Abstract

A clause which depends on some other clauses for its meaning is called relative clause. Relative clause can be introduced by a relative pronoun that agrees in number and gender with the head noun. This paper intends to only discuss how to constitute relative clause using only relative pronouns. This paper is product of data collection from documentary sources to obtain a sample of related examples. The finding of this paper revealed three strategies used to form some relative clauses in Hausa.

Keywords: Hausa, Relative clause, relative pronoun.  

Bitar Nazarin Ganga Dogarau A Hausa

Dr. Muhammad Mustapha Umar   
Department of Nigerian Languages,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 
Email: mustaphahausa@yahoo.com
GSM: +2348065466400

Dr. Abdulkadir Abubakar Zailani   
Department of Nigerian Languages and Linguistics,
Kaduna State University, Kaduna  
Email: abdulkadirzailani@yahoo.co.uk
GSM: +2348036026297 

1.0 Gabatarwa

Kowane harshe na duniya yana da rumbun kalmomi wanda ke ƙunshe da yalwatattun kalmomi, domin amfanin masu magana da harshe. Rashin isassun kalmomi na kawo giɓi matu ƙa ga harshe, wannan ma ya sa batun aro ya zama ƙawa ga rayayyen harshe. Saboda haka, a ilimin ginin jimla ko magana akwai salon da ake amfani da shi na harhaɗa kalmomi wuri ɗaya domin su ba da wata ma’ana cikakkiya kuma karɓaɓɓiya. A ta ƙaice, wannan haɗaka ita ke haifar da ganga ko ganga dogarau[1] ko kuma cikakkiyar jimla. Wannan jimla tana iya kasancewa mai sau ƙi ko harɗaɗɗiya ko kuma mai sarƙaƙiya.

A cikin wannan takarda, an yi ta ƙaitaccen bayani kan ganga, da lamiran dangantaka da kuma ganga dogarau. Sannan daga bisani an kawo bayani a kan sabuwar hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da ganga dogarau a Hausa. Duk waɗannan bayanai sun zo ne tare da kawo misalai domin tabbatar da hoɓɓasar da masana da manazarta nahawu suka yi dangane da wannan babban al’amari. A ƙarshe, akwai jawabin kammalawa da kuma sakamakon bincike.

2.0 Ganga

A ra’ayin Sani (1999), ganga wani jerin kalmomi ne na nahawu, wanda bai kai jimla ba. Haka kuma, shi wannan jeri haɗe yake da aikatau. Kenan, ana iya gane gangar a duk lokacin da aka ci karo da wakilin suna mai dangantaka.

(1) An ɗaure wanda ya zagi sarki

Sun kama wadda ta saci sar ƙa

Mun kira wa ɗanda za su gina kamfani

 

A ƙamusun Oxford (2006), an bayyana ganga a matsayin gungun kalmomin suna da aikatau wa ɗanda ke gina jimla ko wani sashi na jimlar. Misali:

(2) Yaro fari wanda ya kira ka

Zakanya wadda suka kashe

Wasu malamai wa ɗanda suka ƙi yajin aiki

 

Murthy (2007), shi a ganinsa ganga ajin kalmomi ne waɗanda ke gina sashen jimla, kuma sukan ƙunshi suna da abin da aka fa ɗa game da suna.

Kenan, bayan ganin wa ɗannan ma’anoni na ganga muna iya cewa, ganga na nufin ha ɗuwar kalmomi waɗanda suka ƙunshi fa’ili da kuma abin da aka faɗi game da fa’ilin. Sai dai wannan tsari na harshen Hausa ne da wasu harsuna da ke da irinsa, inda ake samun yankin jimla wanda ke zuwa ba tare da aikatau ba, misali, ‘Musa malami ne’ a Hausa ko ‘John is a business man’ a harshen Ingilishi da sauransu.

3.0 Lamirin Dangantaka

Lamiran dangantaka da aka fi sani a Ingilishi su ne who/whom, whoever, whose, that da which. Waɗannan lamiran dangantaka suna aikin gabatar da ganga dogarau, domin ta sami damar haɗa gangar sifa da bayanau dogarau da yankin ganga tsayau. Gangar sifa da bayanau dogarau suna fayyace kalma ko yanki ko kuma wani bayani daga yankin ganga tsayau. Misali:

(3) The driver who ran the stop sign was careless

I have a friend whose cat is annoying

This is the book that everyone is talking about

(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/relative-pronouns).

Lamirin dangantaka na nufin ƙananan gungun kalmomi ne da ke wakiltar suna, waɗanda kuma ake amfani da su wajen gabatar da ganga dogarau. (Byrd, Beverly & Heinle, 1992).

Lamirin dangantaka shi ne ake amfani da shi domin a gabatar da ganga dogarau, ko kuma domin a gane ta ko domin tantance ta a cikin jimla. Lamirin dangantaka kan haɗa ganguna biyu ne kai tsaye, sannan su koma matsayin ganga ɗaya mai cike da sar ƙa ƙiya. Lamiran dangantaka na wakiltar suna. Saboda yakan zo ne a bagiren suna yayin da suna ya yi balaguro ko kuma ya sami uzurin rashin halartowa. Lamirin dangantaka shi ne, wakilin suna da ke nuna ganga dogarau a cikin cikakkiyar jimla. Ana kiransa lamirin dangantaka saboda dangantakarsa da kalmomin da yake fayyacewa. Ga misalin kalmomin da ake kira lamiran dangantaka a Hausa[2]:- wanda, wadda, waɗanda da kuma da. Wa ɗannan kalmomin na wakilin suna sukan ɗauki tsarin nahawu kamar haka:

(4) Wándà: Mutun na uku, namiji, tilo (3MS)[3]

Ɗakin wanda dole ne ka yi barci a ciki

Wáddà: Mutun na uku, mace, tilo (3FS)[4]

Yarinya wadda ta zo jiya ta sake dawowa

Wáɗàndà: Mutum na uku, jam’i (3PL)[5]

Mun san wa ɗanda suke ƙaunar mu

 

Ita kuma kalmar ‘dà’ ta ha ɗa dukkanin sigogin wa ɗancan ukun. Abin nufi a nan shi ne, ana iya amfani da kalmar ‘dà’ a matsayin tilo ko jam’i da kuma jinsin mace da na namiji. Misali:

(5) Mutumin da ake yaba masa

Mota ba ƙa da ka sayo

Mabarata da ke jajjare a hanya

 

 4.0 Ganga Dogarau

Sani (1999) ya ce, ganga dogarau wannan nau’i na ganga ba ta iya zama ita ka ɗai a jimla. Maimakon haka, lalle ne ta dogara da wani abin daban.

 Newman (2000), ya tofa albarkacin bakinsa inda yake cewa; Ganga dogarau kan zo ne kafin yankin suna (suna ko wakilin suna) wanda ganga dogarau ke fayyacewa. Kuma ana amfani da lamiran dangantaka domin gabatar da ganga dogarau, sai dai dole a sami daidaito ko tarayya ta fuskar adadi da jinsi da fa’ili ko suna a yankin suna. Misali:

(6) Tsohon gwamna wanda ya je Jamus

Yarinya wadda ta fa ɗi

Birai waɗanda muka kama

 

Parkinson (2003), shi kuwa ya kalli ganga dogarau a matsayin kalmomi ne masu fayyace suna. Misali: John read the book that Mary loaned to him. Kalmomin da aka ja wa layi su ne ganga dogarau, kuma sukan zo ne saboda dangantakarsu da ajin suna ‘book’ wanda suke fayyacewa. Ganga dogarau ita ce, wadda ke da alhakin fayyace yankin suna, musamman sunan da ya zo a cikin wannan yanki. Misali: Yankin jimla na wannan jimlar Ingilishi “the man who wasn’t there” ya ƙunshi suna “man” wanda yankin ganga dogarau na “who wasn’t there” ke fayyacewa. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/relative-clause).

4.1 Hanyoyin Da Ake Bi Wajen Samar Da Ganga Dogarau

A wannan takarda, an yi amfani da ra’ayin Amfani (2005) wanda ya kawo wasu hanyoyi biyu (2) da harshen Hausa ke bi don samar da ganga dogarau. Ga hanyoyin: Tsohon tsari da sabon tsari.

4.1.1 Tsohon Tsari

A tsohon tsari babu wani takamammen tsari da ake amfani da shi wajen nuna irin yadda ake samar da ganga dogarau, sai dai kawai ana gane ganga dogarau ne ta hanyar ganin lamirin dangantaka, wanda ke aikin gabatar da ganga dogarau. Yadda wannan al’amari na nazari ke kasancewa shi ne, a duk lokacin da jimla ta zo da ɗaya daga cikin lamiran dangantaka to, wannan jimla za a ɗauke ta a matsayin mai ƙunshe da ganga dogarau. Saboda haka, idan aka yi la’akari da wannan tsari za a ga ba ya maganar yadda ake samar da jimla mai ganga dogarau sai dai alamunsa da kuma yadda ake gane shi ta hanyar lamiran dangantaka.

A taƙaice, ita wannan hanyar nazari ta tsohon tsari ita ce daɗaɗɗiyar hanya, kuma mafi sau ƙi domin rashin zurfafawa wajen wasu fannoni masu dangantaka.

4.1.2 Sabon Tsari

A sabon tsari da kuma fahimtar zamani akwai ingantacciyar hanyar da ake bi domin samar da ganga dogarau, ba kamar inda aka fito ba. Akwai hanyoyi uku muhimmai da masana suka fito da su, domin amfani da su wajen samar da ganga dogarau. Idan kuma ba a yi amfani da wa ɗannan hanyoyi ba, to wannan aikin ba zai yiwu ba.

Hanya ta farko: Dole a sami tarayya tsakanin yankin suna na jimla da kuma ganga, dole wa ɗannan abubuwa su kasance suna da tsari da aji iri ɗaya ba tare da wani bambanci ba. Haka kuma, wannan ganga ita ce ke fayyace yankin suna. Misali:

(7) ‘Móótàà (Múúsáá yá á sàyí móótàà)’

 YS[6] J[7]

 

 A magana ta yau da kullum Hausawa ba su fa ɗar haka, amma saboda wannan aiki na samar da ganga dogarau ya yiwu, dole a sami irin wannan jimla wadda ke nuna tarayya tsakanin yankin suna da wani yankin suna irin sa cikin gangar, kamar yadda wannan misali na ɗaya (1) ya nuna.

Hanya ta biyu ita ce, bayan an sami tarayya tsakanin yankin suna da takwararsa na cikin ganga kamar yadda aka gani a misalin da aka kawo, sai a sauya wannan yankin suna na cikin gangar da ta yi tarayya da yankin suna zuwa wakilin suna dogarau. Kafin a yi wannan sauyi dole sai an nemi lamirin dangantaka da ke da aji da tsari iri ɗaya da kalmar da za a sauya da wadda za ta maye gurbinta. Abin nufi a nan shi ne za a maye gurbin kalmar ‘móótàà’ da ke cikin gangar ko jimla da kalmar ‘wáddà.’ Misali ita kalmar ‘móótàà’ tana da tsari da aji kamar haka: Tilo, suna da jinsin mace. Saboda haka, za a maye gurbinta ne da lamirin dangantaka irin wannan tsari. Ita kuma, kalmar ‘wáddà’ a matsayinta na lamirin dangantaka ita ce ta dace da tsarin kalmar ‘móótàà’ da za a maye gurbinta. Saboda haka, misalin jimlar da muka kawo a hanya ta farko na

(8) ‘Móótàà (Múúsáá yá á sàyí móótàà) zai koma ‘Móótàà (Múúsáá yá á sàyí wáddà)’

 

A misali na biyu (2) za mu iya cewa an sami sauyin kalmar ‘móótàà’ zuwa kalmar ‘wáddà’ domin kawai a aiwatar da wannan aiki da aka fara na samar da ganga dogarau.

Hanya ta uku ita ce ta hanyar gushi. Wato, za a sami gusawar kalmar ‘wáddà’ mai matsayin lamirin dangantaka wadda ta maye gurbin kalmar ‘móótàà’ a hanya ta biyu. Wannan kalma za ta yi gushi ne zuwa farko ko gaban ganga, wanda yin haka zai tabbatar da wannan fahimtar zamani da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da ganga dogarau. Ga yadda misalin zai kasance.

(9) ‘Móótàà (Wáddà Múúsáá yá o sàyáá)’

Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan misali na uku (3) kuma na ƙarshe, za a ga an sami wasu sauye-sauye. Wannan ya faru ne saboda a harshen Hausa duk lokacin da aka sami gushi a cikin jimla to, ya zama wajibi lokaci ya sauya. Sannan shi ma giredin fi’ili zai sauya babu ko tababa. Haka kuma, duk lokacin da hakan ta faru wato, aka sami gusawar kalma daga wani bagire zuwa wani to, a nan wajibi ne a sami inuwar wannan kalma. Wannan inuwar ana samun ta ne a bagire ko wurin da kalma ta koma bayan gusawa. Kamar yadda misali ya nuna giredin fi’ili ya sauya daga – i ( ƙs) zuwa – aa ( ƙs) ita kuma kalmar ‘sàyí’ za a ga tana buƙatar maf’uli amma kalmar fi’ili ta ‘sàyáá’ tana zuwa ne a jimlar da babu maf’uli da kuma lokacin da aka sami inuwa da kuma jimlar da ke maganar sanannen maf’uli.

A ta ƙaice, ga jimlolin da muka kawo a matsayin misali a sama, a cikin hanyoyin samar da ganga dogarau.[8]

(10) Móótàà (Múúsáá yá á sàyí móótàà)

Móótàà (Múúsáá yá á sàyí wáddà)

Móótàà (Wáddà Múúsáá yá o sàyáá)

 

Waɗannan jimloli sun ƙara tabbatar da hanyoyi uku da aka yi bayani, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen samar da ganga dogarau ta amfani da lamiran dangantaka. Ga misalin wasu jimloli waɗanda wannan tsari zai iya haifarwa. An samar da waɗannan ne sakamakon amfani da hanyoyin nan uku da manazarta suka fito da su, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen samar da ganga dogarau, don ƙarin misalai da ke nuna yadda wannan nazari yake da yadda ake gudanar da shi a harshen Hausa.

(11) Gídáá (Àlí yá á gínà gídáá)

Gídáá (Àlí yá á gínà wándà)

Gídáá (Wándà Àlí yá o gínà)

 

(12) Mààtáá (Lààmì tá á màrí mààtá)

Mààtáá (Lààmì tá á màrí wáddà)

Mààtáá (wáddà Lààmì tá o màráá)

 

(13) Kúɗíí (yââráá sú n tsìncí kú ɗíí)

Kúɗíí (yââráá sú n tsìncí wá ɗàndà)

Kúɗíí (wá ɗàndà yââráá súkà tsìntáá)

 

5.0 Sakamakon Bincike

Bayan kammala wannan takarda an gano cewa, akwai hanyoyi uku da ake bi wajen samar da ganga dogarau, musamman ta amfani da lamiran dangantaka ko kalmomin dangantaka.

6.0 Kammalawa

Kowane harshe yana da dabarun da yake amfani da su wajen samar da muhimman abubuwa musamman irin su ganga dogarau da sauransu. Haka kuma, an kalli wannan al’amari tun yadda aka fara shi yana a matsayin tsohon alƙawali har zuwa lokacin da aka sami bayyanar sabon salon nazari. Waɗannan hanyoyi da aka samu sakamakon zamani sun taimaka ainun wajen faɗaɗa nazari da inganta harshe, musamman ita wannan hanya ta sabon tsari tafi zurfafawa a cikin binciken bambance-bambance da ake samu a cikin harshe. Bugu da ƙari, wannan hanyar sabuwa ta nazari, ci gaba ne da aka samu a fagen bincike. Bisa wannan dalili wannan hanya tana fayyace bambance-bambance a nahawunce. Saboda haka, yin bincike ya zama wajibi ga musamman masana da manazarta, domin ƙo ƙarin riƙa fito da hikimomin harshe. Wannan shi zai taimaka domin samun sabbin hujjoji da za su zama madogara a al’amarin harshe.

A ƙarshe, fatar wannan takarda ita ce, bayar da ƙwarin guiwa ga masu bincike, don faɗaɗa bincike kan wasu kalmomin samar da ganga dogarau. Musamman wa ɗanda ba a taɓo a cikin wannan takarda ba. Misali, akwai kalmomi irinsu: Idan, in, bayan, inda da sauransu.

Manazarta

Amfani, A.H. (2005). ALH 403: Issues in Hausa Syntax. Lecture Note. 2004/2005 Session, Department of Nigerian Languages, Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University, Sokoto.

 

Byrd, P, Beverly, B. & Heinle, H. (1992). Relative Pronouns. Compiled From Applied English Grammar: Harbrace College Handbook, 11^th ed. 571.

 

Murthy, J.D. (2007). Contemporary English Grammar. Lagos: Bookmaster.

 

Newman, P. (2000). The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar, United State Of America: Yale University Press.

 

Oxford University Press. (2006). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Newyork: Oxford University Press.

 

Parkinson, R.B. (2003). www.WritingForResults.net

 

Sani, M.A.Z. (1999). Tsarin Sauti da Nahawu Hausa. Ibadan: University Press.

 

Umar, M.M & Shehu M. (2017). Dogarau a Hausa da Ingilishi: Ala ƙa ko Bambanci. Journal of Linguistics, Language and Culture. Vol. 4, No. 2, Pp. 39-45.

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[1] An samo wannan fassara ta sunan Relative clause cikin Hausa daga Kamus na Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi: Hausa Metalanguage Volume I. (1990:43&71). Don  ƙarin bayani kan ganga dogarau a dubi Umar, Muhammad Mustapha da Shehu Musa, “ Dogarau a Hausa da Ingilishi: Alaƙa ko Bambanci” Journal of Linguistics, Language and Culture Vol. 4, No. 2, Awka, 2017, Page 39-45.

[2] A harshen Ingilishi lamiran dangantaka sun ha]a da: who, which & that, kuma ga misalansu a cikin jimla.

 The woman that sent the letter.

 John who visits frequently is ill.

 Houses which overlook cost more.

 

[3] (3MS): Third Masculine Singular

[4] (3FS): Third Femiline Singular

[5] (3PL): Third Plural

[6] YS: Yankin Suna

[7] J:  Jimla

[8] A cikin Ingilishi ma haka abin yake. Ga misalin yadda al’amarin kai faruwa a cikin jimloli a wannan hanya.

I know the woman (John will marry the woman),

I know the woman (John will marry who),

I know the woman ( who John will marry).

A ta ƙaice, wa]annan jimloli dan karin haske ne dangane da yadda nazarin ke gudana a harshen Ingilishi, sai dai ba a rasa wasu ‘yan bambance-bambance nan da can da ba su taka kara suka karya ba. Kamar yadda masana ilmin harshe suka bayyana, harsuna kan yi tarayya a wani fanni ko wasu fannoni, amma akan ci karo da ‘yan tsirarun sigogi da kan sallace bisa tsari na harshe da kuma samar da kafar cu]anya. Nazari na  ƙwa ƙ ƙwafi shi ka]ai ne ke iya tabbatar da ingancin ire-iren wa]annan muhimman ɓangarori.