  Sai Kaduna Shata ya sauka,

  Kwantagora ma nan na sauka,

 Takidi; ƙulli: Kwantagora ma nan na sauka

 Sai Ilori Shata ya sauka,

  Shagamu Mamman ya sauka,

  Kaji mun wuto birnin Badun,

  Mun zo Ikko mun huta mun kwan,

  Mun koma mun ta yabon Manzon,

  Allah sa muga Annabi Muhammadu.

 Gindin waka: Na tsaya ga Annabi Muhammadu,

(Dr. Mamman Shata, begen Annabi).

A tsakiyar layuka na wannan waƙar ta (Dr.) Alh. Mamman Shata takidi ya zo ne domin yin hutu da numfasawa, domin ƙulla zaren tunaninsa.

ii. Ƙulli: Ka kama halinka da kas saba,

 Ƙari: Hassan yi ta ba mu Naira,

Takidi; ƙulli: ka kama halinka da kas saba

 Ƙari: Hassan yi ta ba mu Naira,

 Ƙulli: Namijin duniya Ciroma na naini,

 Kune gwamnati kune En’e,

 Duk haraka wadda za ayi,

 Ƙari Hassan sai an bide ku,

Takidi; ƙulli: Namijin duniya ciroma na naini,

 Kune gwamnati kune En’e,

 Duk haraka wadda za ayi,

 Ƙari: Hassan sai an bide ku,

 Alhaji Hassan sai an bide ka,

 ƙulli : Hassan ka zama wandon karhe,

 Kai ba a saka ayi tsaye.

 Ƙari: kuma ba a saka ayi zaune.

Gindin waƙa: Mai ban tsoro sadauki,

 Hassan dan Shehu Mallam.

(wakar Ɗankwairo ta Ciroman Katsina).

Shima wannan nau'in takidi ne na ƙwalƙwale ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa.

·                         Karshen ɗa

Misali

i. Ƙulli: Alhaji Musa Dankwairo,

 Ga babbar riga ya ba ka,

 Ga kubta kuma ga alkyabba,

 Garawani kuma ga jar hulla,

 Had da agogo da talkamansu,

 Ɗankwairo ya ba ka tu-tausan,

 Daudu kiɗi da shi da Marafa,

 Kowane ga babbar riga tai,

 Mu biyu sai yaba mu wan-tausan,

 Yaran Dankwairo goma sha uku,

 Kowa riga tai da tu-hadurai naira,

 Anka yi tawtal anka hada,

 Kuddin kwairo da na yara.

Ƙari: Sun zama hwayib tausan,

 Sis handurai naira.

Takidi; ƙari: Sun zama hwayib tausan,

 Sis handurai naira.

Gindin waƙa: Zaki ba a jaka wasa ba,

  Sarkin Muri Uban Galadima.

(Wakar Ɗankwairo ta Sarkin Muri)

Takidi ya zo anan domin ƙarfafa ƙarfin ma'ana.

ii. Ƙulli: Alhaji Shamakin Sarkin Daura,

 Su ba haushe kuna shan da dinku,

 A nan duniya tare da sarki.

 Ƙari: ku yi min iso sai na zo,

 Tun da ku ke hwadi baba ya amsa.

Takidi; ƙulli: ku yi min iso sai na zo,

 Tun da ku ke hwadi baba ya amsa.

Gindin waka: Dattijo mai sawon giwa.

(Wakar Alhaji Sani Dan Dawu ta Sarkin Daura).

Wannan takidi kuwa ya na ɗaya daga cikin nau'o'in takidi na jaddada ƙaramin saƙo domin fitowa da mahimmancinsa.

iii. Ƙulli: Na san Yan sarki kasar Tsahe.

 Ƙari: Alhaji Musa na yi cajinsu,

 Ƙulli: Awai dogo akwai gajere,

 Dogo dai ga shan hura,

 Shi kau gajere ba a hi shi loma ba.

Takidi; ƙulli: Dogo dai ga shan hura,

 Shi kau gajere ba a hi shi loma ba.

Gindin waƙa: Shirya kayan fada mai gida tsahe,

 Ali Dan iro ba ka dauki raini ba.

(Waƙar Ɗankwairo ta Yandoton tsafe ).

Wannan shi ne nau'in takidi na nishaɗantarwa.

Takidin dan waka gaba dayan sa

Misali:

 Ƙulli: mu iske giwa sai zaki,

 su kadai ka gurnani daji,

 ƙari: in mun ishe zakin daura,

 mu koma kano in ishe giwa,

 Takidi; ƙulli: mu iske giwa sai zaki,

  Su kadai ka gurnani daji,

 Ƙari: in mun ishe zakin daura,

  Mu koma kano in ishe giwa,

 Gindin waƙa: dattijo mai tsawar giwa,

(Waƙar Sani Aliyu Ɗandawo ta Sarkin Daura Muhammad Bashar).

 ii. Kulli: babu wata kasa mai tarihi,

  Kasannan kama da kasar Daura,

 Ƙari: Su ke kira daurai a zo can,

  Ko wagga tarihin Daura,

  Ya san Bashar baya da haushi.

 Takidi; ƙulli : Babu wata kasa mai tarihi,

 Kasannan kama da kasar Daura,

 Ƙari: Su ke kira daurai a zo can

 ko wagga tarihin Daura,

 Ya san Bashar ba ya da haushi.

Gindin waƙa: Dattijo mai sayun giwa.

(Wakar Sani Aliyu Dandawo ta Sarkin Daura Muhammad Bashar).

Shima wannan nau'in takidi ne na ƙwalƙwale ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa.

 iii. Ƙulli: Alu,

 ƙari: Namijin Zuma mai wuyar cima,

 kowa hi ka harbi ya sha kai nai

 Takidi; Ƙulli: Alu,

 ƙari: Namijin Zuma mai wuyar cima,

 kowa hi ka harbi ya sha kai nai

(wakar Dan kwairo da ya yi wa Yandoton Tsafe)

 Wannan nau'in takidi ne na ƙwalƙwale ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa.

iV. Ƙulli: Ya Allah sakawa na mai daki dan Musa,

 Gindin waƙa: Lafiya zaki Mamman baban galadima dan Musa

 Takidi ƙulle: Ya Allah sakawa na mai daki dan Musa,

 Gindin waƙa: Lafiya zaki Mamman baban galadima dan Musa

(Dr. mamman shata wakar da ya yi Sarkin Daura Muhammad Bashar)

 Ƙulli: Sarari mai kara gudun doki dan Musa,

 Gindin waka: Lafiya zaki mamman baban galadiman dan Musa

 Takidi ƙulle: Fili mai kara gudun doki dan Musa,

 Gindin waka: Lafiya zaki mamman baban galadiman dan Musa

((Dr.) Alh. Mamman shata ta Sarkin Daura).

Anan Dr. Mamman Shata ya yi Takidi nau'i biyu na ɗaya shi ne fito da ma'ana da kuma ƙwalƙwale ainihin ruhin abu domin gwarzantawa da girmamawa.

·         Rakiya a matsayin takidi na karbebeniya.

 Ƙulli: in wani na kwana,

 Rakiya; ƙari: wani na zaune, inji Dan’ummu uban kidi,

 Ƙulli: in wani na inuwa,

 Rakiya; ƙari: wani na rana, inji Dan’ummu uban kidi,

 Ƙulli: in wani ya samu,

 Rakiya; ƙari : wani ya rasa, ita duniya hakanan take,

 Ƙulli: mutun guda kaga mai riga dubu,

 Rakiya; ƙari: mutun dubu basu da ko kwata,

 Ƙulli: mutun guda kaga mai mato dubu,

 Rakiya; ƙari: mutun dubu basu da basukur,

 Ita duniya haka nan take,

 Ƙulli: mutun guda kaga mai jikka dubu,

 Rakiya; ƙari: mutun dubu basu da ko kwobo

 Ita duniya haka nan take.

(Waƙar Sa’idu Faru, ‘farin cikin musulmi’, ta Muhd Maccido) Gusau, (2009).

Wannan nau'in takidi ne na ƙarfafa ƙarfin ma'ana.

3.0 SAKAMAKON BINCIKE

Sakamakon wannan bincike ya yi daidai da hasashin bincike. Binciken ya nuna muna cewa makaɗan baka wani lokaci wujen rera waƙoƙin su sukan yi amfani da wata dabara wadda ake kira takidi (maimaici) domin ƙulla zarin tunaninsu lokacin da ya sarƙe, nishaɗantarwa, jaddada ƙaramin saƙo, ƙarfafa ƙarfin ma'ana da kuma gwarzantawa da girmamawa. Haka kuma ya bayyana muna wuraren da ake samun takidi a cikin ɗan waƙar baka kamar haka: a Farkon ɗa; Tsakiyar ɗa; Karshen ɗa; Takidin ɗan waka baki dayansa; da kuma Takidi na bayeyeniya.

Makaɗan waɗanda suke da ‘yan amshi kuma suke yi musu karbi ta yin kari da tarbe da rakiya, idan sun gama rera saɗaru da suka yi na ƙari, sai sun maimaita rera gindin waƙa. ‘Yan amshi suna maimaita rera gindi a ƙarshen kowane da a waƙa saboda su nuna cewa zubin wannan ɗa ɗin ya kare. Maimaita rera gindin waƙar da suke yi shi ma takidi ne. A dunƙule, akwai nau’o’in takidi da yawa acikin zubin ɗiyan Waƙoƙin baka na Hausa.

3.1 KAMMALAWA

Acikin bayanan da suka gabata na wannan muƙalar, an yi ƙoƙarin fitowa da ma’anar takidi, Hanyoyin da ake yin takidi masuyin takidi tare da buga misalai da waƙoƙin baka na shaharraru da ga cikin waƙoƙin baka na Hausa irin su; (Dr) Alhaji Mamman Shata, Alhaji Sa’idu faro, Alhaji Musa Ɗankwairo, Alhaji Sani Aliyu Ɗandawo.Shawara ta anan ita ce, ya dace ga manazarta adabin baka da su yi ƙoƙarin wajen ƙara ƙwalƙwale ainahin fasahar takidi da makaɗa ke yi wajen aikinsu.

MANAZARTA

Gusau, S. M. (2009). Diwanin Wakokin Baka, Zaɓaɓɓun Matanoni na Waƙoƙin Baka na Hausa. Kano: Benchmark Publishers.

Gusau, S. M. (2003) Jagoran Nazarin Waƙar Baka. Kano: Benchmark Publishers.

Gusau, S. M. (2015) Mazhabobin Rai da Tarke a Adabi da Aladu na Hausa. Kano: Century Reseach and Publishing Limited.

Kurawa, H. M. (2023) Darasi a kan Waƙoƙin Baka (Darasi na Farko): Department of Languages and Cultures. Gusau: Federal University.

Mukhtar, I. (2005) Bayanin Rubutattun Waƙoƙin Hausa. Kano: Countryside Publisher Limited.