Nazarin Waƙar Sani Sabulu Mai Taken “Harkar Duniya” Duba Zuwa Ga Mazahabar Sigar Adabi

    A wannan takarda an yi nazarin waƙar Sani Sabulu ta “Harƙar Duniya.”

    Sani Sabulu


    Nazarin Waƙar Sani Sabulu Mai Taken “Harkar Duniya” Duba Zuwa Ga Mazahabar Sigar Adabi

    Huwaila Abubakar

    Gabatarwa

              Wannan mazahaba ta sigar Adabi tana binciko tsari ko siga ta wata al’ada ta amfani da wasu dokokin aiwatarwa (codes), ko ta yin fashin baƙin tsarin saututtukan harshen. Tsarin sautin ya haɗa da matanin adabi da sassansa da kuma wasu harƙoƙin al’ada kamar tallace-tallace da salon kwalliya da batsa da sauran ɗabi’u da halaye (Hernedi, 2009). Wannan aiki yana ƙunshe da tarihin sigar Adabi, yaɗuwarsa da kuma manufofinsa ta yadda zai yi bayanai dalla-dalla kan kowanne daga ciki kamar yadda aikin zai nuna.

    Samuwar Mazahabar Sigar Adabi

              Mazahabar sigar adabi ta samo asali ne a dalilin yadda wasu matarka suka lura da yadda aka yi amfani da wasu ra’ayoyi na nazarin kimiyyar harshe wajen gano wasu sassa na ɓoye masu bayar da ma’ana a cikin adabi da al’adun al’umma, wanda ya kai matsayinsa a ƙasar Faransa a cikin 1960.

              Mazahabar sigar adabi ta faro ne daga wasu ra’ayoyin nazarin harshe da kimiyyar harsuna, kuma tana lura da wasu sassa masu ɓoyayyar ma’ana a cikin al’adu da adabin al’umma. Wannan sassa an danganta su don su samar da sharhi game da aikin adabi da irin tsarin da aka bi aka fito da shi. Hasali ma, mazahabar sigar adabi na da ra’ayin cewa kowane abu muka yi na aikin ɗan’adam to, ana bayyana shi cikin harshe ne. mazahabar sigar adabi ta yi imani da cewa waɗannan alamomi ko wakillan furuci suna faɗaɗa ne su ma wuce aikin sadarwa na baka ko rubutacce.

              Wannan mazahabar ta tarken sigar harshe da masana da matarkan adabi suka ɗauki hannu daga gare ta ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan wani mai suna Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) da ya zama uban masu nazarin kimiyyar harshe na zamani da suka yi fice wajen gano wasu tsare-tsare na fito da dokoki da ma’anar ɓoye a cikin nazarin harshe. Ya fito da waɗannan manufofin ne a cikin wasu ayyukansa da ya yi masu suna, La Langue La Parole (Language and Speech Act) (1914) da kuma course in General Linguistics (1923) da sauransu (Macey, 1965:364).

              Bayan wannan ƙoƙarin nasa ne aka sami wasu da suka ɗauki fannin tarken adabi don su samar da wata hanyar tarke ta dubam, da yadda tarken tarihin adabi da tarken tarihin mawallafi suka mamaye fannin tarken a jami’o’in Faransa (Junge, BsB: 983). A cikin shekarar 1940 ne wani mai nazarin baibayi (Anthoropologist) Claudio Leɓistrauss, da wani matarki Roland Berths da taimakon wasu masana suka ƙirƙiro da mazahabar sigar adabi ta Faransa (Mukhtar 2004:7).

              Ruby (1985) a cikin aikinsa na nazarin gajerun labarai ya nuna cewa, a cikin ƙarni na 20 ne aka sami wata mazahabar da ke tarken sigar adabi. tana duba yadda matanin adabi ke iya samar da ma’ana maimakon ma’anar kanta.

    Bunƙasar Mazahabar Sigar Adabi

              An ƙirƙiro wannan mazahaba ne a Faransa a wajen shekarar 1960. Amma ta tsiru ne a dalilin wani aiki da Ferdinand De Saussure (1857-1913) ya yi a Faransa a kan nazarin harshe tun a farkon ƙarni na 20, mai suna, La Langue La Parde (1914) da kuma Course in General Linguistics (1923).

              Mazahabar ta ci gaba da bunƙasa har ta zama ta nazarin adabi a Faransa ta kuma ƙara bunƙasa a wajen 1960. Waɗanda suka ƙirƙiro ta sun haɗa da Charles Sanders Peirce da Roland Barthes da Treztan Todoroɓ da Gerard Genette da Roman Jackobson da Claudio Leɓi-Strauss da Mikhtin da sauransu. Da kuma ta faro daga Faransa kuma ya yaɗu zuwa Rasha da Ingila da Amurka a wajen 1960, sannan ta yaɗu tare da yin tasiri a kan irin bincike-binciken mazauna Amurka masu magana da Ingilishi, waɗanda suke kiranta da semiotics ko tarken adabi. ta kuma rikiɗa ta zama mazahabar bi-ƙa’ida da Rasha.

    Manufofin Mazahabar Sigar Adabi

              Wasu daga cikin manufofin wannan mazahaba sun haɗa da:

    1.     Tana siffantawa da feɗe tsarin da aka rubuta adabi kansa.

    Wannan waƙa ta Alhaji Sani Sabulu an tsara ta ne daki-daki ta hanyar bayyana al’amuran rayuwa, wato yanayin duniya. Ga misali daga cikin waƙar kamar haka:

     

    “Ka ji harƙar duniya ɗaku

    Ka ga Annabi

    Don shi aka yi duniya

    Domin nai aka yi lahira

    Ka ga Annabi ya barku ya bar duniya,

    Balle ni Sani Sabulu na Hajara”.

    2.     Tana kula da nazarin kimiyyar harshen da aka ɗora kan zubi da tsari, ba kan ƙunshiya ba.

    Ita dai wannan waƙa ba ta da wasu ƙai’dodi na tsari na musamman da aka ɗora ta sai dai a iya cewa an rera ta ne gunduwa-gunduwa ta hanyar jeranta tunani domin akwai gangara, wato dangantakar ɗango da ɗango a cikin waƙar. Misali:

    “Naushi ɗaya na yi mishi,

    Ko da na duba ya faɗi,

    Ya tashi yana faɗa da diri”.

    3.     Tana ɗaukar adabi kamar yadda yake da tasiri ko ake aiwatar da shi, ta bar lura da tasiri da zamantakewar jama’a.

    A taƙaice dai, za a iya cewa wannan waƙa za a iya ɗora ta kan wannan batu, domin akwai hikima wajen isar da saƙon cikinta sannan an samu ƙayataccen salon sarrafa harshe a cikin waƙar. Misali:

    “Ina Musa na Hadizatu,

    Gaishe ka mijin Kulu,

    Gaishe ka Sakataren kiɗa,

    Mamman mijin Aisha da A’i,

    Baban Abdul’azizi, Sani Kantoman kiɗa”.

    4.     Tana fito da tsarin ɓoye tubalan gina aikin adabi (ƙwarangwal) ko wasu dokoki na aikin adabi. misali, akwai maƙasudin bayyana kowane irin abu wadda yawanci akan bayyana shi kafin abin ya fara nisa. Ga dalilin wannan waƙa daga cikin waƙar kamar haka:

    “Ni na ji ana faɗi,

    Alhaji Sani ya mutu,

    Harƙar duniya”.

    5.     Tana kula da yadda ake shirya matani don a samar da jerin ma’anoni a cikinsa

    A nan ana magana ne game da batutuwa da suka haɗu suka tayar da adabi. Don haka a wannan waƙa an yi ta kawo bayanai ne na neman tsari game da harƙoƙin duniya, ta hanyar kwatanta al’amuran da suke faruwa a cikinta. Misali:

    “Na ji ana faɗi,

    Alhaji Sani ya mutu,

    Wai Alhaji Sani Sabulun Bauchi,

    Harƙar duniya,

    Ku masoyana kuka dai kuke,

    An ce musu Sani Sabulu babu shi

    Ai ba haka nan ba ne

    Ku daina kuka Allah bai ba

    Alhaji Sabulu

    Su maƙiya sai murna suke,

    Masu adawa na ta farin ciki,

    Sun ji an ce Sani Sabulu ya rasu”.

    6.     Tana duba wasu dokoki na musamman masu samar da aukuwar ma’ana a cikin matani, wanda kuma ke nuna aukuwar a cikin tsarin matanin ko a cikin al’umma.

    Idan muka duba waƙar Alhaji Sani ta ‘harƙar duniya’ za mu ga cewa abin da yake aukuwa ne a tsakanin al’umma ya sanya shi rubuta waƙar, wato ana raɗe-raɗin Sani Sabulu ya mutu kamar har wasu suna murna. Wannan ya sanya shi tunanin yin wannan waƙa don ya shaida wa duniya cewar bai mutu ba, wato yana raye. Ga misali daga cikin waƙar kamar haka:

    “Na ji ana faɗi,

    Alhaji Sani ya mutu

    Wai Alhaji Sani Sabulun Bauchi,

    Harƙar duniya.

    Ku masoyana ku kaɗai suke

    An ce musu Sani Sabulu babu shi

    Ai ba haka nan ba ne

    Ku daina kuka Allah zai ba Alhaji Sabulu

    Sun maƙiyi sai murna suke

    Masu adawa na ta farin ciki

    Sun ji an ce Sani Sabulu ya rasu”.

    7.     Tana kallon matanin adabi a matsayin wani tsari da ke tantance ma’ana (haɗe-haɗen abubuwa na alamomi da lambobi da makaranci ke fahimtar matani da su)

    A nan babu wani tsari ko alamomi da za a iya fitowa da su daga cikin wannan waƙa. Amma za a yi bayanin abin da ke da alaƙa da su daga cikin waƙar, tun da ana jan numfashi a matsayin hutu a cikin waƙar. Don haka za a iya cewa takan zo ne gunduwa-gunduwa amma ba ta da wani ma’auni, wato daidaiton ɗango (layi) a cikinta. Misali:

    “Sani kantoman kiɗa,

    Ɗan ruwan gora Shehu na kan kudu,

    Ya insifektan kiɗa,

    Birgediyan jangyale farin mijin Hassana”.

    8.     Tana mayar da hankali kan ra’ayin kimiyyar harshe da ya danganci sadarwa da fashin baƙinsa; da kuma ra’ayin adabi mai samar da dokokin da za a yi amfani da su a rarrabe tsakanin maganar adabi da wadda ba ta adabi ba.

    A nan za a tsunduma ne cikin waƙar domin zaƙulo maganganun hikima. Don haka ga misalen wuraren kamar haka:

    Kirari:

    “Sani daraktan kiɗa,

    Ina Musa na Hadizatu,

    Gaisheka mijin Kulu,

    Gaisheka sakataren kiɗa,

    Mamman mijin Aisha da A’i,

    Baban Abdul’azizu,

    Sani kantoman kiɗa,

    Dan ruwan gora Shehu na kan tudu,

    Ya insifektan kiɗa”.

    Habaici/zambo

    “In ƙara faɗa maka,

    Abin da ba ka iyawa,

    Kar ka yi shi haushi za ka ji in ka yi,

    Adona ɗan Kano,

    In ƙara faɗa maka,

    Ko dambe dan mai ƙarfi yanada,

    Wani ya ja sabulun Hajara,

    Sani na Aminatu,

    Naushi ɗaya mai mishi,

    Ko da na duba ya faɗi ya tafi biki,

    Ya tashi yana faɗa da diri,

    Ba ka ji irinta ba,

    Ka ji wadda ake gudu”.

    Karin Magana:

    “Idan ruwa ya ɗauke fa kainuwa”.

    9.     Tana mayar da hankali ga abin da ya kamata makarancin matani ya sani ko wanda yake buƙatar sani game da fashin baƙin kowace kalma ko alama ko salo da sauransu.

    A nan za a zaƙulo kalmomi ne da suka dace a yi fashin baƙi a kansu. Don haka a cikin wannan waƙa akwai ire-iren kalmomi da za a yi fashin baƙi a kan su kamar haka:

    -         Insifekta (inspector)   - mai bincike, fannin tsaro

    -         Birgediya

    -         Darakta (director)       - jagora

    -         Bauchi                       - Gari, jihar Nijeriya da ke yankin Arewa

    -         Wahidun Jallah          - Mai girma ɗaya, ubangiji

    -         Ɗan’adam                  - Mutum

    Dangane da salo kuwa, salon wannan waƙa yana da armashi domin ana fahimtar saƙon cikin sauƙi. Daga ka saurara za ka fahimci cewa ana magana kan harƙoƙin duniya.

    Sannan an yi amfani ne da karin harshen Gabas.

    10. Tana ƙarfafa komawa ga sigar adabi don gano ƙwarangwal na cikin adabi

    Kasancewar wannan waƙa ce ta baka. A ƙwarangwal na aikin adabi ta zamo ɗaya daga cikin rassa na adabin baka wato adabin gargajiya. Adabi ya ƙunshi zube, wasan kwaikwayo da waƙa. A ƙarƙashin waƙa ana samun waƙar baka da rubutacciya. Waƙar baka tana ƙunshe da waƙoƙin tashe, bukukuwa, wasanni da sauransu. To a cikin waɗannan rassa aka sami waƙar baka. Don haka wannan waƙa ce ta baka, fannin makaɗan jama’a.

    Madogara

    Tuntuɓi masu gudanarwa.

     

    Rataye

    Waƙar Sani Sabu ‘Harƙar Duniya’

    Harƙar duniya

    Allah jalla ubangijin kowa

    Allah wahidin jalla sarki mai komai na har abada

    Allah wahidin

    Gyara jalla ubangijin dukkadu

    Ku tar da zamani

    Allah wahidin

    Allah mai duniya

    Shi ya yi saman bakwai

    Kuma shi ya yi ƙasan bakwai

    Kuma ya yi su domin annabinku

    Allah wahidun

    Allah kai ka yi mu

    Ka hana mu da kunyar lahira ko kaɗan

    Harƙar duniya babu daɗi, ba niyyar bari

    Kulluma tafiya take tanan

    Haruna na Mamman

    Ga jikan Ali mai kiɗa

    Haruna baban Garba na Amadu

    Sannu daraktar kiɗa

    Ina Musa na Hadizatu

    Gaishe ka mijin Kulu

    Gaishe ka sakataren kiɗa

    Mamman mijin Aisha da A’i

    Baban Abdul’azizu

    Sanu kantuman kiɗa

    Ɗan ruwan gora Shehu na kan kudu

    Ya Insepetan kiɗa

    Birgediyan jangyale fari mijin Hassana

    Na ji kai ne kan kula indi

    Na so ka riƙamini

    Saboda da ku na gane kiɗa aikinku ne

    Allah wahidim jalla Sarki mai iko har abada

    Yau ga Sani Sabulu na Kanoma

    Baban su Nafisatu

    Yau ga Sani Sabulu ɗan Musa

    Baban Murjanatu

    Sani mijin Hajara mijin Amina

    Sarai babban kada ɗaku

    Sarai babban kada ɗaku

    Ka huce kifi sai gungumin rago

    Sarai babban kada

    Ka huce kifi sai gungumin rago

    Haɗari taso da gabar kasuwar

    Mu ga ‘yan gishiri suna tafe

    Kasan harƙar duniya da an samu sai a rasa

    Ta yi wahala daɗi na nan tafe

    Ka ji harkar duniya

    Babu daɗi ba a niyan bari

    Ba ka ji irinta ba

    Wai wasu sunce na Sabulu ya tafi

    Don naji ana faɗi

    Wai dan naji ana faɗi

    Wai ance Sani ya mutu

    Ni naji ana faɗi

    Alhaji Sani ya mutu

    Wai Alhaji Sani Sabulun Bauci

    Harƙar duniya

    Ku masoyana ku kaɗai suke

    An ce musu Sani Sabulu babu shi

    Ai ba haka nan ba ne

    Ku daina kuka. Allah bai ba Alhaji Sabulu

    Su maƙiya sai murna suke

    Masu adawa na ta farin ciki

    Sun ji an ce Sani Sabulu ya rasu

    Ai ba haka nan ba ne

    Ku daina murna Allah bai ba

    Harƙar duniya

    Ku masoyar Sani Sabulu

    Ku daina kuka Allah bai ba

    In ƙara faɗa muku

    Dukkan Musulmi na duniya

    In ya samu ya yi hamdala

    In ya rasa ma kuma ya yi hamdala

    Baiwa da rashi kyauta huwallahu ne

    Wasu sunce na mutu

    To ni nasan zan mutu

    Ko ban mutu ba, nasan zan mutu

    Ban ƙi ba ance Sani na mutu

    Ni a sani na mutu

    Ni Sani Sabulu

    Ka ga Annabi ya barku

    Annabi ya barku ya bar duniya

    To bari ni Sani Sabulun Hajara

    Malam me kake nufi

    Malam ni kake nufi

    Indon wani iko duniya

    Fir’auna ya mutu ya bar duniya

    Iyakacinsa da daɗi duniya

    Gobe ƙiyama ba zai kurɓi kausar ba

    Ka ji harƙar duniya

    Malam me kake nufi

    Kana ta murna an ce na mutu

    In kuka dukiya kake

    In hanje dukiya kake

    Ƙaruna ya mutu ya bar duniya

    Ko da ya mutu bai riƙe ko kwabo uku ba

    Ka ji harƙar duniya ɗaku

    Ka ga Annabi

    Don shi aka yi duniya

    Domin na yi aka yi lahira

    Ka ga Annabi ya barku ya bar duniya

    Bale ni Sani Sabulu na Hajara

    Harƙar duniya babu daɗi ba niyyar bari

    Kullum tafiya take

    Don Allah Ɗan’adam

    Don Allah Ɗan’adam

    Ana sha’ani dan lahira

    Akan ajiye a yi harƙar duniya

    Tun da na taɓa zance lahira

    Bari in taɓa zance duniya

    Don Allah Ɗan’adam

    In ƙara faɗa maka

    Kasan harƙar duniya

    Kowa yasan da wuya take

    Kamar kogi da ruwa take

    Wani ya faɗa ya kai tudu

    Wani ya faɗa bai kai iyakarta ba

    Ka ji harƙar duniya ɗaku

    Don Allah Ɗan’adam

    In kara faɗa maka

    Sha’ani ra’ayi muke

    In ba a’ayi huce kar ka ba mu abin

    Ka ka je ka ajiye shi

    Ka ji harƙar duniya ɗaku

    Don Allah Ɗan’adam

    In ƙara faɗa maka

    Abin da baka iyawa

    Kar ka yi shi haushi za ka ji in ka yi

    Ado na ɗan Kano

    In ƙara faɗa maka

    Ko dame ɗan mai ƙarfi yana da wuya

    Wani ya je Sabulun Hajara

    Sani na Aminatu

    Naushi ɗaya na yi mishi

    Wawa ko da na duba ya faɗi ya tafi bikita

    Ya tashi yana faɗa da diri

    Ba ka ji irin ta ba

    Ka ji wadda ake gudu

    Idan ruwa ya ɗauke fa kainuwa nasan

    Ka ji harƙar duniya ɗaku

    Don Allah Ɗan’adam

    In kara faɗa muka

    Sha’ani ra’ayi muke

    In ba ra’ayi wuce kar ka ba mu abin

    Doka ka je ka ajiye shi

    Ka ji harƙar duniya ɗaku

    Don Allah Ɗan’adam

    In ƙara faɗa maka

    Abin da baka iyawa

    Kar ka yi shi haushi za ka ji in ka yi.

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