Zamfarci Da Rabe-Rabensa (5)

Kundin Binciken Neman Digirin Farko (B.A Hausa) Wanda Aka Gabatar A Sashen Harsuna Da Al’adu Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau.

Zamfarci Da Rabe-Rabensa (5)

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AHMAD MUHAMMAD KABIR

 

BABI NA HUƊU

ZAMFARA ƘASA

4.0 SHIMFIƊA

A babi na uku an kawo muna ma’anar harshe da kare-karen harshen Hausa, sannan an yi magana game da karin harshen gabas, haka kuma an yi magana game da karin harshen yamma daga ƙarshe naɗewa.

 

A wannan babi na huɗu, mai taken: “Zamfara Ƙasa”, za a yi bayani a kan tarihin ƙasar Zamfara, kuma za a yi magana game da karin harshen Zamfarci da rabe-rabensa. Daga bisani za a kawo yadda suke a Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Bugu da ƙari a kuma kawo kalmomin Zamfarci da kuma yadda suke da Daidaitacciyar Hausa, haka zalika, daga ƙarshe naɗewa.

 

4.1 TARIHIN ZAMFARA

Jihar Zamfara na cikin jihohin Nijeriya masu amfani da harshen Hausa. Hausawa na cikin manyan ƙabilu na ƙasar nan. A sashe na tarihin (Dogo 1982:20:22) ya nuna daular Zamfara ta wanzu tun ƙarni na goma sha biyar (15). Daular Zamfara ta mallaki faɗin ƙasa wanda ya kama tun daga Kogin Rima a shiyar arewa zuwa Gulbin Zamfara ɓangaren kudu. A ɓangaren gabas kuma ta yi iyaka da dajin Rugu zuwa dutsin Disau a sashen yamma. Wannan farfajiya ta Zamfara tana sashen yamma na ƙasar Hausa kuma ta sami matsayi babba a jarumtaka kamar yadda sauran dauloli na wannan lokaci suka samu waɗanda suka haɗa da Katsina da Daura da Kano da Kebbi. Augi (Barkindo (ed) 1982:188) ya tabbatar da akwai mutane a ƙasar Zamfara tun a ƙarni na (15). Ƙasar Zamfara tana da muhimman garuruwa waɗanda suka haɗa da Dutsi da Birnin Zamfara da Kiyawa da Tumfafi da sauransu.

 

Baya ga waɗannan garuruwa akwai kuma tungaye da ƙauyuka da unguwanni da suka yi tasiri a daular Zamfara.

 

Garin Dutsi yana daga cikin wurare na farko da aka fara kafa daular Zamfara. Daga nan saboda daɗa ɗaukar matakan tsaro da samun dausayi da samun wurin noma ingantacce sai aka taso da mazaunin sarauta da mulki daga Dutsi zuwa Birnin Zamfara.

 

A daular Zamfara, sarkin Zamfara shi ne ja-gaba wanda yake da wuƙa da nama a wajen zartar da harkokin al’ummar Zamfara. Shi yake da iko mai cin gashin kansa a Zamfara yakan naɗa wasu mutane waɗanda suke taimaka masa a sha’anin mulki da ake kira masu sarauta. Daga cikin masu sarauta akwai Sarakunan karaga kamar haka.

Danau                        Sarkin Bazai

Magajin gari              Sarkin Tudu             

Uban dawaki            Sarkin Ƙaya

Galadima                   Galadima

Baya ga sarakunan karaga, Sarkin Zamfara yana da fadawa da baraden yaƙi da ‘yan sulke da zagagai da sauransu. Bayan zuwan addinin musulunci kuma ƙasar Zamfara ta samu malamai da limamai da alƙalai. Ga kuma jami’ai mata masu sarauta. Harwayau akwai wasu muƙaman sarauta da suka haɗa da Galadima da Marafa da Sardauna da Bunu da Yarima da sauransu, kuma duka waɗannan sarautu ‘ya’yan Sarki ne, bisa wasu sarautu ta ƙauyuka a matsayin na iyayen ƙasa.

 

“Ƙasar Zamfara tana da shuwagabanni na sana’o’i waɗanda ake gudanarwa na yau da gobe. Daga cikinsu akwai ajiya da Sarkin Noma da Sarkin maƙera da Sarkin Fawa da Sarkin Aska da sauransu. Sarki shi yake naɗa waɗannan masu sarauta sannan suna da nasu ƙananan fadodi waɗanda suke gudanar da ayukkansu na mulki”. (Dogo 1982, 69 – 72).

 

“Tarihi ya nuna Zamfarawa, mutane ne ƙarfafa, masu yaji, jarummai kuma zarata manoma. Manyan dakaru ne a fagen yaƙi, sukan iya tunkarar kowace runduna ta mayaƙa batare da fargaba ba ko razana ba. Mayaƙa ne waɗanda suka faɗaɗa kai hari zuwa ƙasashen Zabarma da Katsina da Kano da Yawuri da Kebbi da kuma Adar. Ta haka Zamfarawa suka sha gwabzawa da wasu dauloli da ke kusa da su kamar Katsinawa da Kabawa da sauranasu” (Augi, 1984:113 – 135).

 

Ta fuskar addinin musulunci kuwa, tun a ƙarni na 17, musulunci ya barbazu a cikin daular Zamfara. Sarkin Zamfara Aliyu ya gina babban masallaci a birnin Zamfara tare da wasu garuruwa na cikin Zamfara.

 

Sarakunan Zamfara

Nalado (1999) ya ƙididdige sunayen sarakunan Zamfara hamsin da huɗu (54) tun daga Baƙuruƙuru (1300) zuwa Ahmadu Barno (1946 – 1967). Daganan kundayen tarihi na Zamfara suka bayyana bayan mutuwar Sarkin Zamfara Maroƙi ɗan Malo (1754 – 1764) an sami shekaru arba’in ba a yi sarkin Zamfara ba saboda warwatsuwar da Zamfara suka yi zuwa wasu wurare da ƙoƙarin da suke ta yi na sake haɗuwa waje ɗaya domin su tsayar da mulki.

 

Domin haka, a duk lokacin da wani rukuni na Zamfara ya sake haɗuwa ya kafa wani gari sai su samar da nasu jerin Sarakuna. Ta haka ne yau ake da jerin Sarakuna na Zamfara a Kuryar Madaro da Anka da Talata Mafara da Gummi da sauransu.

 

Akwai Jerin sunayen Sarakunan Zamfara waɗanda tarihi ya bayyana, inda wasu an samu tabbacin shekarar da suka hau mulki har suka sauka, amma wasu daga cikinsu ba a samu shekarar da suka hau ba har suka sauka.

 

Ga sunayen kamar haka:

1.      Baƙuruƙuru                                       1300

2.      Baƙara

3.      Gimshiƙi

4.      ‘Yargoje

5.      Karafau

6.      Gatama

7.      Kuɗanɗan

8.      Bardau

9.      Gwabrau

10.  Taskarin Burun

11.  Durƙushi

12.  Kigaya tabarau

13.  Daudu Fanau

14.  Burun – Burun                                              1536

15.  Fati – Fati

16.  Taritu                                                 1550

17.  Zartai

18.  Daka

19.  Tasau

20.  Zaudai

21.  Aliyu

22.  Hamitu

23.  Abdu na Bawanka                                       1660

24.  Sulaimanu                                                     1674

25.  Muhammadu Na Makake

26.  Abdu

27.  Usman

28.  Baba                                                               1715

29.  Yakubu Ɗan Babba

30.  Jirau ɗan Babba

31.  Faskare ɗan Yakubu

32.  Babba                                                 1734

33.  Yakubu ɗan Faskare                                    1734 – 1739

34.  Gigama ɗan Yakubu                                    1739 – 1741

35.  Malo ɗan Yakubu                                         1741 – 1748

36.  Gado ɗan Gigama                                        1748 – 1754

37.  Maroƙi ɗan Malo                                          1754 – 1764

38.  (Gibi) Shekaru 40                                         1804 – 1805

39.  Ɗanbawa ɗan Gado                         1805 – 1815

40.  Abarshi ɗan Maroƙi                                     1815

41.  Fari ɗan Maroƙi                   

42.  Ɗanbaƙo ɗan Abarshi                                  1815 – 1824

43.  Ɗangado ɗan Abarshi                                 1824

44.  Abdu Tukuɗu ɗan Fari                                1825

45.  Abdu Fari Ɗan Abarshi                              1825 – 1829

46.  Abubakar Bawan Adam                             1829 – 1853

47.  Ɗan Ɗanbaƙo                                               

48.  Muhammad Ɗan Gigala                             1853 – 1877

49.  Hassan Ɗan Muhammad Ɗan Cigama     1877 – 1896

50.  Muhammadu Farin Gani ɗan Abubakar 1896 – 1899

51.  Gado ɗan Muhammad Ɗan Gigala           1899 – 1904

52.  Abubakar Caccaɓi Ɗan Muhammad Dan Gigala 1904 -1916

53.  Muhammadu Katar Ɗan Hassan 1916 – 1928

54.  Muhammadu Fari Ɗan Abubakar             1928 – 1946

55.  Ahmad Barmo ɗan Muhammad Katar 1946 – 1957

56.  Muhammad Lawal                          1957 – 1993

57.  Attahiru Muhammad Ahmad                   1993

 

Kirƙiro Jahar Zamfara

Ranar Alhamis 1 ga watan Oktoba, 1996 aka tabbatar da an yi jihar Zamfara tare da wasu jihohi sababbi guda biyar waɗanda suka haɗa har da Jihar Gombe a lokacin mulkin shugaban ƙasa Janar Sani Abacha, Gwamnatin tarayya ta ayyana garin Gusau ya zama babban birnin Jihar Zamfara. Sannan kuma an yi wa Zamfara ƙananan hukumomi goma sha huɗu (14) da suka ƙunshi ƙaramar hukumar Anka da Bakura da Bunguɗu da Birnin Magaji da Bukkuyum da Gummi da Gusau da Ƙaura Namoda da Maradun da Maru da Tsafe da Shinkafi da Talatar Mafara da Kuma Zurmi.

 

Farfajiyar jihar Zamfara sabuwa an tsago ta ne daga tsohuwar jihar Sakkwato daga arewa. Daga gabas kuma ta yi iyaka da jihar Katsina, sannan ta yi iyaka da jihar Kaduna. Akwai manyan gulabe waɗanda suka ratsa ta cikin jihar Zamfara da suka haɗa da gulbin Bunsuru da gulbin Gagare da kuma gulbin Zamfara. Akwai kuma ƙoramu manya waɗanda suke tare ruwa ba tare da saurin ƙafewa ba kamar Kakale a garin Ɗangulbi da Natu a Bakura da Saru a Gummi.

 

Gwamnatin tarayya ta Janar Sani Abacha ta naɗa kanal Jibril Bala Yakubu a matsayin Kantoma na Jihar Zamfara kuma ya yi mulki daga 1996 zuwa 28/5/1999.

TASWIRAR ZAMFARA

4.2 KARIN HARSHEN ZAMFARCI

Zamfarci karin harshe ne da mabambanta al’ummar da suke zaune a farfajiyar ƙasar Zamfara ko gundumar daular masarautar Zamfara suke amfani da shi a matsayin harshensu na sadarwa. Daular masarautar Zamfara tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dauloli masarautun ƙasar Hausa. Karin harshen Zamfarci yana da wasu fitattun kalmomi da ake haɗawa a yi furuci sai su bada ma’ana. Akwai karin harshen Zamfarci wanda ya shafi yanayi sannan kuma akwai wanda ya shafi lafazi.

 

To a nan wannan bincike ya ƙudurci yin magana game da Zamfarci da rabe-rabensa ta hanyar da Zamfarawa suke amfani da shi domin isar da saƙo. Bugu da ƙari, da wasu kalmomi da Zamfarawa suke amfani da su a cikin maganganunsu na yau da kullum waɗanda zamfarawa ne suke amfani da su.

 

Masana sun karkasa Hausa wadda ake amfani da ita a arewacin Nijeriya zuwa manyan sassa guda biyu, wato Hausar gabas da kuma Hausar yamma. Bargery (1934), Zarruƙ, (1978) da sauransu. Hausar yamma ta ƙunshi shiyoyi kamar su Sakkwatanci da Katsinanci da Adaranci da Kurfayanci da sauransu, yayin da Hausar gabas ta ƙunshi shiyoyi kamar su Kananci da Zazzaganci da Dauranci da Bausanci da Haɗejanci da sauransu. Karin harshen Sakkwatanci kari ne da ake amfani da shi a jihohin Sakkwato da Zamfara da Kebbi. Hausar Zamfara duk da kasancewarta Sakkwatanci tana da bambance- bambance da Hausar Sakkwato da kuma ta Kebbi, ‘yan bambance- bambance da ke akwai su suka haifar da samuwar karin harshen Zamfarci. Wato ma’ana Hausar Zamfara wani ƙaramin kaso ne daga cikin Hausar Sakkwatanci. Karin harshe na Zamfarci ana amfani da shi ne a jihar Zamfara wacce take a gabas ko gabas maso kudu da Sakkwato. Zamfara wata tsohuwar daula ce da aka ce tana cikin daulolin Hausa da ake kira Banza bakwai.

 

4.3 RABE- RABEN KARIN HARSHEN ZAMFARCI 

Zamfarci karin harshe ne da mabambantan al’ummar da suke zaune a farfajiyar ƙasar Zamfara ko gudumawar daular masarautar Zamfara suke amfani da shi a matsayin harshensu na sadarwa.

 

Wannan al’umma ta Zamfara ta kasu zuwa rukuni – rukuni, wanda kuma kowane rukuni yana da suna ko take na musamman, kuma duk wanda ya fito ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan rukunin za a iya yi masa laƙabi da sunan wannan yankin, daga cikin rabe-raben Zamfarci akwai:

1.      Albawa

2.      Ma’alleɗawa

3.      Garewa

4.      Ɓurmawa

5.       Zamfarawa

6.      Gobirawa

7.      Fulani

Bugu da ƙari wannan rabe-rabe Zamananci ya yi tasiri gare shi, muna iya kallon sa ta hanyar ƙananan hukumomin da jihar Zamfara take da su yanzu muna iya duba manyan yankunan Jihar Zamfara guda uku kamar haka:

1.      Zamfara ta Arewa: Alibawa

·         Ƙaura Namoda

·         Birnin Magaji

Gobirawa

·         Shinkafi

2.      Zamfara ta Yamma: Mu’alleɗawa

·         Maradun

Ɓurmawa

·         Bakura

Zamfarawa

·         Talatar Mafara

·         Gummi

·         Anka

·         Bukkuyum

·         Zurmi – wadda ta fito daga Zamfara ta Arewa

3.      Zamfara ta Tsakiya: Garewa

·         Tsafe

·         Maru ta Kudu

Fulani

·         Bungudu

·         Gusau

4.      Maru ta Yamma

 

Wannan shi ne ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani game da rabe-raben karin harshen Zamfarci ta fuskar ambaton yankunan masarautu da taken karin harshensu.

 

4.4 DAIDAITACCIYAR HAUSA

Kasancewar ana samar da ire-iren sunaye da ake raɗawa harsuna da kuma bambancin karorin harshe da ake samu a harshe guda ya sa ake tacewa don a samu daidaito yadda kowa zai fahimta.

 

Idan aka duba kusan kowane harshe mai cin gashin kansa, ana samun karɓaɓɓe da kuma wanda ba ƙarɓaɓɓe ba. Amma ga mai nazarin harshe, bai kamata ya ɗauka cewa akwai karɓaɓɓe da wanda ba karɓaɓɓe ba, sai dai kawai an samar da karɓaɓɓe ne domin samun sauƙin fahimtar juna, shi ya sa ake samun karɓaɓɓen harshe.

 

Daidaitacciyar Hausa samfuri ne na salon maganar da dukkan Hausawa suka yi tarayya a kansa. Wannan samfuri kuwa, ƙari ne da aka zaɓa aka daidaita masa ƙa’idojin rubutu da na nahawu, kuma aka adana su cikin littafai da ƙamusoshi.

A nan daidaita ƙa’idoji yana nufin tanadin hanyoyi na yadda za a sarrafa harshe. Saboda haka, ma’anar daidaita ƙa’idojin rubutu ita ce tanadin haruffa da za a rubuta harshe da su da sharaɗin haruffan da za a rubuta harshe da su da sharuɗɗan harhaɗa su wajen gina kalmomi da jumloli. Daidaita ƙa’idojin nahawu kuwa, yana nufin tanadi a siffofin harshe da rukunnansa ta yadda za a iya bayyana ma’anoni kowace iri da su, walau sababbi ne ko tsofaffi, na fasaha ne ko na kimiya, da sauransu. Kuma daidaita ƙa’idojin nahawu ya na nufin hallarar dukkan rukunnan nahawun da ke cikin sauran kare-kare, ya kamata a same su a karin da aka daidaita. Misali, muddin akwai karin harshen Hausa, inda ake bambanta kalmomi maza da mata, to Daidaitacciyar Hausa ma ya kamata ta sami rukunin jinsi a nahawunta. Haka nan idan akwai karin da ke da lokatai takwas, to Daidaitacciyar Hausa ma kada ta gaza hakan da dai sauransu.

 

Bayan haka duk mai magana da Hausa, ko daga wane kari yake kuwa, bai kamata wani abu ya gagare shi ba cikin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, shi zai sa a ji daɗin karɓar ta a ko’ina. Kuma wannan shi zai sauƙaƙa koyar da harshen ga masu wasu harsuna daban. Saboda haka, sauƙaƙa nahawu ma wani aji ne na daidaita harshe. Kuma ya kamata Daidaitacciyar Hausa ta yi sauƙin kai, shi zai taimake ta tafiya tare da zamani, wajen bayyana abubuwan da za su yi ta ɓullowa a fagen kimiyya ko fasaha ko wanin waɗannan.

 

4.5 KALMOMIN ZAMFARCI DA DAIDAITACCIYAR HAUSA

Karin harshe wasu ‘yan bambance-bambance ne da ake samu tsakanin masu magana da harshe guda. Karin harshen Zamfarci nau’in karin harshe ne wanda al’ummar da ke zaune a farfajiyar ƙasar Zamfara suke amfani da shi. Ana samun ‘yan bambance- bambance tsakaninsa da Daidaitaciyar Hausa wadda sauran kare-kare suka yi tarayya gare ta, abin ban sha’awa bambance- bambancen sukan samu ta hanyoyi da dama daga cikinsu akwai:

a.      Jimloli

b.      Kalmomi

 

Gundarin Kalmomi  

“Kalma ita ce ƙwayar lafazi ko furuci mai cikakkiyar ma’ana, ko samun harhaduwar gaɓoɓin kalma wuri guda domin su ba da kalma mai ma’ana (Mukhtar 2010)”.  Wannan wani fanni ne a karin harshe, inda ake samun kalmomi mabambanta furuci kuma mabambanta rubutu, amma ma’ana ɗaya.

 

Wannan yana samuwa a kowane karin harshe, to a nan karin harshen Zamfarci ya bambanta da Daidaitacciyar Hausa har ta fuskar kalmomi kamar haka:

S/N	Zamfarci	Daidaitacciyar Hausa
1.	Tagguwa	Riga
2.	Jakki	Jaki
3.	Ƙoƙewa	Koɗewa
4.	Ayya	Kayya
5.	Ɓota	Ƙota
6.	Kire	Kira
7.	Bagire	Wur
8.	Kore	Kora
9.	Bisnewa	Rufewa
10.	Lumui	Ƙalau
11.	Fantamawa	Warwatsuwa
12.	Husuma	Rigima
13.	Kara-kaina	Kaiwa-da-komawa
14.	Sargafewa	Ratayewa
15.	Suɓulewa	Kuɓucewa
16.	Habɓasa/ wuɓɓasa	Ƙoƙari
17.	Yanda	Yadda
18.	Haɓaka	Ci-gaba
19.	Danga	Darni
20.	Kumallo	Amai
21.	Wargi	Wasa
22.	Yauɗi/ guro	Kuɓewa
23.	Kwana	Bacci
24.	Yuƙa	Wuƙa
25.	Masai	Shadda
26.	Samrayi	Saurayi
27.	Arme	Aure
28.	Annoba	Alloba
29.	Attanin	Litanin
30.	Anguwa	Unguwa
31.	Bahwade	Bafade
32.	Burgu	Gafiya
33.	Shigihwa	Ɗaki
34.	Biɗa	Nema
35.	Ragaita	Shiririta
36.	Alkwato	Dodonkoɗi
37.	Anka	Aka
38.	Ɗumi	Surutu
39.	Basilla / masilla	Allura
40.	Ciyo	Ciwo
41.	Swaɓani	Saɓani
42.	Shibka	Shuka
43.	Mussai	Mushe
44.	Ukku	Uku
45.	Shidda	Shida
46.	Agalemi	Buzu
47.	Ƙabari	Kushewa
48.	Halshe	Harshe
49.	Canka	Zaɓi
50.	Tiya	Mudu
51.	Guntu	Gajere
52.	Illi	Mutunci
53.	Daffo	Yawa
54.	Huriyarsu	‘Yanci

 

b. Jimloli

“Jimla ita ce, harhaɗuwar kalmomi daban-daban cikin ƙira karɓaɓiya domin samar da zance ingantacce wanda za a iya rubutawa kamar yadda dokar harshe ta tanada”. (Zaria 1981 – da Mukhtar da wasu 2004). A wannan fanni, ana samun jimloli su bambanta wajen ƙira da furuci, amma suna ɗauke da ma’ana guda, kamar haka:

 

S/N	Zamfarci	Daidaitacciyar Hausa
1.	A gaida waɗan gidan	A gaida mutanen gidan
2.	Tahiya za mui gobe	Gobe za mu yi tafiya
3.	Audu ya kire ni	Audu ya kira ni
4.	Mun tashi lahiya lumui	Mun tashi lafiya ƙalau
5.	Ɓarayi sun kore masu shanu	Ɓarayi sun kora masu shanu
6.	Bari in yi ƙurari	Bari in yi fitsari
7.	Amina ta murmuje daga ciyon da ka damunta	Amina ta ji sauƙi daga ciwon da ke damunta
8.	Yanzu Audu yat tahi gida	Audu ya tafi gida yanzu
9.	Yaron ya tcere da kuɗɗin	Yaron ya tsere da kuɗin
10.	Baba ya tahi gona	Baba ya tafi gona
11.	Tanko ya hwaɗi jarrabawa	Tanko ya faɗi jarabawa
12.	Ka tahi yak ka	Ka tafi abin ka
13.	Audu mika ka yi nan?	Audu me ka ke yi nan?
14.	Shi yas sa ban son yadin ga	Shi ya sa ba na son wannan yadi
15.	Wanga littahin nawa ne	Wannan littafin nawa ne
16.	Mu tahi gida	Mu tafi gida
17.	Ki anso min lambasshi	Ki amso min lambarsa
18.	Zo gaya nan	Zo gashi nan
19.	Mu ukku ka zuwa	Mu uku ke zuwa
20.	Tanko ya sheƙa da gudu	Tanko ya ruga da gudu
21.	Lado ya ƙetara Katanga	Lado ya tsallake gina
22.	Buda ya ce wagga tagguwasshi ce	Buda ya ce wannan rigarsa ce
23.	Zan ci ma illi	Ina ci ma mutunci

 

4.6 NAƊEWA

Wannan babi na huɗu, mai taken “Zamfara ƙasa” tun farko ya fara da shimfiɗa sannan kuma ya kawo muna tarihin Zamfara, kuma ya zo da rabe-raben karin harshen Zamfarci, daɗin daɗawa ya yi bayanin Daidiatacciyar Hausa. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi bayanin kalmomin Zamfaraci da Daidaitacciyar Hausa inda bincike ya dube su ta fuska biyu, na farko ta fuskar kalmomi, na biyu kuma an dube su ta fuskar jimloli daga ƙarshe ya zo da naɗewa.