Sassaƙar Turmi a Ƙasar Hausa

    wannan takardar ta yi ƙoƙarin duban matakan aiwatar sassaƙar turmi ne kawai a ƙasar Hausa. 

     Sassaƙar Turmi a Ƙasar Hausa

    Dr. Rabiu Aliyu Rambo

    Department of Nigerian Languages

    Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.

    Sassaƙar Turmi

    Tsakure

    Ganin cewar da yawa daga cikin al’umma ba su san irin jerin matakan da masassaƙa kan bi ba wajen aiwatar da sassaƙa, wannan shi ya jawo hankalina domin in yi ƙoƙarin fito da waɗannan matakai daki-daki domin a fahince su. Ganin cewa kayan sassaƙa suna da yawa a ƙasar Hausa, wannan takardar ta yi ƙoƙarin duban matakan aiwatar sassaƙar turmi ne kawai a ƙasar Hausa. A ƙoƙarin haƙa ta cimma ruwa, takardar ta yi amfani da dabarun gani da ido da tambayoyi da bitar wasu ayyuka domin zaƙuro bayanan da aka tattauna a wannan takardar. An ɗora aikin a Bahaushen ra’i (hanyar gudanar da bincike), wato tunanin cewa “kowa a gida sarki ne.” An yi haka ne bayan la’akari da ɗumbin hikimomi da ke tattare da al’amarin sassaƙa. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya gano akwai a ƙalla matakai goma da masassaƙi kan bi kafin ya samar da turmi a ƙasar Hausa.

     

    Fitilun Kalmomi: Sassaƙa; Masassaƙa; Ƙasar Hausa; Sana’o’i

    1.0 Gabatarwa

    Sassaƙa na ɗaya daga cikin daɗɗun sana’o’in Bahaushe na gargajiya. Wani abin burgewa shi ne, har yanzu akwai masassaƙa a cikin Hausawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kayan amfanin Bahaushe da dama waɗanda masassaƙan ne ke samar da su, duk kuwa da sauye-sauyen zamani da aka samu a yau. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi fice da Bahaushen dauri da na zamani ya dogara kan masassaƙi domin samun sa shi ne “turmi.”

    Duk da daɗewa da wannan sana’a ta yi, mafi yawan Hausawa ba su san matakan da ake bi domi samar da turmi ba, duk da kuwa za a iya cewa a ƙalla akwai turmi guda a gidan kowane Bahaushe. Ba gama-garin Hausawa ba, har cikin manazarta harshe da al’adun Hausawa, waɗanda suka san matakan sassaƙa ba su da yawa. Yayin da aka nazarci fasahohi da ƙoƙarin masassaƙa, lallai za a tarar cewa sun cancanci a darajanta kayayyakin da suke samarwa. Wannan ne kuma ya sa takardar ta himmatu wajen fito da yadda ake sassaƙa turmi daki-daki tun dagga zaɓen ice, har zuwa tsayar masa da fasali.

    1.1 Dabarun Bincike

    Nau’in bincike irin wannan na buƙatar bayanai ne daga tushe. Wannan ne ya sa aka fi mayar da hankali kan ziyarar gani-da-ido zuwa wuraren da ake aiwatar da sassaƙar turame. An yi tambayoyi kai tsaye ga waɗansu masassaƙa domin jin waƙa daga bakin mai ita. Littattafai da sauran rubuce-rubuce da aka tuntuɓa sun taimaka wajen saita akalar binciken.

    A ɓangare guda kuwa, an ɗora aikin a tunanin Bahaushe da ke cewa, “Kowa a gida sarki ne.” Wannan ya yi daidai da al’amarin da ke faruwa game da sana’ar sassaƙa. Yayin da aka baje fasahar da ke cikin harkar sassaƙa, lallai za a tarar cewa masassaƙa sarakuna ne kuma masana a wannan fage.

    2.1 Waiwayen Ma’anar Sassaƙa

    Masana da ɗaliban ilimi da dama sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da ma’anar sassƙa dai-dai fahimtarsu. A cikin ƙamusun Hausa na CNHN (2006: 393) an bayyana sassaƙa da cewa: “Abin da aka sarrafa daga itace kamar allo da turmi da mutum-mutumi, sana’ar sassaƙa sana’a ce ta samar da surori”.

    A ra’ayin Wushishi (2011: 24) cewa ya yi: Sana’ar sassaƙa aiki ne na hure ice da aiwatar da shi don a mayar da shi wani abin amfani kamar jirgin ruwa da kujera da kyaure da turmi da taɓarya da akushi da suransu.

    Wannan ra’ayin yana nuni da cewa sassaƙa sana’a ce ta sarrafa itace. Haka Alhassan da wasu (1982: 54) a cikin nasu littafin suna da ra’ayin cewa: Sassaƙa na nufin sarar itace da sarrafa itacen ta hure domin aikatar da shi zuwa dukkan abubuwan da ake buƙata.

     A nan wannan ma’anar tana ƙoƙarin bayanin cewa, sassaƙa sana’a ce da ake sarrafa itace domin samar da wani abin buƙata na yau da kullum ga al’umma. Har wa yau a cikin wani littafi Alhassan da wasu (1980: 41) sun ƙara bayyana ma’anar sassaƙa da cewa: Sana’ar sassaƙa sana’a ce da ake hure ice a mayar da shi abin amfani, kamar jirgin ruwa ko kujera ko kwacciyar sirdi ko takalmin ɗangarafai ko allo ko mutum- mutumi da makamantansu.

    Duba daga wannan ma’anar za a ga duk dai maganar sarrafa itace zuwa wasu abubuwan amfani al’umma suke Magana a kai.  Bugu da ƙari, Ambursa (2015: 23) ya rawaito Hamma da Bagudu (2004: 10) suna cewa:

    Sassaƙa ita ce aikin da ake yi domin samar da kayan amfani musamman kayan aikin noma da suka haɗa da ƙotar gatari da ƙotar kalme da kuma kayan aikin gida da suka haɗa da kujerar zama ta mata da akushi da dai sauransu.

    Bisa ga waɗannan ra’ayoyi na masana da manazarta daban-daban, a nan ana iya cewa, waɗannan ma’anoni sun bayar da haske sosai dangane da ma’anar sassaƙa musasamman a Bahaushiyar al’ada. Idan aka yi nazarinsu za a ga cewa kusan sun yi kunnen doki da juna. Alal misali ma’anar Alhassan da wasu 1980 da (1982) da Wushishi (2011) sun tafi a kan cewa sana’a ce ta hure ice zuwa wasu abubuwan buƙatun al’umma. A ra’ayin Bungudu ruwaitowar Ambursa (2015), a tasa ma’anar ya mayar da ƙarfi ne a kan cewa sana’a ce ta sarrafa itace zuwa kayan aiki a cikin al’umma.

    Ko shakka babu, waɗannan ma’anoni suna kan turba, duk da yake sun taƙaita ga sarrafa itace domin amfanin al’umma. Don haka sun manta da sana’ar ta ƙunshi har da sarrafa tsumojin itacen. A tawa fahimta sana’ar sassaƙa wata fasaha ce ko sana’a da ta jiɓanci sarrafa itace ko tsumoji domin samar da abubuwan buƙatun al’umma daban-daban a cikin harkokinsu na yau da kullum.

    2.2 Samuwar Sassaƙa

    Tarihin samuwar tarihin sassaƙa a wannan nahiya ba zai kammalu ba, ba tare da an yi waiwaye a kan ayyukan sassaƙa na mutanen ‘Nok Culture’ (al’adun mutanen Nok) ba. Wannan kuwa yana da muhimmanci domin a nan ne aka fara samun kayan sassaƙa na farko a wannan yanki da suka yi shekaru aru-aru a duniya. A shafin yanar gizo na African Art an bayyana cewa:

    The characteristic sculpture of Africa, which forms the largest part of what is usually considered primitive art, can be seen as early as 500 BC in the Nok culture- named from the village in Nigeria where pottery figures of this kind were first found.

    Fassara

    Siffofin kayakin sassaƙa da ake samarwa a ƙasashen Afirka, da yawa daga cikinsu an ɗauka na mutanen karkara ne. Waɗannan ayyuka kuwa an samar da su tun shekaru ɗari biyar kafin haihuwar annanbi Isah (500BC) daga al’adun mutanen Nok (Nok culture). An ba waɗannan kayaki wannan sunan ne daga sunan wani kauye a Nijeriya inda aka fara samun waɗannan kayan sassaƙe-sassaƙe.

    Wannan kuwa ko shakka ba bu, ya ƙara nuna muna irin daɗewar da sha’anin sassaƙa ta yi a wannan nahiya ta Afirka.

    Baya ga mutanen Nok, haka ko a baya bayannan wani bincike ya gano wani tsohon kwale-kwale (jirgin ruwa) da masana ke ganin shi ne mafi tsufa a nahiyar Afirka kuma na uku a tsufa a duniya baki-ɗaya. A shafin intanet na Naija Trek G an bayyana cewa, Malam Ya’u ya gano tsohon kwale-kwale a Afirka a kogin Koma-Dugu-Gana a jahar Yobe Nijeriya a wani ƙauye mai suna Dufana. An gano wannan kwale-kwale a ranar 28-May, 1987. Wannan shi ne kwale-kwale mafi tsufa a Afirka kuma na uku ga tsufa a duniya. An yi ƙiyasin ya kai shekaru dubu takwas (8000) kafin bayyanar annabi Isah (AS) (6000BC). Tsawon shi ya kai mita takwas da ɗigo huɗu (8.4m) faɗinsa ya kai mita ɗigo biyar (0.5m), kaurinsa kuwa ya kai santimita biyar (5cm). Bayan kiran ƙwararru daga masana a jami’ar Maiduguri da Jamani, an samu nasarar fid da wannan kwale-kwale a 1989. A yanzu haka wannan jirgin yana nan aje a ɗakin adana kayan tarihi na Damaturu jahar Yobe da ke Nijeriya (Rambo, 2018).

    Wannan ya nuna mutanen Afirka sun daɗe da fasahar sarrafa itace zuwa wasu abubuwan buƙatunsu na yau da kullum. Duk da haka, abin tambaya a nan shi ne, yaya suke aiwatar da wannan aiki? Dalili kuwa shi ne, shekarun wannan kwale-kwalen sun nuna an samar da shi ne tun lokacin iron age (lokacin amfani da ƙarfe).

    Samar da gamsasshen bayani dangane da masassaƙin farko a ƙasar Hausa da abin da aka fara sassaƙawa da inda aka fara sassaƙan, wannan wani abu ne mai wuyan tantancewa. Don haka, kamar yadda ba za a iya sanin Bahaushen farko a ƙasar Hausa ba, haka ba za a iya sanin masassaƙin farko a ƙasar Hausa ba. Ganin cewa samuwa da wanzuwar sana’o’in Hausawa sun dogara ne daga irin buƙatocinsu na yau da kullum. Haka ita ma sana’ar sassaƙa ta samu ɓullowa ne tsakanin Hausawa na wancan lokacin tun zamani mai nisa.

    Akwai hasashen cewa, sana’ar sassaƙa a ƙasar Hausa ta samo asali ne tun lokacin da Hausawa suka fahimci aiwatar da sana’ar noma da farauta a muhallinsu. Masu wannan hasashen sun kafa hujja da cewa, a lokacin da suka je farauto namun daji, sukan gamu da dabbobin daji masu ƙarfin gaske waɗanda kan iya kashe mutum domin tsananin ƙarfin da Allah Ya ba su. Ganin al’ummar Hausawa na samun kan su cikin wannan halin, sai suka fara tunanin samun wani abu (makami) da za su yi amfani da shi wajen farautar waɗannan namun daji a matsayin abinci da kariyar kai. A wannan lokacin abu mafi sauƙin samu a muhallin da suke ciki shi ne itace. Don haka, sai suka fara sarrafa itace zuwa sanduna masu tsini da kauri da mariƙi domin farauto dabbobin a ƙoƙarinsu na samar wa kansu abinci.

    Daga wannan lokacin ne masu wannan hasashen ke ganin aka samo asalin sassaƙa a ƙasar Hausa. Wannan kuwa ya ci gaba da wanzuwa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, sha’anin sassaƙa na ƙara ci gaba har jama’a a wancan lokacin suka samu wayewar kai ta fasahar sassaƙa, ya zama masassaƙa suna iya sassaƙa muhimman abubuwa masu yawa da za su taimaka wajen gudanar da rayuwarsa ta yau da kullum, musamman abin da ya shafi kayan sassaƙa da suka shafi noma kamar ƙota da sungumi da akushi da turmi da taɓarya da dangarafai da ƙyaure da muciya da kwale-kwale da sirdin dawakai da raƙumma da sauransu da dama da ake amfani da itace wajen sarrafa su jiya da yau a ƙasar Hausa. A lura cewa, duk da irin tsufan fasahar sana’ar sassaƙa a ƙasar Hausa, Hausawa ba su da al’adar sassaƙan mutum-mutumi, balle su yi amfani da shi wajen bautarsu. A mafi yawan lokutta, Hausawa ba su sassaƙan surorin wasu abubuwa musamman masu rai, sha’anin sassaƙansu ya keɓanta ne a kan sarrafa itace ta hanyar samar da kayan amfanin al’umma na yau da kullum. 

    3.0 Sassaƙa A Aikace

    Kai tsaye wannan ɓangare na aikin na ɗauke da jerin sunayen itatuwan da ake amfani da su yayin aiwatar da sassaƙa. Daga nan kuma sai aka kawo bayani game da yadda ake gudanar da aikin sassaƙa daki-daki.

    3.1 Itatuwan da Ake Amfani da Su Wajen Sassaƙa a Ƙasar Hausa

    Itace (itaciya) shi ne ƙashin bayan sana’ar sassaƙa, domin itace wani muhimmin abu ne da dole sai mai sana’ar sassaƙa ya tanada kafin sassaƙa duk wani abu da yake so ya samar na sassaƙa. A fagen sassaƙa, akwai itace daban-daban da ake amfani da su gwargwadon yadda suka samu a muhallin da masassaƙi ya samu kansa da kuma irin sassaƙan da yake so ya aiwatar. Daga cikin waɗannan itatuwa akwai:

    1.      Dogon yaro (bedi, dalbejiya)

    2.      Kaɗe

    3.      Kaiwa (Kanya)

    4.      Gawo

    5.      Gamji

    6.      Danya (ɗunya)

    7.      Loda

    8.      Kalgo

    9.      Geza

    10.  Faru

    11.  Marke

    12.  Dashe

    13.  Aduwa

    14.   Ceɗiya

    15.  Moro

    16.  Maɗaci

    17.  Wuyan Damo

    18.  Ƙoƙiya

    19.  Malga

    20.  Turare

    21.  Kurya

    22.  Katsari

    23.  ƙirya

    24.  Maje

    25.  Taura

    26.  Ɗoruwa

    27.  Alilliba

    28.  Doka

    29.  Tsamiya

    30.  Gora

    31.  Kandare

    32.  Gwaiba

    33.  Lemu

    34.  Shuwaka

    35.  Ɗunɗu

    36.  Namijin tsada

    37.  Baushi

    38.  Magarya

    39.  Kurna

    40.  Bagaruwa

    41.  Gawatsa

    42.  Mangwaro

    43.  Tsiriri

         44 Gyaye da sauran su. Rambo, (2018)

    3.2 Matakan Aiwatar da Sassaƙa a Ƙasar Hausa

    Kowace sana’a ta tanadi wasu hanyoyi na musamman da mai gudanar da ita zai bi wajen ganin ya samu aiwatar da sana’ar cikin nasara. Ga masu aiwatar da sana’ar sassaƙa musamman a Bahaushiyar al’ada, sun tanadi wasu matakai da masassaƙi zai bi domin ganin ya samar da wani abin sassaƙa. Duk da yake kayan buƙatu sun bambanta daga wannan rukunin al’umma zuwa waccan, amma dai kusan duk zubi da tsarin sassaƙar iri ɗaya ce. Don haka, domin samar da misali kawai, binciken ya ɗauki sassaƙan turmi, domin bayyana matakan da masassaƙa kan bi kafin samar da shi ga al’ummar Hausawa.

    A ƙasar Hausa, turmi yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman kayan sassaƙa da masassaƙa kan samar, wanda mafi yawan al’umma ke amfani da shi a gidajensu ta fuskoki daban-daban. Wannan bincike ya gano kusan a ce da wuya a samu gidan Bahaushe da ba a amfani da turmi ko yaya yake duk da irin wayewar kai da ya shigo mu a wannan zamani. Haka saboda muhimmancin turmi da wuya ka ga an kai amaryar Bahaushe ɗakinta ba tare da shi ba. Duba daga irin wannan muhimmancin da ke damfare ga turmi, ya sa na zaɓe shi domin bayyana yadda ake aiwatar da sassaƙarsa a ƙasar Hausa. Duk da yake wannan misali ne kawai, amma kusan duk tsari ɗaya ne da sauran sassaƙe-sassaƙen da ake aiwatarwa a sassan ƙasar Hausa. Abin da ya bambanta sauran sassaƙan kawai shi ne irin nau’in abubuwan da ake so a sassaƙa.

    A hirar da na yi da Abdullahi Musa Sakke, ya tabbatar min cewa, kafin a sassaƙa turmi akwai matakai daban-daban da mai aikin sassaƙa zai bi wajen aiwatar da shi, daga cikin waɗannan matakai kuwa sun haɗa da:

    a.      Zaɓen ice

    b.      Kaye

    c.       Katsa

    d.     Kwakkwafa

    e.      Fitarwa

    f.        Kashe-daba

    g.      Fid da siffa

    h.      Shaɓa da kaifafawa

    i.        Fitar da baki

    j.        Tsayar da fasali

    Ga dai yadda bayanan matakan suke daki-daki. Abdullahi Musa Sakke ya bayyana cewa,

    Da farko mai aikin sassaƙan turmi yana buƙatar ya tanadi kayayyakin aiwatar da sassaƙa da suka haɗa da: Gatari, gizago, masurhi (wambali), masarnayi (guru), mahuri da ɗan tafe.

    Bayan masassaki ya tanadi waɗannan kayan aiki ne zai tafi daji neman itacen da yake so ya yi amfani da shi. Musa Sakke ya bayyana wasu daga cikin itatuwan da suke amfani su sun haɗa da itacen kaɗe ko dalbejiya ko ƙirya ko gawo ko maɗacci ko taura da sauransu. Har wa yau, ya bayyana cewa, akwai a ƙalla matakai goma da mai sassaƙan turmi zai bi kafin ya samar da shi a cikin al’umma a Bahaushiyar al’ada.

    3.2.1 Zaɓen Itace

    Zaɓen itace shi ne mataki na farko da kowane masassaƙi ya kamata ya fara kula da shi a koƙarinsa na samar da kowane irin abin amfani na sassaƙa. Don haka, masu sassaƙan turmi sun ba wannan bagiren muhimmanci domin samar da nagartaccen turmi a cikin al’umma. Ana zaɓen itatuwan ne domin ingancin su ta yadda za a ɗauki dogon lokaci ana amfani da su ba tare da wata illa ba. Don haka, zaɓen itacen sassaƙa ga masassaƙa shi ne mataki na farko da masassaƙi zai yi la’akari da shi a wajen sassaƙan turmi.

    3.2.2 Kaye

    Kaye shi ne mataki na biyu da mai sana’ar sassaƙan zai yi a lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin fara aiwatar da sassakarsa. Kaye shi ne saran itacen da ake buƙatar sassaƙar ya faɗi ƙasa. A wannan matakin, wani lokaci masassaƙa na cin karo da wasu itatuwa masu iskoki da saransu kan yi wuya, wani lokaci sai masassaki ya nuna irin ta shi waibuwa ta yin wasu ‘yan tsatsube-tsatsube kafin ya iya kayar da itacen ƙasa.

    3.2.3 Katsa

    Bayan an kayar da itacen a ƙasa, mataki na uku da mai sassaƙan zai yi shi ne katsan itacen da ya kayar. Katsa a nan na nufin sare itacen da aka kayar zuwa gunduwa-gunduwa dai-dai yadda masassaƙi ke buƙata. A wannan matakin masassaƙi kan fid da nau’in gunduwar itacen da yake buƙata wurin fid da irin siffar ko girman da turmin da yake so ya sassaƙa . Misali babba ne ko ƙarami, idan babba yake buƙata tilas a samu babbar gundurwar itacen. Idan kuwa karami ne, sai a samu gundurwa ƙarama.

    3.2.4 Ƙwaƙƙwafa

    Bayan masassaki turmi ya yi katsa, abu na gaba shi ne mataki na huɗu wato ƙwakƙwafa. Ita dai kwakƙwafa wata dabara ce ta kwaƙƙwafar gunduwar itacen da aka katsa ta hanyar cire ɓawon da ke jikin gunduwar, da daidaita jikin katsar ta yadda za a ji daɗin aiki da shi. Wani lokaci a wannan mataki ne masassaƙa suke auna tsawo ko gajartar turmin da suke son sassaƙawa ta amfani da igiya ko kamun hannu ko ƙafa.

    3.2.5 Fitarwa

    Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, a wannan matakin ne na biyar inda ake ginan turmin zuwa yadda ake buƙata. A nan za ga cewa, zurfin turmi ya danganta ne gwargwadon irin amfanin da za a yi da shi bayan an kammala shi. Galibi ana amfani da masurhi ne ko wambali wajen ginan turmi a ƙasar Hausa. Shi kuwa masurhi haka yake kamar fartanya, amma ƙotarsa ta fi ta fartanya tsawo, kuma bakinta ya fi na fartanya kauri da tsayo. Wannan siffar ma’aikacin ita ke ba masassaƙi damar ginan gunduwar itatuwan da ya katsa kamar yadda yake so.

    A Wannan matakin ana aiwatar da shurin turmi a lokacin da aka gama ginan turmi da masurhi ko wambali. Shurin turmi kamar ginar turmi yake, sai dai shi ana amfani da guru ne wajen ƙara wa turmi zurfi. Guru wani ma’aikaci ne da masassaƙa ke amfani da shi domin ƙara zurfin abin da suke sassaƙa musamman idan abin da ake sassaƙa zurfinsa matsastse ne, don haka shi wannan ma’aikacin (guru) bai kai masurhi girma ba, kuma akwai babba akwai ƙarami.

    3.2.6 Kashe Daba

    A lokacin da masassaƙi ke aiwatar da sassaƙar turmi, can a tsakiyar turmin za a samu wata mahaɗa da masassaƙi ke tsayar da sassaƙarsa a tsakiyar turmi. A wannan mahaɗa ce masassaƙi ke tsayar da sassaƙar da ya faro tun daga saman turmi daga ciki har zuwa wannan dabar. A na kiransa kashe daba ne ganin duk sassaƙar da aka yo musamman na cikin turmi a nan ne ake tsayawa. Shi wannan kashe dabar yana da alamar tuntu da wanzamai a ƙasar Hausa kan yi a kan yara wajen aski a shekarun baya. Ita kuwa wannan dabar, galibi ana sassaƙe ta ne bayan an gama shata yadda ake so turmin ya kasance, watau faɗinsa da zurfinsa.

    3.2.7 Fid Da Siffa

    A nan za a fid da gindin turmi, gindin turmi wani ɓangare ne mai muhimmanci ga mai sassaƙar turmi. Gindin turmi yana nufin mazaunin turmi ta yadda za a iya ajiye shi ya tsayu ana amfani da shi. Kamar yadda saman turmi yake a zagaye, haka shi ma gindin turmi a zagaye yake, amma ba tare da rami a tsakiyarsa ba. Haka gindin turmi bai kai saman turmi faɗi ba.

    Haka a wannan mataki ne za a fid da ƙafa. A wannan mataki na fitar da ƙafa, masassaƙi na amfani da gizago. Kafar tana nufin mariƙin turmi inda ake sa hannu a ɗauke shi daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan.

    3.2.8 Shaɓa Da Kaifafawa

     A wannan mataki ake fid da kaifin ƙafa. Shi kaifin ƙafa shi ne wani ɗan yanka da ake yi a kan ƙafar turmi ta tsaye. Shi kuwa kashe kaifin ƙafa ana yin sa ne ya doshi ƙasan hannun turmi. Haka a nan ne ake shaɓa, shaɓa shi ne sassaƙan da ake yi a bayan turmi har sai turmin ya yi sumul ta yadda ba zai iya raunata wanda ya shafe shi ba ta hanyar yi masa tsartse. A wannan mataki na shaɓan turmi, ana yin sa ne da gatari ƙarami. Daga nan sai ya yi lailaya. Shi lailayar turmi tamkar shaɓan turmi ne, sai dai a yayin da ake amfani da gatari wurin shaɓan turmi, a wajen lailayar turmin kuwa ana amfani ne da gizago. Wannan lailayar da ake wa turmi shi ma yana ƙara inganta siffar turmi ya zama gwanin ban sha’awa. Yin wannan kan ƙara wa turamen gwarjini ga masaya. Don haka, lailaya ita ce sassaƙan bayan turmi da masassaƙi kan yi da gizago domin sassaƙar ta yi kyau ba tare da samun kware ko tudu a jikin turmin da ake sassaƙa ba.

    3.2.9 Fitar Da Baki

    Yankan bakin turmi na sama shi ne mataki na gaba da mai aikin sassaƙan turmi zai aiwatar. A wannan muhallin na yankan bakin turmi, masassaƙi na amfani da gizago ne wajen daidaita bakin turmin da yake sassaƙa daga saman turmi. Yin wannan shi zai sa a samu daidaiton bakin ta yadda wani sashe nasa ba zai wuce wani sashe ba. Haka a wannan mataki bayan an kammala aikin sassaƙar turmi, masassaƙi zai yi amfani da gizago wajen kashe kaifin sassaƙarsa da ya yi na turmi ciki da waje. Wannan na faruwa ne bayan an yi yankan bakin turmi, gefensa na kasancewa da kaifi ta yadda zai iya yi wa wani rauni, don haka sai an kashe kaifin ta hanyar sassaƙar gefen bakin turmin.

    3.2.10 Tsayar da Fasali

    Wannan mataki shi ne na ƙarshe, wannnan mataki shi ne gyaran da ake wa gindin turmi a ƙasansa ta yadda zai samu girkuwa ya tsayu ana amfani da shi a lokacin da buƙatar haka ta samu. Domin kuwa ba tare da yin wannan aikin ba, turmin ba zai samu tsayuwa a yi aikin da ake buƙata da shi ba.

    4.0 Kammalawa

    Duba daga irin matakan da aka tattauna a baya dangane da matakan aiwatar da sassaƙan turmi a ƙasar Hausa, a nan za a ga cewa, sassaƙar na buƙatar ƙwarewa ta musamman domin samun ingantaccen turmi. Rashin aiwatar da ko da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan matakai na iya haddasa ko kawo cikas ga samuwar turmi nagartacce a cikin al’ummar Hausawa. Don haka, wannan takardar ta gano jerin matakai goma da mai aiwatar da sana’ar sassaƙan turmi zai bi domin kafin ya samar da shi ga alumma.

    Manazarta

    Alhassan, H. da wasu (1980). Zaman Hausawa Na Ɗaya, Don Makarantun Gaba da Firamare. Zaria: Institute of Education, Ahmadu Bello University.

    Ambursa, S. S. (2015). “Sana’a Sa’a: Nazari a kan Sana’ar Sassaƙa a Garin Birnin Kebbi.” Sakkwato: Kundin Digiri na Farko, Sashen Harsunan Nigeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo.

    BroB, M and Baba, A.T. (1996) Dictionary of Hausa Crafts A Dialectal Documentation. Rudiger: Koppe Verlag Koln.

    CNHN, (2006). Ƙamussun Hausa. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.

    Garba, C.Y. (1991). Sana’o’in Gargajiya a Ƙasar Hausa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limeted.

    Goldschmidt, W. (1996). Functionalism. Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology. New York: Vol 2. Davinson and Melvin Ember (eds) Henty Holt and Company.

    Lesser, A. (1985). Functionalism in Social Anthropology. In History, Evalution, and the Concept of Culture. Selected Papers by Alexander Lesser (ed) Sidney, W. Mintz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Rambo, R. A. (2018). “Nazarin Ayyukan Sana’ar Sassaka da Fasalolinsu a Rayuwar Hausawa” Katsina: Ph.D Thesis Department of Nigerian Languages Umaru Musa ‘Yar adua University

    Rambo, R. A. da Shehu, M. (2017) “Tasirin Shirin Game Duniya Ga Ci Gaban Ƙasa: Nazarin a Kan Dubarun Binciken Sana’ar Sassaƙa a Ƙasar Hausa.” Maiduguri: LIWURAM Journal of the Humanities. University of Maiduguri Faculty of Arts Vol18-2017

    Rimmer, E. M da da wasu (1984). Zaman Mutum Da Sana’arsa. Sabon Bugu. Zaria: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company.

    Sambo, J. (2016). “Tasirin Zamani A Kan Sana’ar Sassaƙa A Garin Sakkwato.” Sakkwato: Kundin Digiri na Farko. Sashen Harsunan Nigeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Danfoiyo.

    Sani, D. (1986). “Sassaƙa A Ƙasar Hausa.” Kano: Kundin Digiri na Farko, Jami’ar Bayero.

    Umar, A. (1986) “Sana’ar Ƙira da Sassaƙa.” Sakkwato: Kundin Digiri Na Farko, Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo.

    Wushishi, S.S. (2011). “Dangantakar Magani Da Wasu Sana’o’in Gargajiya Na Hausawa.” Sakkwato: Kundin Digiri na Biyu, Sashen Harsunan Nigeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo.

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