1.1 Ma’anar Bara

 Citation: Bunguɗu, U.H. (2021). Bara da wasu waƙoƙin bara a ƙasar Hausa. Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited.

Domin samun cikakken littafi, a tuntuɓi:

Dr. Haruna Umar Bunguɗu
(Sarkin Gobir Na Bunguɗu)
Email: harunaumarbungudu@gmail.com
Phone: 08065429369

1.1 Ma’anar Bara

Bara wata daɗaɗɗiyar al’ada ce da aka jima ana aiwatar da ita a cikin ƙasar Hausa. Al’amarin bara ga Hausawa ba a wani yankin kaɗai ya tsaya ba, kusan ko’ina a faɗin ƙasar Hausa, har ma da wasu ƙasashen ana aiwatar da bara. Wannan littafin ya dubi ma’anar bara da taƙaitaccen tarihin samuwarsa da masu yin bara a ƙasar Hausa da waɗanda ake yi wa baran da kuma ƙiyasin[1] yawan mabarata a yankin. Haka kuma a dubi yadda ake yin baran da keɓaɓɓun[2] waƙoƙin da ake bara da su.

Bara kalma ce mai harshen damo, wato mai bayar da ma’ana fiye da ɗaya. Kalmar bara wani lokaci tana nufin yaro mai yin hidima ga wani. Wani lokaci kuma kalmar na ɗaukar ma’anar roƙo. Roƙo a nan ba yana nufin roƙon abin biyan bukata kamar irin na amajirai kawai ba (begging), yana nufin kowane roƙo a kan kowane abu ciki har da neman alfarma da neman gafarar wani kuskure da sauran irinsu. Sai dai ma’anar da za mu ɗauka mu yi amfani da ita a wannan aiki ita ce ma’ana ta biyu da aka ambata baya, wato bara domin samun ɗan abin biyan bukata daga hannayen mutane. An dubi yadda masana da manazarta da ma wasu ƙamusai suka ba wannan kalmar ta bara ma’ana. Akwai bayanai dabam-daban da masana da manazarta suka yi wajen ƙoƙarin bayyana ma’anar wannan kalma ta bara, amma duk sun ƙare ne a kan manufa ɗaya. An bi diddigin waɗannan bayanai na malamai game da ma’anar kalmar bara sannan aka yi tsokaci ga abin da suka faɗa domin fito da ra’ayin wannan aiki game da ma’anar kalmar.

A ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero an bayar da ma’anar bara kamar haka:

“Bara shi ne neman sadaka daga wurin mutane”

Wannan ma’anar da suka bayar ta yi daidai, wato raracen da wasu marasa hali ke yi a gidajen mutane da manufar neman sadaka daga hannayensu. Ma’anar da ƙamusun ya bayar ta keɓe ma’anar bara ga bin duk wata hanya don neman sadaka.

Wata ma’ana da Ƙamusun The New Lexicon Webster’s Dictionary Of the English language bayar da ma’anar kalamar mabaraci ya yi kamar haka:

“Beggar is someone who begs food, clothes, money etc for livelihood” (Google: Beggar.com)

Fassara:

“Mabaraci shi ne wani mutum wanda yake roƙon abinci, tufafi, kuɗi da sauransu don tafiyar da rayuwarsa”

Wannan ma’anar da ƙamusun ya bayar duk da ba ta kalmar bara ce ba amma ta wanda ya sifantu da kalmar ce, wato wanda ke aikata bara shi ne wanda ke roƙon abinci ko tufafi ko kuma kuɗi ko ma wani abu don tafiyar da rayuwarsa. Ita wannan ma’anar ta yi daidai, wato mai neman abin gudanar da sha’ani rayuwarsa daga hannun mutane ko da masu ba shi ba da sunan sadaka suke ba shi ba.

Ƙamusun Wekipedia ya yi ƙoƙari wajen bayyana ma’anar bara da cewa:

“Begging or panhandling is the practice of imploring others to grant a favor, often a gift of money, with little or no expectation of reciprocation”

Fassara:

“Bara ko riƙa kwargo[3] wata halayya ce ta neman wasu su bayar da agaji mafi yawa na kyautar kuɗi, ba tare da tsammanin mayar masu ta wata hanya ba”

A wannan ma’anar ta nuna duk wata halayya ta roƙon ba tare da wata musanya ba ta hanyar amfani da riƙa kwargo, ta ana kiran wanna abu bara. Ambaton “riƙa kwargo” wato wata halayya ce ta neman wasu su bayar da agaji[4] mafi yawa kyautar kuɗi wanda babu tsammanin wata sakarya. Wannan ma’anar ita ta fito da ma’anar baran da almajirai ke yi. Wannan ya fitar da wasu hanyoyi da ake iya bi a nemi taimakon kamar masu bara amma ba tare da an riƙa kwargo ba, kamar raraka.

Shi kuma ƙamusun “Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary ya kawo ma’anar bara kamar haka:

“To ask for money, food, closthes, etc as a gift or as charity”

Fassara:

“Bara shi ne roƙon kuɗi ko abinci ko tufafi

Ko kuma wani abu a matsayin kyauta ko sadaka”

Wannan ma’anar tana cewa roƙon kuɗi ko abinci ko sutura da sauransu a matsayin kyauta ko sadaka, wannan ma’anar da ƙamusun ya bayar ta yi kama da wadda New Lexicon ya bayar na cewa roƙon abin gudanar da rayuwa daga hannun mutane a kyauta, shi ne bara.

Haka ma ƙamusun BBC English Dictionary ya kawo ma’anar mabaraci kamar haka:

“Beggar is someone who lives by asking people for money or food”.

Fassara:

“Mabaraci shi ne mutumin da yake rayuwa a kan roƙon jama’a kuɗi ko abinci”

Wannan ma’anar da wannan ƙamusun ya baya tana nuna cewa duk wani mutum mai ɗabi’ar neman abin biyan bukatarsa kyauta daga hannun jama’a to mabaraci ne. Ita ma wannan ma’anar ta yi kama da waɗansu da suka gabace ta da suke danganta bara da neman abin biyan bukata ta hanyar kyauta daga hannayen mutane.

Ko bayan ƙamusoshi, masana da suka yi aiki a kan abin da ya shafi bara sun ba shi ma’anoni, kamar: Karofi (1980) a wajen bayyana ma’anar bara cewa ya yi:

“Bara wata hanya ce da wasu mutane marasa galihu na daga cikin al’umma ke bi domin neman abin da za su ci su yi sutura (wato a taƙaice neman abin masarufi[5]). (Karofi 1980:31)

Umar (2002) ya bayyana ma’anar bara da cewa:

“Bara hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don jawo hankalin jama’a ta amfani da kalami ko lafazi mai datse[6] sauyoyi ko jijiyoyin jiki don a tausaya da irin siffar mabaracin ko ta hanyar yin ishara da halin da yake ciki ko kuma yin waƙa domin neman abin da zai sa wa a bakinsa ko don neman abin sayen kayan masarufi” (Umar 2002: 46)

Shi kuma Khalid (2006) cewa ya yi:

 “Almajiri kalmar Hausa ce da ke nufin ɗalibi ko ɗan makarata. An samo kalmar ne daga harshen Larabci ‘al-muhajir’ mai nufin wanda ya yi ƙaura. A tarihance kalmar asalinta daga waɗanda suka yi hijira[7] daga Makka zuwa Madina tare da Manzon Allah (SAW) waɗanda aka sani da Muhajirun (ɗaya muhajir) (Khalid 2006: 3).

Sarkin Gulbi yana cewa: (2007) ya dubi bara ya bayyana ma’anarsa kamar haka:

“Bara wata hanya ce ta roƙon jama’a da wasu mutane kan bi, bisa waɗansu dalilai don neman abin da suka ci ko suka sha ko suka yi sutura ko ma suka ajiye don biyan wasu buƙatu na rayuwa.” (Sarkin Gulbi 2007:23)

A wannan aiki ana iya cewa, bara shi ne roƙon abin biyan bukata daga hannayen mutane ta amfani da wasu hanyoyi na musamman irin riƙa kwargo ko nuna wata naƙasa[8] ta jiki ko bayyanar da duk wani abu da zai sa jama’a su tausaya wa mai roƙon su taimaka masa. Abin dubi yanzu shi ne, yaushe aka fara wannan lamari na bara?

---

[1]  Kimanta yawan abu.

[2]  Na daban, masu bambanci da sauran.

[3]  Wani ƙoƙo ko kwano ko ma roba da almajirai suke riƙawa idan suna bara wanda aka saka masu sadaka a ciki.

[4]  Taimako/tallafi,

[5]  Abin da rayuwa take buƙata don ɗorewarta cikin sauƙi.

[6]  Kashe jiki/ sa a ji tausayi.

[7]  Ƙaura daga wani gari zuwa wani.

[8]  Rasa wani sashe/gaɓa ta jiki, ko sashen/gaɓar ta ƙI yin aiki daidai.